Some Intelligent Liveable Buildings

Perspectives

Professor Derek Clements-Croome

School of Construction Management and EngineeringThe University of Reading—Future Build—June 25 2015

www.derekcroome.comd.j.clements-croome@reading.ac.uk

www.derekcroome.com

MY BRIEF TALK TONIGHT WILL FEATURE TWO ASPECTS

Creative Workplaces

Recent and Future Intelligent Buildings

Intelligent Buildings for Better Health, Well-Being and Productivity

2014 EU Report

World Green Building Council Report 2014

Health, Well-being and Productivity in Offices

Putting People First 2015 BCO Briefing Paper

Environmental Design Affects Well-Being of People

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in the WorkplaceNeedPhysiological

Safety

Social

Esteem

Self-actualisation

Achieved byGood working conditions, attractive salary, subsidised housing, free cateringPrivate health care, pension, safe working conditions, job security.Good relationships, team spirit, company sports, office parties, informal activities, open communication.Regular positive feedback, prestige job titles, write-up in company news sheets, promotion and reward.Challenging job, discretion over work activity, promotion on opportunities, encouraging creativity, autonomy and responsibilitySource: (MASLOW 1943)

MAT model of Behaviour ( Fogg 2008 )

Behaviour=Motivation x Ability x Opportunity

When mind concentrating and focussed the Behaviour is effectively Performance

Facilities and support systems afford

opportunity Healthy sensory environments help

motivation

Amanda Levete (architect)

To live in a great space inspires you and lights your spirit. The environment in which you live and work has a tremendous capacity to change your mood and affect the way you live your life. Space, volume and natural light are vital for good living.Levete, A, Architecture at Future Systems, To live in a great space that inspires you, Financial Times, 16.02.08

Good Health and Well-Being Lead to Increased

ProductivityOccupants want an enjoyable

experience in their workplace not just a functional one

Workplaces need to be kind to people’s health, mood and well-being

This leads to happier and more creative and productive people

Happiness and Well-Being

UK All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) issued Well-being Economics Report 2014

in respect of Labour Market; Planning and Transport; Mindfulness in Health and Education; Arts and Culture World Happiness Report 2013 edited

by Helliwell (Vancouver School Economics), Layard (LSE), Sachs (Columbia University)

PRESENTEEISM 60% of office workers say if they felt

happy and well at work they would be more productive (BUPA/One Poll)

For UK this means for 18m workers on an average salary of £26,000 pa a 1% drop in productivity equates to about £5bn and 10% would be in the order of £50 bn.

For the total working population of 30m these figures would be over £8bn and £80bn respectively.

Building Sickness Syndrome

Includes respiratory, eyes, nose, throat, headaches, dry skin irritations all of which can be aggravated by the internal environment

Ergonomic design of furniture essential to reduce musculoskeletal problems

Greenery helps to give calmer environments

Direct effects of poorly performing environments

 Lost work hours due to sickness

Inability to reach true operational potential.

Reduction in gross domestic productReduced company profitA demoralised workforce

Increased Facilities Management costsIncreased staff turnover

Lack of sustainability

World Green Building Council (WGBC) 2013 Report The Business Case for Green

Buildings   Green buildings do not necessarily cost more

and appeal to tenants because they command higher rents and sale prices.

Operating costs lower because of reduced energy and water use plus reduced maintenance

Better environments affect employees and lead to higher staff retention rates

Workplace illnesses and hence absenteeism  are reduced  ---well-being is higher than in conventionally designed offices where high quality environments have not always been a priority.

WGBC 2014 Report recognised the need to: • create greater public awareness of the health

impacts of buildings;

• increase the focus on better tools and methodologies to collect data and measure healthy impacts;

• encourage building codes to place increased emphasis on healthier building practices.

• If we only concentrate on energy we are in danger of neglecting the real purpose of architecture which is to provide for people’s well-being.

CONDITIONS FOR A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT

•  A fresh thermal environment.• Ventilation rates to provide

clean fresh air; good distribution and low CO2.

• Plenty of natural lighting; no glare

• Views on Nature • Acceptable acoustic climate.• Minimum pollution from external

sources, including noise.

More recent aspects• Spatial settings to suit various

types of working: more contemplative spaces

• Encourage active sit/stand working.

• Ergonomic workplaces that have been designed to minimise musculoskeletal disorders;

• Landscaped biophilic surroundings should be part of the internal and external space design.

Beyond Environmental Comfort

REFERENCESSee References in EU Report 2014 by Clements-Croome eg Book by Ong 2013; WGBC Report 2014

Beyond Environmental Comfort

Office workers are distracted by phone calls, emails and text messages. Constant interruptions reduce productivity and leave people tired and lethargic and less creative.

Productivity Losses in Offices

TNS Research (Hewlett Packard)

Dr Glenn Wilson, Kings College, London in The Guardian, April 22 2005

Professor Sir Cary Cooper Daily Mail page 5 on 7 May 2015 article by Jenny Hope

TechnologyUpsides v Downsides debate needed

Choose and select wisely

Plan for updatingKeep simple and reliable

PRODUCTIVITY

Organisation

Personal Environment

Indoor climateWorkplaceIAQ

Managerial roleOrganisational structure

Career AchievementHome/Work interfaceIntrinsic to job

Relationship with others

Conceptual Basis for Impact of Environment on

Productivity

Clements-Croome (2000 , 2006, 2004, 2013)

Social

CONCLUSIONS

Designers, Facilities Managers and Executive

Spaces for mind refreshment Open Communication with occupants Calming

Features—greenery/colours/décor…… Spaces arranged for ‘people flow and

interaction’; mingle space important. Flexible working office/remote/mobile Encourage active

working—walking/contemplation/exercise Make workplaces fun, joyful and soulful

Performance Metrics Economic – productivity, profitability

and predictability Customer satisfaction – quality of

service, overall performance, value for money

Environment- energy, CO2 emissions, transport, waste reduction, water usage.

People – safety at work, sickness, absenteeism.

BCO Guide to Post-Occupancy Evaluation 2007

BCO Case Study: Post Occupancy Evaluation-An Occupiers Perspective April 2015

Metrics in WGBC 2014 Report Absenteeism Staff turnover/retention rates Medical complaints and costs Physical environment complaints Self reported attitudes via perception

studies Physical environment measures

Health, Well-being and Productivity in Offices 2014

BCO Briefing Paper May 2015

PUTTING PEOPLE FIRST

This paper builds upon the 2014 BCO Report --Making the Business Case for Wellbeing.

(Clements-Croome, Aguilar and Taub 2015)

Is this the Future Workplace?

Second Home in Hanbury St., London, offices designed by Rohan Silva , Sam Aldenton, Jose Selgas and Lucia Cano

Features—1000 plants, furnishings, décor, colour , light , transparency……….

What is the secret of its success? Creative imaginative design that seduces the senses but is practical too?

Office or home mind set?

Tree pop-up office for co-working in Hoxton Square

Recent and Future Intelligent Buildings

TRENDS

1980s Processes

1990s Process and Technology

Today—Process+Technology+Peopl

e

Learn from Vernacular Architecture and also Nature blended with

Technology

Green Mega City: Lilypads by Vincent Callebaut

http://www.popsci.com/futurecity/plan.html

These Lilypads are constructed with a titanium dioxide skin to absorb CO2

Green Mega City: Lilypads by Vincent Callebaut

http://www.popsci.com/futurecity/plan.html

Titanium Dioxide skin to absorb CO2 2 seater electric pod cars Biodiesel/electric buses guided by

embedded road magnets Footstep energy Wind turbines using air movement from

wind from passing cars Hydrogen from an Algae Park Tidal power Solar energy from paint

containing solar nanoparticles

Green Mega City: Lilypads by Vincent

Callebaut Solar energy from paint containing solar

nanoparticles Clear water from desalination Robotic maintenance Bubble Houses Phase change materials give temperature

regulation Hydroponic farms Plant water from sewage filtered via zebra

mussels 10 storey concrete tower with embedded

photovoltaics Geothermal wells for heating/coolinghttp://www.popsci.com/futurecity/plan.html

Vertical garden cities and buildings

EDIBLE ARCHITECTURE

DNA-inspired twisting Agora Garden underway in Taipei City by Vincent Callebaut

Asian Cairns in Shenzhen by Vincent Callebaut 2013

Six buildings on 70 acres produce their own food and generate energy using PV solar and axial wind turbines.

Each ‘pebble’ can be for different uses. Orchards, vegetables and gardens are planted within and outside the buildings

Nanyang Technology University Singapore –

Heatherwick Studio

.

To avoid creating "miles of corridors linking box-like lecture rooms", Nanyang Technological University was designed as a cluster of tapered towers surrounding an expansive atrium. The idea was to combine learning facilities with social spaces including balconies, gardens and open-air corridors, to encourage as many opportunities for staff and student interactions as possible

Cybertecture Egg-Shaped Building

Cybertecture New form Architecture

James Law Cybertecture Designs

Technosphere

The Capital The Vasukamal (The Fountain Head)

Cybertecture Egg-Shaped Building

Indoor comfort- “Best space to work

in” J.L. Cybertecture- ‘Cybertecture

Health’ provides Interactive

featuresPresents people’s

health statistics such as blood

pressure and weight

CARBON POSITIVE BUILDINGS

Artificial Leaf can generate hydrogen

Hydrogen Production in Leaves

Artificial Leaf Mechanism Using Sunlight and

Water

Hydrogen Producing Façade

A Water Wall with Artificial Leaves Immersed Within

Sunlight Radiates Causing Reaction

Hydrogen Produced

Hydrogen Producing Artificial Leaf Facade

FUTURES Carbon positive buildings like

artificial leaf hydrogen generating facades also

Algae biofuel facades Green living facades Applications of biomimetics Smart materials for reactive

facades;embedded sensors, nanotubes , graphene

Application of nanotechnologies

FUTURES Robotics for prefabrication,

cleaning, maintenance and site assembly

Fully integrated interoperable systems

Buildings into smart grid system Wireless Sensor Technology

linking climate, building, systems and occupants

Innovation with respect for passive low technology

New culture of value, systems and holistic thinking and vision

Bio Intelligent Quotient building by Arup/Splitterwerk £4.8m 3 years

129 Algae louvred tanks SE/SW facadesAlgae +nutrients+CO2+sunlight

Algae harvested and processed for biogas

Also shades buildingSolar heat used too

BIQ Algae Powered Building Hamburg

2013

BIQ Algae Powered Building Hamburg 2013

GRAPHENE Carbon atomic scale honeycomb

lattice Lightest strongest and stiffest

substance known Can self repair Many applications

GRAPHENE LAYER

Changing World Transdisciplinary serendipity Choice and Autonomy Business Agility Clear Identity and Brand Work Life Blend Awareness of social and

technological changes Global Connectivity Community Interaction

WHAT WE CALL THE BEGINNING IS OFTEN THE

END

AND TO MAKE AN END IS TO MAKE A BEGINNING

THE END IS WHERE WE START FROM

T.S.ELIOT-- FOUR QUARTETS-- LITTLE GIDDING

WORKPLACE HEALTH IN UK 131 m days sick absences per year

costs £15+ bn( Black and Frost 2011) Significant number due to physical

conditions 11.3 m days lost to mental stress

costing £26bn (OECD 2014; Stress Management Society)

Other sources to data are PWC; Labour Force Survey)

See Raconteur in the Times 24 March 2015

Sickness Causes and Days Lost

Musculoskeletal 30.6 m/year

Minor symptoms 27.4 Other 21.7 Stress, depression, anxiety 15.2 Stomach 8.7 Respiratory 5.3 Eye ear nose throat dental 5.2 Heart 5.0 Headaches and migraines 1.7 Serious Mental health 1.0

Building Related Satisfaction Factors

Jobs in which people are not tied to one place.

Shallow building depth, in particular with a high proportion of window seats.

Small workgroups Low occupation densities Good perceived control High management responsiveness

With reference to Bordass, 1998, Factors for Success or how to compensate for things you take away