gardening to reduce hazard: urban agriculture in tanzania

7
land degradation & development Land Degrad. Develop. 12: 285±291 2001) DOI: 10.1002/ldr.441 GARDENING TO REDUCE HAZARD: URBAN AGRICULTURE IN TANZANIA C. HOWORTH,* I. CONVERYAND P. O'KEEFE University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK ETC, Consultants for Development Programmes, UK Ltd, North Shields, Tyne and Wear, UK Received 19 December 2000; Accepted 22 December 2000 ABSTRACT Urban agriculture is an illegal activity in most African towns and cities, as it is seen to be competing with other, higher value, urban land uses. Despite this, food production occurs throughout the African urban environment and is crucial to the urban economy; providing employment, food security and investment opportunity for a large proportion of the urban population. Urban agriculture also adds value to urban land, bringing unused land into production, reversing degradation and improving the urban landscape. In the context of a rapidly expanding urban population, food production in Dar es Salaam is playing a crucial role in sustaining the city, employing 210 000 people. Urban agriculture also has an important role to play in providing a viable land use in the hazard lands of Dar es Salaam, as an alternative to squatter housing which exposes the inhabitants to a substantial risk from ¯ooding. This paper looks at the role that urban agriculture plays in Dar es Salaam and identi®es the major actors. Copyright # 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. key words: urban agriculture; urban food production; Dar es Salaam; Tanzania; hazard lands; high-density areas; urban landscapes; adding value INTRODUCTION The city of Dar es Salaam is forecast to grow at a rapid rate see Table I). The major problem is that employment and housing will have to be found for an additional three million people over the next ®ve years. This will put unprecedented pressure on already overburdened resources. The city is likely to grow horizontally, spreading onto areas which have previously been little affected by the urbanization process. There is likely to be little vertical growth. What this means in terms of land-use planning is that the government agencies involved will have to ensure implementation of urban planning policies and advanced service payments in order to direct and control the high growth rates. Whether or not the ®nancial capacity to do this can be found is another matter. One of the areas of immediate concern is the development of unplanned habitation areas in the hazard lands of Dar es Salaam. Hazard lands include areas such as river valleys at high risk from ¯ooding, marsh land and land on steep slopes. Already there is unplanned encroachment into these areas by a signi®cant portion of the population, who are mostly the lower income group typically constructing low-cost, high-density housing. These people are at high risk from annual ¯ooding and are doubly exposed to freak ¯ash ¯oods. Thus, there are household, community and wider social opportunity costs connected to present and projected land uses. A bene®t exists to put such areas into alternative land uses such as urban agriculture. At present, a signi®cant portion of urban agriculture takes place in the hazard areas providing urban employment and income generation, albeit unlawful. A.G. Kimambo from the Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development noted: More attention should be paid to opportunities for urban agriculture to manage such areas. We need to review those areas, which were once de®ned as hazardous, and separate those that are clearly dangerous from those Copyright # 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Correspondence to: Chris Howorth, ETC UK) Ltd., Consultants for Development Programmes, UK Ltd. 117 Norfolk Street, North Shields, Tyne and Wear, NE30 INQ, UK. E-mail: of®[email protected]

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