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9/20/2011 1 Gaucher Disease: A Genetic Disorder with HematologicOncologic Features W. Paul Bowman, M.D. Professor and Chair, Department of Pediatrics, UNTHSC/TCOM Disclosures None “Unexpected abdominal mass” PT: E. W. B.D. 05/29/2003 Initial consult: 08/07 Problem: Enlarged spleen (?) Vs. Abdominal Mass

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Page 1: Gaucher Disease 08192011 - unthsc.eduAfrican Americans—Infantile‐onset Pompe disease 1. Meikle P et al. JAMA. 1999;281:249-254. 30 Relative Prevalence Metachromatic Leukodystophy

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Gaucher Disease:  A Genetic Disorder with Hematologic‐Oncologic Features 

W. Paul Bowman, M.D.

Professor and Chair,

Department of Pediatrics, 

UNTHSC/TCOM 

DisclosuresNone 

“Unexpected abdominal mass” PT:    E. W.    B.D.  05/29/2003

Initial consult:  08/07

Problem:   Enlarged spleen (?) 

Vs. Abdominal Mass 

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Pt. E. W.  H.P.I.

4 year old Caucasian “well‐child” 

General Pediatrician identified left‐sided abdominal mass on routine check‐up. 

Pt. E. W.  Review of Systems:

Normal activity, appetite, and sleep

Occasional fleeting abdominal pain

Abdomen has looked protuberant “as long as they can remember” 

Pt. E.W.  Review of systems  (cont’d)

No Pallor

No Jaundice

No Change in Urinary Color or Frequency

No Musculoskeletal pain or swelling

No bruising or petechiae

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Pt. E. W.  Past History:  

B. W. 7 pounds

Normal growth and development

Observation for closed skull fracture, age 2 

Pt. E.W.  Family History:

Parents age 30, both teachers, are well.

3‐year‐old brother is well.

No consanguinity   

Pt. E.W.  Physical Exam (P.E.)

Wt. 16.4 kg, Ht. 97.4 cm, B.P. 93/51

Appears well, color normal

Oral cavity‐no abnormalities

No adenopathy

Chest clear.

CVS‐Normal pulses and heart sounds. 

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Pt. E.W.  PE (cont’d) 

Abdomen‐left sided protuberance

Right side:  Normal‐no hepatomegaly

Left side:  Large firm, smooth, non‐tender “mass” → left flank, to right of umbilicus, extending down into pelvis.  

Pt. E.W.  PE (cont’d)

Musculoskeletal:  Full range of motion, no asymmetry, no swelling, no tenderness.

Skin:  No purpura, petechiae, or rash

Neuro:  Normal 

Pt. E.W.  The Problem: 

A left sided abdominal, flank mass in otherwise health 4 year old white girl.  

Page 5: Gaucher Disease 08192011 - unthsc.eduAfrican Americans—Infantile‐onset Pompe disease 1. Meikle P et al. JAMA. 1999;281:249-254. 30 Relative Prevalence Metachromatic Leukodystophy

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Pt. E.W.  Differential Diagnosis: 

What is it?

From Which Organ is it arising?

What is the most efficient approach to finding the answer?  

Pt. E.W.  Lab studies: 

CBC

Hb 9.9, HCT 30, MCV 72

WBC 6600‐normal differential

Platelets 80,000

Retic count 2%

Blood Smear . . . 

Pt. E.W.  Diagnostic Imaging

Which Test?  

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Pt. E.W.  High Resolution Abdominal Ultrasound

“Abd. Sono” 

Massive Splenomegaly 

Pt. E. W.  Contrast – Enhanced C.T. Scan 

Abdomen and Pelvis 

Yes, It’s the spleen ! 

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Pt. E.W.  SO, IT IS A GIGANTIC SPLEEN

NOW WHAT?  

Leave it in?

Ask Surgeon to remove?

Other Diagnostic Tests

Pt. E.W.  Well, they took it out!

Pathology:   Wt. 924 gm (normal = 49) 

Architecture disrupted by sheets of Lipid Laden Macrophages 

“Gaucher Cells” 

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Pt. E.W.  Diagnosis:  

Gaucher Disease, Type I‐Non‐Neuronopathic

Lysosomal storage disease due to congenital deficiency of glucocerebrosidase (Beta‐Glucosidase) 

Consequences of Enzyme Deficiency Accumulation of glucosylceramide

Storage in Hematopoietic Tissues, Bone Marrow, Spleen

Infiltration by abnormal cells‐take up space . . . 

Gaucher Cell vs. Megakaryocyte

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Gaucher Cell

Gaucher Cell

As a result of space occupation by Gaucher Cells  Progressive Splenomegaly.

Diminished Bone Marrow Function

Anemia

Thrombocytopenia

Bone “Crises” 

Disturbed Growth 

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The Importance of Early Diagnosis

RDG‐US‐P173‐09‐08

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Incidence of LSDs1

Individually rare but collectively more common

Individual incidence: 1:40,000 to 1:1,000,000 births

Collective incidence: 1:7,700 to 1:10,000 births

Most are panethnic

Some more prevalent in certain ethnic groups:

Ashkenazi Jewish descent—Gaucher, Niemann‐Pick

African Americans—Infantile‐onset Pompe disease

1. Meikle P et al. JAMA. 1999;281:249-254.

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Relative Prevalence

Metachromatic

Leukodystophy

8%

Sanfilippo A

7%

Hunter Severe

5%

Krabbe

6%

Sandhoff

2%GM 1 Gangliosidosis

2%

Mucolipidosis type II / III

2%

Niemann-Pick A

2%

Niemann-Pick C

4%

Tay-Sachs

4%

Sanfilippo B

4%

Gaucher type 2 & 3

1%

Niemann-Pick B

2%

Maroteaux-Lamy

3%

Cystinosis

4%

Morquio

5%

Pompe5%

Hurler/Scheie (MPS I)

4%

Gaucher type I

13% Scheie (MPS I)

1%

Hurler (MPS I)

4%

Hunter Mild

1%

Fabry

7%

Adapted from Meikle P et al. JAMA. 1999;281:249-254.

Other2%

a-Mannosidosis

Sanfilippo D

1%

1%

1%

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CNS Involvement

Metachromatic Leukodystophy

8%

Sanfilippo A7%

Hunter Severe5%

Krabbe

6%

Sandhoff2%

GM 1 Gangliosidosis

2%

Mucolipidosis type II / III2%

Niemann-Pick A2%

Niemann-Pick C4%

Tay-Sachs4%

Sanfilippo B4%

Gaucher type 2 & 31%

Niemann-Pick B2%

Maroteaux-Lamy3%

Cystinosis4%

Morquio5%

Pompe5%

Hurler/Scheie (MPS I)4%

Gaucher type I13% Scheie (MPS I)

1%

Hurler (MPS I)4%

Hunter Mild1%

Fabry7%

Significant or severe CNS involvement(~ 54%)

No or minimal CNS involvement(~ 46%)

Adapted from Meikle P et al. JAMA. 1999;281:249-254. Data on file, Genzyme.

Other2%

a-Mannosidosis

Sanfilippo D

1%

1%

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Inheritance• Most are autosomal recessive1

FatherCarrier

MotherCarrier

AffectedIndividual

(25%)

UnaffectedCarriers

(50%)

UnaffectedNoncarrier

(25%)

1 2 3 4

1. Hirschhorn R et al. In: The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease. 2001:3389-3420.

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*~<15% of patients reported adverse events. Each occurred in <2% of the total patient population.

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Conclusions Consider Gaucher Disease in differential diagnosis of splenomegaly‐especially the “Big Spleen” 

Be aware of the spectrum of lysosomal storage disorders and the value of early diagnosis.

Gaucher Disease, Type I, is the prototype for successful management of a genetic disorder.  

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Acknowledgements Gregory Pastores, M.D.,

New York University School of Medicine

Ed Bigby, Genzyme Corporation

Cook Children’s Lab Ladies