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Fungi Slide 2 Slide 3 All multicellular fungi have hyphae = tubular growth in a substrate (soil, you etc.) Slide 4 Slide 5 Slide 6 Slide 7 Slide 8 Diagram of fungal cell, animal like interior, plant like cell wall. Slide 9 Cell wall of fungi = inner plasma membrane, like animal cells. Outer Chitin (unique) outer sugar Slide 10 Figure 30.1 Fungi in Evolutionary Context Synapomorphies that distinguish the fungi: Absorptive heterotrophy Chitin in cell walls Slide 11 Figure 30.3 Yeasts Are Unicellular Fungi Budding: mitosis followed by asymmetrical cell division. Slide 12 Mushrooms, bracket fungi, Slide 13 molds Slide 14 Molds. Reproductive stalks that produce spores Slide 15 Start aquatic, move to land with cuticle, spores, etc. Slide 16 Slide 17 Most of what we see (mushroom, black on mold) is the sporangia for dispersal. Slide 18 Life cycle sexual, spores for dispersal, diploid sort of Slide 19 30.3 How Do Fungal Life Cycles Differ from One Another? Many species lack a sexual stagenow classified using DNA sequencing. Deuteromycetes or Imperfect Fungipolyphyletic group of species that have not yet been placed in any existing group. 25,000 species Slide 20 Slide 21 Lichens = fungi (base) plus alga (photosynthesis) Slide 22 Slide 23 Slide 24 Some important things about Fungi absorbtion of water for plants and distribution of nutrients between plants antibiotics from protective secretions human diseases: ringworm, valley fever, toe nail rot agricultural issues; potato blight, wheat rust. Problem of monocultures world wide loss of frogs. Slide 25 Fungus aids in water uptake Fungus can form home to Bacteria, which can fix nitrogen. Slide 26 Fungi associated with tree root Slide 27 Can share nutrients between plant species counteract dominance. Slide 28 Tall grass prairie Lots of plants no dominance Fungi hyphae between plants may share nutrients offset dominance. Slide 29 Penicillin on agar Slide 30 Mushrooms growing in carpet; try soaking your carpet some time see what grows = spores are everywhere. Ambassador hotel, LA Slide 31 Slide 32 Fairy rings fungus growing out from center, culminating in mushrooms = spore producing bodies Slide 33 ringworm Slide 34 Cultured ringworm Slide 35 Potato blight Slide 36 Slide 37 Slide 38 Wheat rust Slide 39 Slide 40 Valley fever Slide 41 Slide 42 Slide 43 Figure 2. Monthly precipitation and valley fever incidence, 1988- 1998 (top) San Joaquin Valley California, (bottom) southeastern Arizona. [more details] more details Slide 44 SPOROTRICHOSIS (Sporothrix schenckii Rose-growers disease = in soil, starts with thorn prick gets into lymph system and spreads. Treatible with drugs. Slide 45 Toe nail rot Slide 46 World wide decrease in amphibia = frogs, toads? And salamanders? Due to? A) climate change, b) parasites, c) fungi. Climate change = moisture changes, temperature changes. Slide 47 Amphibian problems: mutant frogs ; due to trematode infection Frogs more readily eaten by birds secondary host of trematode As few as 12 trematode larvae, known as cercariae, can kill or deform a single tadpole by burrowing into their limb regions and disrupting normal leg development, he said. A single infected snail can produce more than 1,000 cercariae in one night. Frogs that become deformed rarely survive long in the wild, he said. Increased trematodes due to increases in nitrogen and phosphorus in water + pollution Slide 48 Fungal infection of frog skin = vacuoles contain sporangia a water borne primitive fungus =chytridiomycosis Probably spread world wide by dirty boots! Plus frogs more susceptable if climate warmer. Slide 49 Slide 50 Fig. 3. A population pyramid to demonstrate the factors thought to heighten the impact of chytridiomycosis in amphibian populations.