fyp report
TRANSCRIPT
Intelligent Traffic and Smart Lighting Control System
Supervised by: Dr. Sajid Saleem
Group Members
Muhammad Nadeem Iqbal UW-12-BSc-EE-003
Wahab Ali UW-12-BSc-EE-025
Sajid Iran Khan UW-12-BSc-EE-049
Muhammad Usman Khalid UW-12-BSc-EE-085
Mazhar Iqbal UW-12-BSc-EE-101
Faisal Nazir Awan UW-12-BSc-EE-105
Department of Electrical Engineering
WAH ENGINEERING COLLEGE WAH, UNIVERSITY OF WAH
WAH CANTT –PAKISTAN
2016
“In The Name Of Allah, the Most Merciful, the Most Generous”.
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Submission Form of Project
FINAL REPORT
PROJECT ID
NUMBER OF
06
MEMBERS
TITLE Intelligent Traffic And Smart Lighting Control System
Dr. Sajid Saleem
Electrical
SUPERVISOR NAME
Department
CHECKLIST:
Number of pages attached with this form 59
I/We have enclosed the soft-copy of this document along-with the
codes and scripts created by ourselves
YES / NO
My/Our supervisor has attested the attached document YES / NO
I/We confirm to state that this project is free from any type of
plagiarism and misuse of copyrighted material YES / NO
MEMBER NAME REG. NO. EMAIL ADDRESS
Muhammad Nadeem Iqbal UW-12-BSc-EE-003 [email protected]
Wahab Ali UW-12-BSc-EE-025 [email protected]
Sajid Iran Khan UW-12-BSc-EE-049 [email protected]
Muhammad Usman Khalid UW-12-BSc-EE-085 [email protected]
Muhammad Mazhar Iqbal UW-12-BSc-EE-101 [email protected]
Faisal Nazir Awan UW-12-BSc-EE-105
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INTERNAL SUPERVISOR
EXTERNAL SUPERVISOR
STUDENT’S SIGNATURE
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________ _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Note 1: This paper must be signed by your Internal Supervisor and External
Supervisor.
Note 2: The hard copy of this report must be submitted to your Supervisor and
Electrical engineering department, Wah Engineering College.
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DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the work presented in this thesis is the outcome of our own work, is
correct to the best of my knowledge and this work has been carried out taking care of
Engineering Ethics. The work presented does not infringe any patented work and has not been
submitted to any University for the award of any degree or any professional use.
Muhammad Nadeem Iqbal UW-12-BSc-EE-003 --------------------------
Wahab Ali UW-12-BSc-EE-025 --------------------------
Sajid Iran Khan UW-12-BSc-EE-049 --------------------------
Muhammad Usman Khalid UW-12-BSc-EE-085 --------------------------
Mazhar Iqbal UW-12-BSc-EE-101 --------------------------
Faisal Nazir Awan UW-12-BSc-EE-105 --------------------------
Date: ---------------------------
STUDENT’S SIGNATURES
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DEDICATION
First of all we would like to thanks Allah Almighty for giving us strength to complete this
project. We dedicate this project to our beloved parents and all our hardworking and skilled
professors who guided us, polished our rough knowledge about technical terms and finally
made us capable enough to achieve this far.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
There is no success without the will of Allah. We are grateful to Allah, Who has given us
guidance, strength and enabled us to accomplish this task. Whatever we have achieved, we owe
it to Him, in totality. We would like to thank our supervisor Dr. Sajid Saleem, for his help and
supervision. He provided valuable discussion on initial testing phase of the project and helped
us out with the choice of equipment to be used. We are truly thankful to him, for without his
support this project would not have been possible.
We are grateful to Asst.Prof. Mr. Haris Masood, Project Coordinator of Elect department of
WEC for providing his unconditional support and guidance. We are truly thankful to him, for
without his support this project would not have been possible. He provided us guidance and
lent valuable suggestions for making our project better.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS ………….…………………………………………………………………..……………………………….………..…..ix
LIST OF FIGURES…..………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….……....….…….x
ABSTRACT…………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………….…….…..…..xi
Chapter 01……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….1
INTRODUCTION……..……………………..……………………..……………………………………………………………..……………1
1.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….……..………..2
1.2. History of Traffic Lights………………………………………………………………………….………….……….…………..…..2
1.3. Existing Scenario of Traffic Control System…………………………………………….…………..…….………………..3
1.4. Traffic Signal and Smart Lighting Automation………………………………………………………..……………………4
1.5. Applications and Limitations……………….………………………………………………………………..………….………6
1.5.1. Applications and Limitations of Intelligent Traffic Control System and Smart Lighting…..…………6
Chapter 02………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……….7
LITERATURE REVIEW……………………..……………………………………..…………………………………….…………….………7
2.1. Power Supply………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………….8
2.2. Components Used……………………………………………………………………………………………………….……..……….8
2.2.1. IR Sensor………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….…..8
2.2.2. Anal0g to Digital Converter (ADC)……………………………………………………………………….………………..….8
2.2.3. Micr0controller……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...10
2.2.4. N-Channel MOSFET………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………….10
2.2.5. Voltage Regulator IC……………………………………….………………………………………………….…………………..11
2.2.6. Capacitor……….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...11
2.2.7. Diode…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….12
2.2.8. Resistor……….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………12
2.2.9. LED……….………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………….12
2.2.10. Solar Panel……….………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….13
2.2.11. Inverter and Battery Bank…………………………………………………………………………………….……………….13
Chapter 03……….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………14
THE CONTROL STAGE…………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………….14
3.1 The PIC18F252 Microcontroller Description……………………………………………………………………………….15
3.2. Features of the PIC18F252………………………………………………………………………………………………………..15
3.2.1. Peripheral Features………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..15
3.2.2. Pinout…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….15
3.2.3. Specifications…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………16
3.3. Pin Name Description………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………….16
3.4. The PIC18F4520 Microcontroller Description……………………………………………………………….……………17
3.4.1. Features of the PIC18F4520……………………………………………………………………………………….…………..17
3.4.2. Peripheral of the PIC18F4520……………………………………………………………………………………..…………..17
3.4.3. Specifications……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………..18
3.4.4. Pinout………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………18
3.5. Pin Name Description……………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….19
Chapter 04……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………21
SENSORS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….21
4.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….22
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4.2. The physics behind IR sensors…………………………………………………………………………………………………...22
4.2.1 Planck’s radiation law……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...22
4.2.2 Stephan Boltzmann Law……………………………………………………………………………………………………….….23
4.2.3 Wein’s Displacement Law…………………………………………………………………………………………………….….23
4.3. Principle of operation…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….23
4.4. Elements of Infrared Detection System………………………………………………………………………………….….23
4.4.1. Infrared Source………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……24
4.4.2. Transmission Medium……………………………………………………………………………………………………….……24
4.4.3. Optical Components………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……24
4.4.4. Infrared detectors…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….24
4.4.5. Signal Processing…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………24
4.5. Classifications of Infrared Sensors…………………………………………………………………………………….……….25
4.5.1. Active Infrared Sensors……………………………………………………………………………………………………….….25
4.5.2. Break Beam Sensors……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….26
4.5.3. Reflectance Sensors………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..26
4.5.4. Passive Infrared Sensors…………………………………………………………………………………………………………26
4.6. PROS & CONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….26
Chapter 05……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….27
FLOW CHART AND PROTEUS SIMULATION………………………………………………………………………………………27
5.1. Flow Chart of Traffic Congestion Control…………………………………………………………….……………………..28
5.2. Flow Chart of Light Intensity Control…………………………………………………………………….……………………29
5.3. Simulation Diagram of LED Driver Circuit……………………………………………………………….…………………..29
5.4. LED Driver Circuit Output……………………………………………………………………………………….………………….30
5.5. Simulation Diagram of Traffic Congestion Control Circuit……………………………………….………………….30
Chapter 06……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….31
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION…………………………………………………………………..………………………………………….31
6.1. External Hardware…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...32
6.2. Input Power Supply …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..32
6.2.1. Solar Panel……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..32
6.2.2. Battery Bank…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..32
6.3. Hardware Components……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..33
6.3.1. MOSFET Drive Circuit……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..33
6.3.2. Power Input……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………33
6.3.3. Regulator ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….34
6.3.4. Capacitors………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………34
6.3.5. PIC Controller…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………34
6.3.6. AND Gate ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….34
6.3.7. MOSFET Drive IC…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….34
6.3.8. Diodes………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………34
6.3.9. Connectors…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….35
6.4. Congestion Control Circuitry……………………………………………………………………………………………………..35
6.4.1. Power Input……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………35
6.4.2. Regulator ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….35
6.4.3. Capacitors………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………35
6.4.5. PIC Controller…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………35
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6.4.6. Mux………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………….35
Chapter 07………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………36
RESULT AND CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………………………………………36
7.1. Sensor’s interfacing with microcontroller…………………………………………………………………….…………….37
7.2. Traffic Congestion and Its Situations…………………………………………………………………………….……………37
7.2.1 Normal Situation………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………….38
7.2.2. High Congestion on one side……………………………………………………………………………………….………….38
7.2.3. Medium Congestion on two sides……………………………………………………………………………….………….39
7.3. Simulation Result (Software) ………………………………………………………………………………………….…………39
7.4. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..40
Chapter 08……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….41
FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS AND REFERENCES…………………………………………….…………………….……….41
8.1. Future Recommendations…………………………………………………………………………………………………………42
8.2. REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..42
APPENDIX………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..43
APPENDIX A: PLAGIARISM REPORT……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 43
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ABBREVIATIONS
Infrared Sensor IR Sensor
Light Emitting Diode LED
Analog to Digital Converter ADC
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor MOSFET
Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory EEPROM
Pulse-Width Modulation PWM
Million Instructions per Second MIPS
Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter USART
Serial Communication Interface SCI
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Traffic Light System ………………………………………………….………………………………………................2
Figure 1.2: Earlier Traffic Light System…………………….………………….………………………………………...............3
Figure 1.3: Existing Scenario of Traffic Control System ………………..…………………………………………...........4
Figure 1.4: Traffic Signal and Smart Lighting Automation ….…………..………………………………………............5
Figure 1.5: Proposed prototype for Smart Lighting System…….………...……………………………………………….5
Figure 2.1: Illustration of ADC ……………….……………………………….………..………………………………….............9
Figure 2.2: PIC18F252 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….............10
Figure 2.3: N-Channel MOSFET …………………………………………….…………….……………………………….............10
Figure 2.4: Voltage Regulator IC…………………………………..…………………………………………………………..........11
Figure 2.5: Capacitor ………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………............11
Figure 2.6: Diode …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............12
Figure 2.7: Resistor ..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………............12
Figure 2.8: LED …………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………...............13
Figure 2.9: Solar Panel Configuration …………………………………………………………………………………..............13
Figure 3.1: Pin Diagram of PIC18F252...................................................................................................15
Figure 3.2: Specifications Table of PIC18F252…………………………………………………………………………..........16
Figure 3.3: Pin Description of PIC18F252……………………………….…………………………………………................17
Figure 3.4: Specifications Table of PIC18F4520……………………….…………………………………………..............18
Figure 3.5: Pin Diagram of PIC18F4520…………………………………….………………………………………….............18
Figure 3.6: Pin Description of PIC18F4520 Table ………………………………………………………………….............20
Figure 4.1: Infrared region in EM spectrum …………………………………………………………………………............22
Figure 4.2: Infrared sensors ……………………………………………………….………………………………………..............22
Figure 4.3: Depiction of the operation Of an IR Sensor ……………………………….……………………….............23
Figure 4.4: Block Diagram …………………………………………………….……………………………………………..............24
Figure 4.5: Break Beam Sensor………………………………………….…...…………………………………………...............25
Figure 4.6: Reflectance Sensor …………………………………………………………………………………………….............25
Figure 5.1: Traffic Congestion Control Algorithm …….…………………………………………………………..............28
Figure 5.2: Flow Chart of Light Intensity Control ………………………………………………………………...............29
Figure 5.3: LED Driver Circuit ……………………………………………………………………………………………….............29
Figure 5.4: LED Driver Circuit Output ……………………………………………………………………………………...........29
Figure 5.5: Traffic Congestion Control Circuit ……………….………………………………………………………...........29
Figure 6.1: External Hardware View ………………….…………………………………………………………………............32
Figure 6.2: Solar Panel …………….……………………………………………………………………………………………...........32
Figure 6.3: Battery Bank ……………………………………………………….………………………………………………...........33
Figure 6.4: MOSFET Drive Circuit ……………………………………………….…………………………………………...........33
Figure 6.5: And Gate IC.......................................……………………………………………………………………...........34
Figure 6.6: MOSFET Drive IC …………………………………………………………………………………………………...........34
Figure 6.7: Congestion Control Circuitry …….……………………….…………………………………………………..........35
Figure 7.1: Controlling Light Intensity of Smart Lighting ………………………..………………………………..........37
Figure 7.2: Normal Situation...……………………………….………………………………………………………………..........38
Figure 7.3: High Congestion on one side ………………………………………………………………………………...........38
Figure 7.4: Medium Congestion on two sides …….………………………………………………….………………..........39
Figure 7.5: PWM Simulation Result …………………………………………….……….…………………………………..........39
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ABSTRACT
Power consumption and traffic congestion is a severe problem in many modern cities all over
the world. The objective of our project is to provide an efficient solution for controlling traffic
congestion and smart lighting of roads through vehicle movement detection. In our project
when vehicle approaches light poles, the block of street lights switch to full intensity and then
as the vehicle passes by, the trailing lights revert back to zero intensity. Our project also
provides an effective solution to controlling traffic signals based on traffic density at road
junctions. When high traffic density is encounter, then green signal remain ON until low
density is has been obtained. The project uses a microcontroller interfaced with IR sensors and
photodiodes align in line of sight configuration across the road to detect the traffic density. The
density of traffic is divided in three groups: low, medium and high. Our project is scalable and
provides a method for efficient utilization of electric power for road lightening at night time.
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Chapter 01
INTRODUCTION
OUTLINE
1. Traffic Light System
2. History of Traffic Lights
3. Existing Scenario of Traffic Control System
4. Traffic Signal and Smart Lighting Automation
5. Applications and Advantages
2
1.1. Introduction A traffic light is the most ordinary things which you will locate on a road. It is a discovery for
managing the traffic stream and every driver have to follow it. If the light show green indicator
you can pass, if it is red then you must halt and if it is yellow indicator then you have to act
with caution. There is no uncertainty that traffic lights are essential in the cities where we live.
They are the merely thing that manage traffic when there is no traffic policemen around.
A human being who drives every day can’t visualize driving from home to office without
following a traffic light. As we know there was a period when there was no perception of traffic
lights? Certainly this was the same era when there was no perception of cars too.
There are some clear set of laws which one must follow consistently you drive the car. Traffic
lights are similar all over the world. They comprise the same three colors in each country on
this earth. Basically Green Color indicates “Go” and red shows “Stop” where yellow or orange
represents “Be Careful”. Traffic Light System is shown below in Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1: Traffic Light System
1.2. History of Traffic Lights The traffic lights first time observed in London in 1868. You can’t actually call it a traffic light
as it did not consist of any lights. The design has stood fairly simple but ground-breaking for
the people of that time.
The design comprised of two vertical arms that can move horizontally to offer the indication
to the arriving trains that they want to stop. At 45- degree angle the arrangement of the vertical
hand performed the similar role the same as the yellow shade does these days of carefulness
for all the traffic.
Here is the funny part, at night time the signifying device used to become unseen, so the railway
concocts attached usual lights for the indication to stop and cautiousness point. You will locate
their shade choice amazing? Red used for stopping and green used for caution.
Well, that wonder why they selected the green color for caution and no one knows why the
color collection was green so it’s still an anonymous. But after a few years, things altered and
mostly when the traffic lights made their advance in the mechanical industry. In 1912, the
traffic control lights completed their first access on the roads in United States.
3
The initial traffic control was set in Salt Lake City linking the Second South and Main Street.
The traffic light consists of two colors just red and green, although there was smaller number
of cars on the street and there was no perception of traffic regulations, this discovery was a
shock for the drivers. Though, a cop was still essential to make them obey the fresh new rules.
Earlier Traffic Light System is shown below in Figure 1.2.
Figure 1.2: Earlier Traffic Light System
1.3. Existing Scenario of Traffic Control System Existing Scenario of Traffic Control System in Pakistan is very simple and traditional. In that
system, the usual function of traffic lights needs more than trivial coordination and control to
confirm the given traffic flows at the same time as proficiently plus steadily as possible where
the people like pedestrians are secured when they try to cross that road. There are many control
systems are used for that purpose to complete this for controlling traffic, like straightforward
clock-work mechanism to difficult automated control and the management systems which
regulate it to diminish delay for people that using the road.
Where a traffic signal system is often controlled through a controller within a cupboard placed
on a concrete pad. A small amount of electro-mechanical controllers are still use for that
purpose for controlling traffic. Though, current traffic controllers are solid state. The cabinet
sometimes consists of an influence solid panel, to provide given amount of power within the
cabinet; a small detector interfaces the panel, to attach to given loop detectors and additional
detectors with detector amplifiers and the controller itself.
That information have expected that on a on a daily basis the bulk of hold up is due to the
traffics light system. And extra waste of your time for civic is merely attributable to hold up.
Maximum of the congestion happens throughout within the early hours at morning time so late
afternoon. Students as well as employers visit to their Universities and works in order that they
also are late at light signal. As we know that number of road users continually will increase,
4
and the given provided resources by existing infrastructures are inadequate, so intelligent
control of the traffic can happen to a terribly important matter within the future. Avoiding
traffic congestion as an example is taken into account to be helpful to each setting also as
economy. Existing Scenario of Traffic Control System is shown below in Figure 1.3.
Figure 1.3: Existing Scenario of Traffic Control System
1.4. Traffic Signal and Smart Lighting Automation We counsel a replacement intelligent control System that may contend with the jamming
drawback of the traffic by the traffic sign on the premise of recent the traffic congestion. The
existing traffic signal system is too old yet as fastened.
It has unchanging amount to bypass the traffic ensue any given side of the road, which caused
the congestion or jamming drawback. Our intelligent control system solves that issue on the
important time basis as required.
That Project will monitor the traffic present situation on let us say four completely different
road linked with everyone then it'll take a choice that either that road ought to be opened for
optimum quantity of your time and that ought to be opened for shorter time. Not only just
control the traffic congestion our project is also going to control the intensity of smart lights
along the road mean more power will be saved in that project.
Normally at day time compete our system will operate due to solar power with storage of power
in battery also. That battery will act like a backup at night time and will operate complete
system. In case of battery not fully charged or dead then that project automatically shifts to
WAPDA utility. The Traffic Signal and Smart Lighting Automation is shown below in Figure
1.4.
5
Figure 1.4: Traffic Signal and Smart Lighting Automation
That project provides an economical resolution for dominant traffic blockage and good lighting
by vehicle movement detection. The endeavor of that project is also used to sense motor vehicle
movement on highways or some road to modify ON solely some blocks of given road ahead
of the given vehicle where switch OFF the reaming given lights to stay away from wasting
energy at night. Smart Lighting System is shown below in Figure 1.5.
Figure 1.5: Proposed prototype for Smart Lighting System
At night time all of the lights on the road remain ON for the vehicles, but a heap of energy is
exhausted when there is no traffic flow. This planned project gives a resolution for saving
amount of energy. This can be obtained by sense the vehicles coming from different sides an
incoming vehicle and then system works to switched ON the some block of street lights in
6
front of vehicle and remaining lights remain at previous the vehicle. Now once the vehicle
passes then following given lights toggle OFF automatically.
Therefore, we save a heap amount of energy. If there is nothing like vehicles on the given road,
then in that situation all the following lights avoid. Though, there is a further mode of operation,
where rather than shift OFF the lights totally, they remain ON with maximum 100% of the
given most intensity of the following light-weight. When the vehicle reach, then the few blocks
of street lights switch to 100% most intensity and once the vehicle passes by, then the remaining
others lights come back to 100% intensity all over again. The process repeats itself on a day
after day.
1.5. Applications and Advantages
1.5.1. Applications and Limitations of Intelligent Traffic Control System and Smart
Lighting:
Applications:
This project is primarily used to control and regulate the traffic in congested cities.
The project aims at efficient use of energy by detecting the vehicle movement on
highways facet and shift on the given particular block of lights lightweight ahead of it
and consecutively shift to switch off the others lights. Using Solar system at day time,
System will save a lot of power as well as charge the batteries.
That Project is economical and easy installation.
This project minimizes the human efforts and increase the human’s life standard.
Easy maintains and best life time.
These Smart lights easily can be used many areas like Parking areas, shopping market
where continuously light intensity is not required so we can save almost 50% power.
By replacing that smart light system on our highway, motorway etc. then we can reduce
extra burden on our national grid station which will helpful to get rid of from load
shedding.
Limitations:
IR sensors sometimes could maybe absorb traditional light-weight too. As a result,
given traffic control system works in inappropriate way.
IR sensors best perform when they used for fewer given distances.
We have to rearrange Infrared sensors in excellent way else they will not notice the
traffic congestion.
7
Chapter 02
LITERATURE REVIEW
OUTLINE
1. Power Supply
2. Components Used
IR Sensor
Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)
Microcontroller
N-Channel MOSFET
Voltage Regulator IC
The Capacitor Filter
Diode
Resistors
LED
Solar Panel
Inverter and Battery Bank
8
2.1. Power Supply
It is the basic source of to provide power. Power supply has ability to provide electrical energy
to energize any electric load. In our Project we need a 5v/12v DC power supply. This requires
rectifier, filter and voltage regulators for 5v DC power supply.
2.2. Components Used
Project circuits consist of following circuit elements.
IR Sensor
Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)
Microcontroller
N-Channel MOSFET
Voltage Regulator IC
Capacitor
Diode
Resistors
LED
Solar Panel
Inverter and Battery Bank
2.2.1. IR Sensor
IR (Infrared Sensor) is basically used to detect motion of a body. It has the capability to
efficiently detect the motion of a body which comes in its range of detection. These sensors are
cheap, effective and small in size and they also very power efficient as well, they also don’t
wear out very quickly so this means they are very cost effective as well. So because of these
features they are commonly used in home appliances and gadgets in domestic and commercial
use.
2.2.2. Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)
ADC is a module that changes input data which is usually analogous in nature into digital form
which is either 0 or 1. Change includes the quantification of data, so that it is basically a small
error measure. Rather than constantly making the change, an ADC further processing from
time to time and check the information. The result is a set of digital numbers that changed
during a fixed time and simple persistent adequacy sign a discrete time and discrete sufficiency
sign advanced.
ADC is characterize by bandwidth (within the range of the frequencies it can quantify) and it's
a symptom that the clamor of proportion (how accurately it can calibrate the mark in respect of
hustle it represents). The true data transfer rate of the ADC is portraying mostly its speed testing
and to a lesser extent, how it handles errors, for example, associate. Energetic zoom ADC
depends on numerous elements, including the definitions, linearity and accuracy (how good
quantization levels corresponds to a genuine simple sign) and jitter (errors little
synchronization that present additional noise). A dynamic amount of ADC regularly condenses
its powerful number of bits and the number of given bits in each beat it returns back that all
things that are not considered to be torn. Ideal ADC ENOB is equivalent to its definition. ADC
coordinated throughout and ordered character in hustle proportions mark, that you want to
9
align. In case the ADC works to the investigating judge noteworthy, than at twice the rate of
transfer of the mark, the immaculate playback is probable given the ideal ADC and ignoring
the given quantization fault. The proximity of the quantization punishment confines the
dynamic zoom even ideal Analog to digital converter, in any case, if the dynamic volume of
ADC surpasses data signal, its personal belongings can be dismissed as a result of which around
basically flawless computerized representation of the input signal.
2.2.2.1. Working of ADC?
PIC microcontroller is 8 bit structured, so possible levels will be 2^8=256 from 0 to 255.Since
every microcontroller has five levels from 0V to 5V in which it represent the voltage values. It
cannot directly provided AC to microcontroller to measure voltages because internal structure
of microcontroller is digital, it understands high or low (either 0 or 1).For this reason in our
project we have used voltage sensor which take the input as alternating voltage, then there is
voltage sensor circuit which covert AC source into specific DC voltage. When the voltage is
converted into DC then we connect this output to the micro controller as input at pin 2 of port
which is specified for ADC.
For working of ADC, two channels ADC (0) and ADC (1) are activated for the voltages of
both generators. As already described above that microcontroller represent voltages in five
different levels and can represent the values ranges from 0 to 255.Input voltage will be given
to microcontroller, ADC will come into act and generates the binary of that number and
represent the number on screen after according to binary number. For instance, for 0V DC
microcontroller will display 0V on LCD while for 2.5V DC which is half of 5V will represent
the 127V on LCD screen whereas for 4.5V, after calculating binary it comes out almost 230V
which is our desired value.
For the most part there are two stages for the simple to advanced transformation:
1. Sampling. 2. Quantizing.
The ADC procedure is appeared in Figure 2.1 beneath:
Figure 2.1: Illustration of ADC
10
2.2.3. Microcontroller
Microcontroller is a moment PC on a single given coordinated circuit that contains a processor
center, memory, and programmable information/yield peripherals. Microcontrollers are
proposed for implanted applications.
Microcontrollers are utilized as a half of naturally controlled things moreover as gadgets, for
example like vehicles control frameworks. Blended sign microcontrollers square measure
regular, incorporating simple elements expected to management non-computerized electronic
frameworks.
Some microcontrollers utilize four-piece words and work at clock rate frequencies for low
power utilization. They for the most part will hold utility whereas sitting tight for an incident
and square measure acceptable for dependable battery applications. Different microcontrollers
serve execution basic elements, where they act like Associate in Nursing advanced sign
processor (DSP), with higher clock speeds and power utilization. Microcontroller utilized as a
half of task is appeared in Figure 2.2.
Figure 2.2: PIC18F252
2.2.4. N-Channel MOSFET
N-channel MOSFET is Advanced HEXFET Power MOSFET having Advanced Processing
technology to get tremendously low ON-Gate Resistance shown in Figure 2.3. Those
advantages combine the fast switching and ruggedized Device Power MOSFET. For Designer
give extremely effective and consistent for many wide ranges of applications.
Figure 2.3: N-Channel MOSFET
11
TO-220A package are provided all industrial application as well as commercial application
having special feature power dissipation up to 50Watt. Low thermal resistance and low package
Cost make it more efficiently and widely used though out in the Industry.
2.2.5. Voltage Regulator IC
A 3 pin IC is utilized as voltage controller. It changes over unregulated DC current to controlled
DC. Altered yield is taken by interfacing the voltage controller at the yield of the separated DC
(appeared in beneath outline). Low DC voltage from a high DC voltage can be taken from this
(for instance we utilize 7805 to get 5V from 12V). Voltage Regulator IC is shown below in
Figure 2.4.
Figure 2.4: Voltage Regulator IC
There are the following two sorts of voltage controllers
Fixed voltage controllers (78xx, 79xx)
Variable voltage controllers (LM317)
2.2.6. Capacitor
A capacitor is a separate terminal electrical wont to store vitality in an electrical field. All
capacitors contain no fewer than two electrical transmitters isolated by a stuff
(insulator).When there is a possible difference (voltage) over the conduits, a static electric
field produce over the stuff, bringing regarding positive charge to collect on one plate and
electric charge on the opposite plate. Vitality is put away in the electric field. Capacitor is
shown below in Figure 2.5.
Figure 2.5: Capacitor
A capacitance is most well-known once there is a slender dividing wall between territories of
conductor. Practically words, the dielectric between the two plates flow a very little amount of
current that is more has an electrical field quality farthest purpose while bringing concerning a
12
breakdown voltage, while the channels associated leads gift an unsought inductance and
resistance. Capacitors are generally utilized as a half of electronic circuits for interference direct
gift whereas allowing rotating current to travel, in channel systems, for smoothing the yield of
force supplies, in the resounding circuits that tune radios to specific frequencies, in electric
force transmission frameworks for equalization out voltage and force stream, and for some
different functions.
2.2.7. Diode
A diode has two given terminal electronic component that deviated exchange trademark, with
low (preferably zero) immunity to current stream in one bearing, and high (in a perfect world
unbounded) resistance in the other. The most widely recognized capacity of a diode is to permit
a given amount of electric current to go in one given direction while blocking current in the
other way. Diode is shown below in Figure 2.6.
Figure 2.6: Diode
2.2.8. Resistor
Resistor is a two terminal component implementing resistance in electrical circuits. The
relation between voltage, current and resistance is given by Ohm's law:
Handy resistors have an arrangement inductance and a little parallel capacitance. The
undesirable inductance, abundance clamor, and temperature coefficients are for the most part
subject to the innovation utilized as a part of assembling the resistor. Resistor is shown below
in Figure 2.7.
Figure 2.7: Resistor
2.2.9. LED
Driven is group of P-N intersection gadgets. Driven is a segment utilized for sign. Driven
gleams when all the capacities continue. Driven gleams when the current is being stream in
forward predisposition condition. The LEDs are accessible in the round and level shells. The
positive leg is longer than negative leg. LED is shown below in Figure 2.8.
13
Figure 2.8: LED
2.2.10. Solar Panel
Sun oriented force is such vitality, to the point that is resultant from the sun and changed over
into warmth or power. Flexible wellspring of renewable vitality.
A sun powered cell produced using a silicon wafer. A sun based cell is a strong state electrical
gadget (p-n intersection) that changes over the light vitality specifically into the immediate
current (DC) utilizing the photovoltaic impact wonders. Where congregations of cells are
utilized to make sun based board, sun oriented modules, or photovoltaic exhibits. Solar Panel
Configuration is shown below in Figure 2.9.
Figure 2.9: Solar Panel Configuration
2.2.11. Inverter and Battery Bank
• Inverter: A sun oriented inverter, or PV inverter, or Solar converter which changes over the
variable direct present (DC) yield of a photovoltaic (PV) sun oriented board into an utility
recurrence of exchanging current (AC) .
• Battery Bank: A sun oriented plant creates power amid day-time however stack parts should
be controlled amid night also. The force which delivered amid the day-time but it not consumed
during that period gets stored in the following battery bank to power the load during the No-
sunlight time.
14
Chapter 03
THE CONTROL STAGE
OUTLINE
1. Microcontroller PIC18F252
Description
Features
Peripheral Features
Pin Description
Specification
Pin Out
Pin Name Description
2. Microcontroller PIC18F4520
Description
Features
Peripheral Features
Pin Description
Specification
Pin Out
Pin Name Description
15
3.1 The PIC18F252 Microcontroller Description
PIC18F252 is a powerful 10 MIPS easily programmable. CMOS FLASH 8bit microcontroller
having 28 pins. The PIC18F252 programming is done on “C” compiler. It has
256 bytes of EEPROM.
2 Pulse Width Modulation functions
5 channels of 10 bit (A/D) converter
All these topographies make it ideal for engineering equipment, instrumentation and
checking, data acquirement, power training, environmental monitoring, telecom
applications.
3.2. Features of the PIC18F252
2 PWM functions of 10 Bits
Clock Frequency up to 40 MHz
Performance 10 MIPs & 16-bit wide instructions
3 external interrupt
Master Synchronous Serial port (MSSP) module
Flash/data EEPROM retention of >40 years
Addressing up to 32 Kbytes
Flash Memory=16k Bytes
RAM=1536 Bytes
EEPROM=256 Bytes
3.2.1. Peripheral Features:
Two 16-bit timer/counter (TMR1, TMR3)
One 8bit/16bit timer/counter
One 8bit timer/counter
Addressable USART Module supports RS485 and RS232
Five Channel 10bit Analog to Digital Converter
23 I/O pins
28-pin DIP
3.2.2. Pinout:
Figure 3.1: Pin Diagram of PIC18F252
16
3.2.3. Specifications: Following are the specifications of PIC18F252
Figure 3.2: Specifications Table of PIC18F25
3.3. Pin Name Description:
Pin Description of PIC18F4520 is given below in the table.
17
Figure 3.3: Pin Description of PIC18F4520
3.4. The PIC18F4520 Microcontroller Description PIC18F4520 is a powerful 10 MIPS (100 nanosecond) easily programmable. CMOS FLASH
8bit microcontroller having 40 pins The PIC18F252 programming is done on “C” compiler.
It has
256 bytes of FLASH
5 Pulse Width Modulation functions
13 channels of 10 bit (A/D) converter
All these topographies make it ideal for engineering equipment, instrumentation and
checking, data acquirement, power training, environmental monitoring, telecom
applications.
3.4.1. Features of the PIC18F4520
Internal crystal oscillator support from -31 kHz up to 8MHz
10-bit ADC having 13 channels and take 100K samples per second
Two Analog Comparators multiplexing
3.4.2. Peripheral of the PIC18F4520
4 Timer modules
5 PWM outputs
2 Capture/Compare
Flash=32k bytes
EEPROM=256 bytes
SRAM=1536 bytes
36 Input/output Pins
Timers One 8bit / Three 16Bit
Analog/Digital Converter 13Channels of 10 bit
PWM: 2 Modules of 10 bit
Improved USART
18
3.4.3. Specifications:
Following are the specifications of PIC18F4520
Figure 3.4: Specifications Table of PIC18F4520
3.4.4. Pinout
Figure 3.5: Pin Diagram of PIC18F4520
19
3.5. Pin Name Description:
Pin Description of PIC18F4520 is given below in the table
20
Figure 3.6: Pin Description of PIC18F4520 Table
21
Chapter 04
SENSORS
OUTLINE
1. Introduction
2. The Physics Behind IR Sensors
3. Principle of Operation
4. Elements of Infrared Detection System
5. Classifications of Infrared Sensors
6. Pros and Cons
22
4.1. Introduction
Infrared sensor is consists of two words Infrared and sensor. Infrared is the rays lie in the
electromagnetic spectrum. It ranges roughly from 0.75µm to 1000µm.Infrared sensor
wavelength more noteworthy than noticeable light (Visible light) however littler than
microwave. Commonly wavelength region 0.75µm to 3µm is called close infrared, the range
from 3µm to 6µm is called mid infrared and the area above 6µm is called far infrared. It is
shown below in Figure 4.1.
Figure 4.1: Infrared region in EM spectrum
Sensor means detection. So infrared sensor is a device that detects infrared rays. It is shown
below in Figure 4.2.
Figure 4.2: Infrared sensors
4.2. The physics behind IR sensors
The material science behind the IR sensor is explained by three laws:
4.2.1 Planck’s radiation law:
Each item at a temperature of T not equivalent to zero K emanates radiation. Where infrared
brilliant vitality is controlled by the temperature and surface state of an item. Typical human
eyes can't distinguish contrasts in infrared vitality for the reason that they are principally
delicate to noticeable light vitality from 400 to 700 nm in extent. Our eyes are not delicate to
the infrared vitality.
23
4.2.2 Stephan Boltzmann Law:
In that Law: The aggregate given vitality radiated at all wavelengths by a dark body is identified
with the supreme temperature as.
4.2.3 Wein’s Displacement Law:
That Law clarifies that objects of divergent temperature emanate spectra that top at unique
wavelengths. It gives the wavelength to most extreme ghastly brilliant emittance for a given
temperature. The connection between the genuine temperature of the dark body and its crest
ghastly presence wavelength is portrayed by this law
4.3. Principle of operation
IR Sensors work by using a specific light sensor to perceive a select light wavelength in the
Infra-Red (IR) range. By using a LED which conveys light at the same wavelength as what the
sensor is looking for, you can look at the power of the got light. Right when an article is close
to the sensor, the light from the LED sways off the thing and into the light sensor. It is shown
below in Figure 4.3.
Figure 4.3: Depiction of the operation Of an IR Sensor
4.4. Elements of Infrared Detection System
A common framework for recognizing infrared radiation is given in the following block
diagram. It is shown below in Figure 4.4.
24
Figure 4.4: Block Diagram
4.4.1. Infrared Source:
All things above 0 K radiate infrared essentialness and hereafter are infrared sources. Infrared
sources furthermore join blackbody radiators, tungsten lights, silicon carbide, and distinctive
others. For element IR sensors, infrared Lasers and LEDs of specific IR wavelengths are used
as IR sources.
4.4.2. Transmission Medium:
Three central sorts of transmission medium used for Infrared transmission are vacuum, nature,
and optical fibers. The transmission of IR – radiation is impacted by nearness of CO2, water
vapor and distinctive components in the earth.
4.4.3. Optical Components:
Habitually optical segments are required to join together or focus infrared radiations, to confine
otherworldly reaction, et cetera. To meet/focus radiations, optical lenses made of quartz, CaF2,
Ge and Si, polyethylene Fresnel lenses, and mirrors made of Al, Au or a similar material are
used. For obliging ghastly reactions, band pass channels are used. Choppers are used to
pass/interfere with the IR bars.
4.4.4. Infrared detectors:
Distinctive sorts of identifiers are used as a piece of IR sensors. Basic particulars of finders are
• Photosensitivity:
Photosensitivity is the Output Voltage/Current per watt of occurrence vitality. Higher is the
better.
• Noise Equivalent Power (NEP):
NEP addresses area limit of an indicator and is the measure of episode light comparable to
intrinsic tumult level of an identifier/locator.
• Sensitivity (D*: D-star):
D* is the photosensitivity per unit region of an identifier. It is a measure of S/N proportion of
a finder. D* is conversely corresponding to NEP. Bigger D* shows better detecting component.
4.4.5. Signal Processing:
Since detector yields are ordinarily little, preamplifiers with related hardware are utilized to
further process they got signals.
25
4.5. Classifications of Infrared Sensors
4.5.1. Active Infrared Sensors: Dynamic infrared sensors use both infrared source and infrared discoverers. They work by
transmitting imperativeness from either a light emanating diode (LED) or a laser diode. In this
sort of IR sensors, the LED or laser diode illuminates the target, and the reflected
imperativeness is locked in onto a discoverer. Photoelectric cells, Photodiode or
phototransistors are all things considered used as discoverers. The planned data is then taken
care of using distinctive sign preparing computations to partition the coveted information.
Dynamic IR identifiers give count, proximity, speed, and inhabitance data in both night and
day operation. These sensors are used as savvy OPTO-sensors. Canny OPTO-sensors are either
control based or use changed IR. Power based sensors are impacted by encompassing light.
Changed Infrared sensors wherein emitter is turned ON and OFF rapidly, are less unprotected
to enveloping light. Shrewd OPTO-sensors are used as a piece of two plans.
4.5.2. Break Beam Sensors:
This sort of sensors includes two or three light releasing and light perceiving parts. Infrared
source transmits a light discharge towards a remote IR beneficiary making an "electronic
divider". Once a bar is broken/upset in light of some dark thing, yield of marker changes and
related electronic equipment takes appropriate exercises.
Common employments of such sensors are intrusion acknowledgment, shaft encoder (for
estimation of turn edge/rate of pivot).It is appeared in Figure 4.5.
Figure 4.5: Break Beam Sensor
4.5.3. Reflectance Sensors:
This kind of sensors house both an IR source and an IR marker in a single hotel in a way that
light from emitter LED skips off an external protest and is reflected into a locator. Measure of
light reflected into the identifier depends on the reflectivity of the surface. It is appeared in
Figure 4.6.
Figure 4.6: Reflectance Sensor
It can likewise manner be used to check a portrayed region; the transmitter releases a light
discharge into the breadth zone, the reflected light is used to recognize a conformity in the
reflected light thusly sifting the needed zone.
26
4.5.4. PASSIVE INFRARED SENSORS:
It is an electronic component that measures infrared light radiating from objects in its field.
Any object above absolute zero will emit heat energy in the form of radiations which is detected
by electronic device but invisible to the human eye because of infrared wavelength.
4.6. PROS & CONS:
PROS:
Low power utilization
Simple circuitry
Low coding/decoding
CONS:
Lower data rate
Short range
Line of sight requirement
27
Chapter 05
FLOW CHART AND PROTEUS
SIMULATION
OUTLINE
1. Flow Chart of Traffic Congestion Control
2. Flow Chart of Light Intensity Control
3. Simulation Diagram of LED Driver Circuit
4. Simulation Diagram of Traffic Congestion Control
Circuit
28
Before running circuits on hardware, circuits were tested on PROTEUS to make sure they are
in working condition. In this chapter we will discuss about PROTEUS simulation of all circuits
used in our project. The program for the microcontroller is compiled with the C compiler
software and simulation is done by Proteus professional software 8.0. The source code is
written in C compiler software. Microcontroller read the input voltage from the specified
analog channel and the input voltage is converted into digital value from analog value by
analog-digital converter (ADC).
5.1. Flow Chart of Traffic Congestion Control
Figure 5.1: Traffic Congestion Control Algorithm
29
5.2. Flow Chart of Light Intensity Control
Figure 5.2: Flow Chart of Light Intensity Control
5.3. Simulation Diagram of LED Driver Circuit
Figure 5.3: LED Driver Circuit
30
5.4. LED Driver Circuit Output
Figure 5.4: LED Driver Circuit Output
5.5. Simulation Diagram of Traffic Congestion Control Circuit
Figure 5.5: Traffic Congestion Control Circuit
31
Chapter 06
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
OUTLINE
1. External Hardware View
2. Input Power Supply
Solar Panel
Battery Bank
3. Hardware Components
MOSFET Drive Circuit
Main Circuit
32
6.1. External Hardware
Figure 6.1: External Hardware View
6.2. Input Power Supply
Normally at day time complete our system will operate due to solar power with storage of
power in battery also. The battery will act like a backup at night time and will operate complete
system. In case of battery not fully charged or dead then this project automatically shifts to
WAPDA utility.
6.2.1. Solar Panel:
Solar panel absorbs the sun light and converts into electricity. It is a basis of renewable energy.
A solar cell made up off a mono or poly crystalline silicon wafer. A solar cell operates at
photovoltaic phenomena having a P-N junction that converts the light energy into Direct
Current. Solar panel absorbs the solar energy to drive the external circuit. Solar panel is shown
below in Figure 6.2.
Figure 6.2: Solar Panel
6.2.2. Battery Bank:
Solar power plant produces electricity during the day time but it is also required during night.
Solar panel array is planted to produce power for all day. Power which is produced during the
day gets stored in battery banks to power the load when there is no sunlight. Battery Bank is
shown below in Figure 6.3.
33
Figure 6.3: Battery Bank
6.3. Hardware Components
6.3.1. MOSFET Drive Circuit:
Figure 6.4: MOSFET Drive Circuit
6.3.2. Power Input:
Power input connectors used to take power from a power source to energize the system. Here
12V taken from the power source to power up the system.
6.3.3. Regulator:
After taking power of 12V, regulator LM7805 used to regulate the voltage up to 5V.
34
6.3.4. Capacitors:
Capacitor is two terminals device. These terminals linked to the metal plates separated by a
dielectric medium. Dielectric is made up of such material that does not conduct electric charge.
Capacitors and batteries both store a given amount of electrical energy.
6.3.5. PIC Controller:
Here PIC Controller (PIC18F252) is used in that circuit to control the entire function of
circuitry.
6.3.6. AND Gate:
Here is the AND gate IC used of number 7408PC.
Figure 6.5: And Gate IC
6.3.7. MOSFET Drive IC:
MOSFET drive IC (IR2106) also used in that circuit.
Figure 6.6: MOSFET Drive IC
6.3.8. Diodes:
Diode is an electrical component having two electrodes having low resistance and current
flows in only one direction.
6.3.9. Connectors:
Connectors provide an electrical path for flow of current and connecting wires connect into it.
35
6.4 Congestion Control Circuitry
6.4.1. Power Input:
Power input connectors used to take power from a power source to energize the system. Here
12V taken from the power source to power up the system.
6.4.2. Regulator:
After taking power of 12V, regulator LM7805 used to regulate the voltage up to 5V.
6.4.3. Capacitors:
Capacitor is two terminals device. These terminals linked to the metal plates separated by a
dielectric medium. Dielectric is made up of such material that does not conduct electric
charge. Capacitors and batteries both store a given amount of electrical energy.
6.4.5. PIC Controller:
Here PIC Controller (PIC18F4520) is used in that circuit to control the entire function of
circuitry.
6.4.6. Mux:
Take multiple input and give one output.
Figure 6.7: Congestion Control Circuitry
36
Chapter 07
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND
CONCLUSION
37
This chapter presents experimental results.
7.1. Sensor’s interfacing with microcontroller
The microcontroller was programmed and interfaced with Sensor’s for detecting purposes. It
was programmed in such manner when vehicle approaches, the road lights of that pole switches
to 100% after that when vehicle cruises by, the road lights return to 10% of the full power.
Figure 7.1 show result.
Figure 7.1: Controlling Light Intensity of Smart Lighting
7.2. Traffic Congestion and Its Situations The Power utilization and traffic density is a serious issue in numerous cutting edge urban
communities everywhere throughout the world. When microcontroller was programmed and
was interfaced with Sensor’s for detecting purposes to control traffic congestion. The density
of traffic is measured in three ways low, medium and high according to which the timings are
selected for signals. Where higher density traffic needs longer green signal than the one with
low level density hence the system serves for that purpose.
Normal Situation
High Congestion on one side
Medium Congestion on two sides
38
7.2.1. Normal Situation
The Figure shows a normal situation. In this situation there are least number of cars on the
road.
Figure 7.2: Illustrations of Normal Situation
7.2.2. High Congestion on one side
The Figure shows a higher congestion situation. In this situation there are maximum number
of cars on one side of the road.
Figure 7.3: High Congestion on one side
39
7.2.3. Medium Congestion on two sides
The Figure shows a medium congestion situation. In this situation there are average number
of cars on two side of the road.
Figure 7.4: Medium Congestion on two sides
7.3 Simulation Result (Software) This Figure shows how PWM is controlling the light intensity of LED
Figure 7.5: PWM Simulation Result
40
7.4. Conclusion
We presented a method for density based control of traffic lights we can save a large quantity
of time and also we can avoid excessive traffic jams thus leading to smooth traffic flow.
Presently in Pakistan we are following time based control of traffic signals and we are suffering
from heavy traffic jams all over which in turn devours lot of time and fuel. We hope these
methods will be approved as soon as possible so that the restrictions we are experiencing with
present method can be overwhelmed.
Future work includes enhanced so as to control consequently the signs reliant on the movement
fixation on the streets utilizing sensors like metal discoverer units or by the use of neural
frameworks stretched out with programmed go off when no vehicles are running on any side
of the street which helps in force utilization sparing.
41
Chapter 08
FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS
AND REFERENCES
42
8.1. Future Recommendations
1. The project further can be enhanced by using time programmed dusk to dawn switching
based on latitude and longitude of a specific place. It can also be interfaced to a LDR
to follow the switching operation precisely.
2. The project can be improved by using appropriate sensors for detecting the faulty smart
light and then sending an SMS to the control department via GSM modem for
appropriate action.
3. For advance Congestion Control the imaging processing technique can also be
implemented.
8.2. References 1. Design and Implementation of Automatic Street Light Control Using Sensors and Solar
Panel, Associate Prof. Vani H.V, Assistant Prof. M Kiran Kumar,Sharath Patil Student,
Rudresh S.M Student,Kallendrachari.K Student, Department Of Eee, Sjmit,
Chitradurga, Karnataka, India (June 2015)
2. E – Street: LED Powered Intelligent Street Lighting System with Automatic Brightness
Adjustment Based On Climatic Conditions and Vehicle Movements, Archana M,
Chennai,Prof. Mahalahshmi.R, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Saveetha Engineering College, Chennai(2, April 2014)
3. Street Light Glow on Detecting Vehicle Movement Using Sensor, S. Suganya, R.
Sinduja, T. Sowmiya students,Assistant Professor.S. Senthilkumar,Department of
ECE, EGS Pillay Engineering College, Nagapattinam (9, November 2014)
4. Design of Traffic Flow based Street Light Control System, Vipasha,Centre for
Development of Advanced Computing,Mohali, Punjab, India Preeti Abrol,Centre for
Development of Advanced Computing, Mohali,Punjab, India Preeti Abrol,Centre for
Development of Advanced Computing, Mohali,Punjab, India(18, June 2013)
5. Automatic Street Lighting System for Energy Efficiency Based On Low Cost
Microcontroller,Zulkifli Othman, Khairul Khaizi Md Shariff,Hadzli ,Rohaida Husin,
Syed Abdul Mutalib Al Junid,Zulkifli Abd Majid,Faculty of Electrical
Engineering,University Teknologi MARA,Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia, (6-7, June
2012)
6. Intelligent Traffic Light and Density Control Using IR Sensors and Microcontroller,Ms.
Promila Sinhmar, Rawal Institute of Engineering and Technology Zakopur,
Faridabad,(2, March 2012)
7. Accurate Speed and Density Measurement for Road Traffic,Rijurekha Sen, IIT
Bombay,Andrew Cross, Aditya Vashistha,Venkata N. Padmanabhan, Edward Cutrell,
and William Thies,Microsoft Research India.
43
APPENDIX
APPENDIX A: PLAGIARISM REPORT