gamete formation cell division iii. s1-1-05 illustrate and explain the production of male and female...
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Gamete Formation
Cell Division III
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S1-1-05 Illustrate and explain the production of male and female gametes.
S1-1-07 Compare sexual and asexual reproduction in terms of their advantages and disadvantages.
Vocabulary & People Genetic DiversityDiploid Haploid GameteMeiosis Homologous pairPolar body
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Mitosis is used formaking identical cells:
Growth, Repair and Asexual Reproduction
MITOSIS – in general
Parent cell:Full set of
Chromosomes
Identical daughter cells:Full set of Chromosomes
P
M
A
T
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What would happen if we used mitosis to make sperm and egg cells for sexual reproduction?
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Sexual reproduction
• Two parents make ONE offspring• Offspring NOT identical – genetically diverse
• Requires the formation of specialized sex cells:Gametes – cells used only for sexual reproduction
+ =
Since 2 gametes will be coming together each can only have to have ½ the chromosomes
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Haploid sperm + Haploid egg = Diploid zygote (23 chromosomes) (23 chromosomes) (46 chromosomes)
MEIOSIS:Process of producing specialized haploid sex cells.
+ =
Having a FULL SET of chromosomes - diploid (2n) cellHaving a ½ SET of chromosomes – haploid (n) cell
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Gametes are made in organs called gonads.
Male gonad = testes
SPERMATOGENESIS – cell division process for making sperm
Notice one cell makes 4 male gametes - sperm
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Female gonads = ovaries
OOGENESIS – cell division process for making eggs
Notice ONLY 1 ova (egg) receives enough
cytoplasm to survive
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The smaller ovum (eggs) that die are called polar bodies
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M e
i o
s i s
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Meiosis has two stages:
1. Reduction stage• Cut number of chromosomes in half – haploid• Separate homologous pairs
Remember when we said our 46 chromosomes could be put into 23 pairs…Homologous pair: chromosomes that
pair up based on size and the genes that they contain.
In a pair – one is from the mother and one from the father
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COMMON MISTAKE: Don’t confuse sister chromatids with homologous pairs.
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Meiosis 1 – Reduction stage
See how the duplicated chromosomes (X) line up as pairs
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Meiosis 2 – Division stage
This you should recognize – just regular PMAT
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MITOSIS– in general
46 ChromosomesDIPLOID 2n
2 identical diploid daughter cells
DIPLOID 2n
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MEIOSIS– in general
46 Chromosomes
Reduction Stage
Division Stage
HAPLOID 1n
DIPLOID 2n
HAPLOID 1n
4 different gamete cells
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Sexual reproduction:• Sperm combines with the egg - fertilization• Gametes combine to form a zygote
After fertilization:Mitosis is used to
grow from a single cell into a baby.
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Male gamete – pollen (ON stamen)
Female gamete – eggs (IN pistil)
• Seeds are the zygotes• Ovary develops into fruit
Plants
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PROS – Sexual Reproduction – CONS
Two “parents”better offspring care and protection
Takes energyMaking gametes / attracting mate
High variation in offspringless vulnerable to outside threats
More variety = More evolutionsuperior offspring likely to carry on
More complex = More mistakesincreased mutations and errors
Takes timeFinding mate / fertilization
No guarantees of successunpredictable offspring
?
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CAN YOU ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS?S1-1-05:What role do gametes play in reproduction?S1-1-07:What are the pros and cons of asexual and sexual reproduction?
Vocabulary & People Genetic DiversityDiploid Haploid GameteMeiosis Homologous pairPolar body