gamboa seminar hot, wet and rich tropical forests during...

4
Gamboa seminar Monday, November 15, 12pm, Gamboa Series Seminar speaker will be Myra Hughey, Boston University Species interactions & spatial dynamics of insect communities on red-eyed tree frog egg masses: A dissertation practice Tupper seminar Tuesday, November 16, Tupper 4pm seminar speaker will be Mark Torchin, STRI Title to be announced Bambi seminar Thursday, November 18, Bambi seminar speaker will be Dave Marvin, University of Michigan The future of temperate and tropical lianas under increasing carbon dioxide Arrived last week Ilka Feller and Marguerite Toscano, SI, Catherine Lovelock, University of Weensland, Anne Chamberlain, Pomona College and Caroline Thiem, University of Hamburg, to study the latitudinal variations in ecological stoichiometry on mangrove communities, on Bocas del Toro. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá STRI news www.stri.org November 12, 2010 Hot, wet and rich tropical forests during ancient warming event The steamiest places on the planet are getting warmer. Conservative estimates suggest that tropical areas can expect temperature increases of 3EC by the end of this century. Does global warming spell doom for rainforests? Maybe not. STRI staff scientist Carlos Jaramillo and colleagues report in the journal Science (November 11) that nearly 60 million years ago, rainforests prospered at temperatures that were 3-5 degrees higher and at atmospheric carbon dioxide levels 2.5 times today's levels. "We're going to have a novel climate scenario," said Joe Wright, staff scientist at STRI, in a 2009 Smithsonian symposium on Threats to Tropical Forests. "It will be very hot and wet, and we don't know how these species are going to react." By looking back in time, Jaramillo and collaborators identified one example of a hot, wet climate in which rainforests were doing very well. Researchers examined pollen trapped in rock cores and outcrops—from Colombia and Venezuela—formed before, during and after an abrupt global warming event called the Paleocene-Eoc ene thermal maximum that occurred 56.3 million years ago. The world warmed by 3-5 degrees Celsius. Carbon dioxide levels doubled in only 10,000 years. Warm conditions lasted for the next 200,000 years. Contrary to speculation that tropical forests could be devastated under these conditions, forest diversity increased rapidly during this warming event. New plant species evolved much faster than old species became extinct. Pollen from the passionflower plant family and the chocolate family, among others, were found for the first time. "It is remarkable that there is so much concern about the effects of greenhouse conditions on tropical forests," said Klaus Winter, staff scientist at STRI. "However, these horror scenarios probably have some validity if increased temperatures lead to more frequent or more severe drought as some of the current predictions for similar scenarios suggest." Evidence from this study indicates that moisture levels did not decrease significantly during the warming event. Overall results indicate that tropical forests fared very well during this short and intense warming period. "The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute celebrates ´100 Years of Science in

Upload: others

Post on 24-Aug-2020

4 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Gamboa seminar Hot, wet and rich tropical forests during ...stri-sites.si.edu/sites/strinews/PDFs/November_12_2010.pdf · climate scenario," said Joe Wright, staff scientist at STRI,

Gamboa seminarMonday, November 15, 12pm,Gamboa Series Seminarspeaker will be Myra Hughey,Boston UniversitySpecies interactions &spatial dynamics of insectcommunities on red-eyedtree frog egg masses: Adissertation practice

Tupper seminarTuesday, November 16,Tupper 4pm seminar speakerwill be Mark Torchin, STRITitle to be announced

Bambi seminarThursday, November 18,Bambi seminar speaker will beDave Marvin, University ofMichiganThe future of temperate andtropical lianas underincreasing carbon dioxide

Arrived last weekIlka Feller and MargueriteToscano, SI, CatherineLovelock, University ofWeensland, AnneChamberlain, Pomona Collegeand Caroline Thiem,University of Hamburg, tostudy the latitudinal variationsin ecological stoichiometry onmangrove communities, onBocas del Toro.

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá STRI news www.stri.org November 12, 2010

Hot, wet and richtropical forestsduring ancientwarming eventThe steamiest places on theplanet are getting warmer.Conservative estimates suggestthat tropical areas can expecttemperature increases of 3ECby the end of this century.Does global warming spelldoom for rainforests? Maybenot. STRI staff scientist CarlosJaramillo and colleagues reportin the journal Science(November 11) that nearly 60million years ago, rainforestsprospered at temperatures thatwere 3-5 degrees higher and atatmospheric carbon dioxidelevels 2.5 times today's levels.

"We're going to have a novelclimate scenario," said JoeWright, staff scientist at STRI,in a 2009 Smithsoniansymposium on Threats toTropical Forests. "It will bevery hot and wet, and we don'tknow how these species aregoing to react." By lookingback in time, Jaramillo andcollaborators identified oneexample of a hot, wet climatein which rainforests weredoing very well.

Researchers examined pollentrapped in rock cores andoutcrops—from Colombia andVenezuela—formed before,

during andafter an abruptglobal warmingevent called thePaleocene-Eocene thermalmaximum thatoccurred 56.3million yearsago. The worldwarmed by 3-5degreesCelsius.Carbon dioxidelevels doubled inonly 10,000 years.Warm conditions lasted for thenext 200,000 years.

Contrary to speculation thattropical forests could bedevastated under theseconditions, forest diversityincreased rapidly during thiswarming event. New plantspecies evolved much fasterthan old species became extinct.Pollen from the passionflowerplant family and the chocolatefamily, among others, werefound for the first time. "It is remarkable that there is somuch concern about the effectsof greenhouse conditions ontropical forests," said KlausWinter, staff scientist at STRI.

"However, these horrorscenarios probably have somevalidity if increasedtemperatures lead to morefrequent or more severedrought as some of the currentpredictions for similar scenariossuggest."

Evidence from this studyindicates that moisture levels didnot decrease significantly duringthe warming event. Overallresults indicate that tropicalforests fared very well duringthis short and intense warmingperiod.

"The Smithsonian TropicalResearch Institute celebrates´100 Years of Science in

Page 2: Gamboa seminar Hot, wet and rich tropical forests during ...stri-sites.si.edu/sites/strinews/PDFs/November_12_2010.pdf · climate scenario," said Joe Wright, staff scientist at STRI,

Arrived last weekMarco Visser, RadboudUniversity, to unravel theimportance of multiplecoexistence mechanisms intropical forests, in Gamboa.

Kathryn Berry, HumboldtUniversity, to study theadaptability of coral reefsystems to anthropogenicimpacts in Bahia Almirante, atBocas del Toro.

New arrivalsLuis Mejía, Pennsylvania StateUniversity, to study the geneticand molecular basis of treeleaf-endophyte symbioses, inGamboa.

Robby Cuthrell, University ofCalifornia, Berkeley, to studyculture change and theCreolization process in Bocasdel Toro, Panama: Anhistorical archaeologicalinvestigation.

Katharine Milton, Universityof California, Berkeley, tostudy the factors affecting thepopulation dynamics of theBarro Colorado Island HowlerMonkey (Alouatta palliata) withspecial interest in genericdiversity and bot fly parasitesAlouattamyia (Cuterebra) baeri,on BCI.

Lukas Cernusak, CharlesDarwin University, to studythe sun/shade acclimation oftropical tree seedlings, inGamboa and Tupper.

Sara Dale, LancasterUniversity, to study soilnutrient dynamics, on BarroColorado Island, and theTupper Center.

Safety number212-8211

Panama' starting this year," saidEldredge Bermingham, STRIdirector. "Today, our scientistsare working in more than 40countries worldwide. We havethe long-term and globalmonitoring experiments inplace to begin to evaluatescenarios predicting the effectsof climate change and otherlarge-scale processes ontropical forests."

This research was supportedby the Fundación Banco del laRepública de Colombia, theNational Geographic Society,the Smithsonian Institutionand the SI Women'sCommittee, ICP-Ecopetrol S.A., the U.S.National Science Foundationand the NetherlandsOrganization for ScientificResearch.

Information: EurekAlert!

La diversidad del bosquetropical aumentó luego de unevento de calentamiento globalpre-histórico.

La temperatura de los lugaresmás cálidos del planeta estáaumentando. Cálculosconservadores sugieren que,para finales de siglo, se esperaque la temperatura de las áreastropicales aumente hasta en3EC. ¿Será el calentamientoglobal el fin de los bosquestropicales? Tal vez no. CarlosJaramillo, científico delSmithsonian en Panamá, ycolegas informan que hacecerca de 60 millones de añoslos bosques tropicalesprosperaron a temperaturas de3 a 5 grados más altas y conniveles de dióxido de carbonoatmosférico 2.5 veces mayoresque los actuales, en la revistaScience (12 de noviembre).

"Tendremos un nuevoescenario climático" expresóJoe Wright, científico delSmithsonian en Panamá,durante un simposio sobreamenazas a bosques tropicalespresentado en el 2009 en el

Smithsonian de WashingtonDC. "Será muy caliente yhúmedo, y no sabemos cómoreaccionarán las especies." Almirar hacia atrás en el tiempo,Jaramillo y colaboradoresidentificaron un ejemplo de unclima caliente y húmedo dondea los bosques tropicales les ibamuy bien.

Los investigadores examinaronpólenes atrapados tanto dentrocomo fuera de rocas deColombia y Venezuela—formados antes, durante ydespués de un período decalentamiento global abruptollamado Máximo Térmico delPaleoceno Eoceno que ocurrióhace 56.3 millones de años. Latemperatura del planeta se elevóen 3-5 grados Celsius. Losniveles de dióxido de carbonose duplicaron en solo 10,000años. Las condiciones cálidas se mantuvieron durantelos siguientes 200,000años.

Contrario a las especulacionesde que los bosques tropicalespodrían desaparecer bajo estascondiciones, la diversidad de losbosques aumentó rápidamentedurante este evento decalentamiento. Nuevas especiesde plantas evolucionaronmucho más rápido que lasespecies que se extinguieron.Por primera vez se encontrópolen de familias como elmaracuyá y el chocolate, entreotras.

"Es sorprendente que haya tantapreocupación sobre losimpactos del efecto invernaderoen los bosques tropicales,"comenta Klaus Winter,científico del Smithsonian enPanamá. "Sin embargo, esprobable que estos escenariosde horror tengan alguna validezsi el aumento en temperaturasconlleva a sequías másfrecuentes y severas, comosugieren algunas prediccionesactuales sobre escenariossimilares."

Las evidencias presentadas poreste estudio indican que losniveles de humedad nodisminuyeron significantementedurante el evento decalentamiento. En general, losresultados indican que el bosquetropical se mantuvo muy biendurante este corto e intensoperiodo de calentamiento.

“Este año, el InstitutoSmithsonian de InvestigacionesTropicales celebra ‘100 años deCiencia en el Istmo”, comentóEldredge Bermingham, directordel Smithsonian en Panamá."Hoy, nuestros científicostrabajan en más de 40 paísesalrededor del mundo. Tenemoslos experimentos y estudios demonitoreo global a largo plazolistos para empezar a evaluar los escenarios que calcularán losefectos a gran escala del cambioclimático y otros procesos enlos bosques tropicales."

Page 3: Gamboa seminar Hot, wet and rich tropical forests during ...stri-sites.si.edu/sites/strinews/PDFs/November_12_2010.pdf · climate scenario," said Joe Wright, staff scientist at STRI,

DeparturesCarlos Jaramillo to Salvador,Brazil, to participate in theBrazilian Congress ofPaleontology.

New publicationsCrothers, Laura, Gering, Eben,and Cummings, Molly. 2010."Aposematic signal variationpredicts male-male interactionsin a polymorphic poison frog."Evolution Online.

Hoorn, C., Wesselingh, F. P.,ter Steege, H., Bermudez, M.A., Mora, A., Sevink, J.,Sanmartin, I.,Sanchez-Meseguer, A.,Anderson, C. L., Figueiredo, J.P., Jaramillo, Carlos, Riff, D.,Negri, F. R., Hooghiemstra, H.,Lundberg, J., Stadler, T.,Sarkinen, T., and Antonelli, A.2010. "Amazonia ThroughTime: Andean uplift, climatechange, landscape evolution,and biodiversity." Science330(6006): 927-931.

Jaramillo, Carlos, Ochoa,Diana, Contreras, Lineth,Pagani, Mark, Carvajal-Ortiz,Humberto, Pratt, Lisa M.,Krishnan, Srinath, Cardona,Agustin, Romero, Millerlandy,Quiroz, Luis, Rodriguez,Guillermo, Rueda, Milton J., dela Parra, Felipe, Moron, Sara,Green, Walton, Bayona,German, Montes, Camilo,Quintero, Oscar, Ramirez,Rafael, Mora, German,Schouten, Stefan, Bermudez,Hermann, Navarrete, Rosa,Parra, Francisco, Alvaran,Mauricio, Osorno, Jose,Crowley, James L., Valencia,Victor, and Vervoort, Jeff.2010. "Effects of rapid globalwarming at thePaleocene-Eocene Boundaryon Neotropical vegetation."Science 330(6006): 957-961.

“As good as it gets”“Plants and invertebrateherbivores are majorconstituents of terrestrial foodwebs. Identifying componentspecies and tracing theirinteractions in highly diversecommunities are amonumental task.”

Vojtech Novotny from theUniversity of South Bohemiain the Czech Republic, and agroup of colleagues includingYves Basset at STRI andscientists from theSmithsonian and US, PapuaNew Guinea, Australia andEngland, published"Guild-specific patterns ofspecies richness and hostspecialization inplant–herbivore food websfrom a tropical forest," in theNovember issue of the Journalof Animal Ecology.

Thomas Lewinsohn from theState University of Campinasin Brazil introduced the paperin his article “A large tropicquilt” in the same issue of theabove mentioned journal. Inhis words, the article presents“the first broad conspectus ofherbivore–plant interactions ina forest in Papua New Guinea.

In more than 15 years, nearly7000 feeding links were tracedbetween about 200 plants and1500 insect herbivores...” “Theplant-herbivore web assembledby Novotny and his many co-workers, although a patchworkquilt that is far from complete,is likely to be as good as itgets,” concludes Lewinsohn.

Image credit: New GuineaBinatang Research Center. Botharticles can be obtained [email protected]

“Las plantas y los herbívorosinvertebrados son parteprincipal de las redes dealimentos terrestres. Elidentificar las especies que lascomponen y darle seguimientoa sus interacciones encomunidades altamente diversases un trabajo monumental.”

Vojtech Novotny, de laUniversidad de Bohemia delSur en la República Checa, y ungrupo de colegas incluyendo aYves Basset de STRI ycientíficos del Smithsonian yEU, Papua Nueva Guinea,Australia y Inglaterra,publicaron “Guild-specificpatterns of species richness and

host specialization inplant–herbivore food websfrom a tropical forest,"[Patrones específicos por familiade la riqueza de especies yespecialización de hospederosen las redes de alimentaciónplanta-herbívoro de un bosquetropical] en el número denoviembre de la revista Journal ofAnimal Ecology.

Thomas Lewinsohn, de laUniversidad de Campiñas enBrasil hace una introducción delartículo en la reseña “A largetropic quilt” [Un gran tejidotropical] en el mismo número dela revista arriba mencionada. Ensus palabras, el artículo presenta“la primera sinopsis amplia deinteracciones entre herbívoros yplantas en el bosque de PapuaNueva Guinea. Durante más de15 años, se le dio seguimiento acerca de 7000 relaciones dealimentación entre 200 plantas y1500 insectos herbívoros...” “Lared de plantas y herbívorosarmada por Novotny y susmuchos colaboradores, aunquees un tejido de retazos que estámuy lejos de ser completo, esprobablemente tan buena comopuede ser” concluye Lewinsohn.

Page 4: Gamboa seminar Hot, wet and rich tropical forests during ...stri-sites.si.edu/sites/strinews/PDFs/November_12_2010.pdf · climate scenario," said Joe Wright, staff scientist at STRI,

Gnezdilov, Vladimir M., Bonfils,

Jacques, Aberlenc, Henri-Pierre,

and Basset, Yves. 2010. "Review of

the Neotropical genus Oronoqua

Fennah, 1947 (Insecta, Hemiptera,

Issidae)." Zoosystema 32(2):

248-257.

November, 2010

NEW SPECIES

For one more insect… San Lorenzo Forest, 2004:

The Panama mission of project

“IBISCA” (Investigating the

Biodiversity of Soil and Canopy

Arthropods) is launched. This

census, spread over four seasons,

aims to be one of the most

comprehensive on the insects of

this area. A challenge, since San

Lorenzo is a rainforest, and while

rainforests represent only 6% of the

Earth's landmass, they host more

than half the species in existence. A

dream for naturalists. A dream that

they know will keep them occupied

for several years ...

By the end of the mission, 422,000

arthropods will have been

collected. Many species unknown

to science are gradually being

isolated, described and named.

Among them, a new species of

Hemiptera (an order including bugs,

cicadas and aphids), Oronoqua

ibisca, described in 2010. “We

compared the specimens from

Panama with the only known

collected specimen of Oronoqua,”

says Henri-Pierre Aberlenc, an

entomologist at the Center for

International Cooperation in

Agronomic Research for

Development (CIRAD). “We then

realized that the three females

found in 2004 in Panama belonged

to a related, but unrecorded,

species.”

With so few copies of O. ibisca

collected, one might worry that the

species is rare and threatened. “Not

necessarily,” the authors of the

description reassure us. “Above all,

this points out that we know

nothing about tropical insect

herbivores. We do not know their

biology or their host plants, making

our captures random. "Ironically,

each discovery of a new species

underscores the immensity of what

science has yet to uncover.”

Celine Lison with Benoît Fontaine

ESPECIE NUEVA

Por un insecto más...Bosque de San Lorenzo, 2004:

La misión panameña del proyecto

“IBISCA” (Investigación de la

Biodiversidad de Artrópodos

Terrestres y del Dosel) da

comienzo. El censo, que se lleva a

cabo en las cuatro estaciones, tiene

como objetivo ser uno de los más

completos en cuanto a los insectos

del área. Un reto, ya que San

Lorenzo es un bosque tropical

lluvioso, y que aunque estos

bosques representan sólo el 6% de

toda la superficie de la Tierra,

mantienen más de la mitad de todas

las especies existentes. Un sueño

para naturalistas. Un sueño que,

como ellos saben, los va a tener

ocupados por varios años...

Al final de la misión, se habían

colectado 422,000 artrópodos.

Muchas especies desconocidas

para la ciencia empiezan a aislarse,

a describirse y a bautizarse. Entre

ellas, una nueva especie de

Hemiptera (una orden que incluye

bichos, cigarras y áfidos),

Oronoqua ibisca, descrita en 2010.

“Comparamos los especímenes de

Panamá con el único otro

especimen de Oronoqua” dice

Henri-Pierre Aberlenc, un

entomólogo del Centro de

Cooperación Internacional en

Investigaciones de Agronomía y

Desarrollo (CIRAD). “Entonces nos

dimos cuenta que tres hembras

encontradas en 2004 en Panamá

pertenecían a una especie

relacionada aunque no registrada.”

Con tan pocos especímenes

colectados de O. ibisca, se podría

pensar que es una especie poco

común y en peligro. “No

necesariamente,” aseguran los

autores de la descripción. “Sobre

todo, esto nos indica que no

sabemos nada sobre insectos

herbívoros tropicales. No

conocemos ni su biología ni sus

plantas hospederas, lo que hace

que nuestra captura sea casual.”

“Irónicamente, cada

descubrimiento de una nueva

especie nos recuerda la inmensidad

de lo que la ciencia está aún por

descubrir.”

Celine Lison y Benoît Fontaine