kingdom fungi. the characteristics of fungi body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi
![Page 2: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Characteristics of FungiThe Characteristics of Fungi• Body form
* unicellular * filamentous (tube-like
strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural)
* mycelium = aggregate of hyphae
* sclerotium = hardened mass of mycelium that generally serves as an overwintering stage.
* multicellular, such as mycelial cords, rhizomorphs, and fruit bodies (mushrooms)
![Page 3: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
myceliummycelium
fruiting bodiesfruiting bodies
both are composed of hyphae
![Page 4: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The Characteristics of FungiThe Characteristics of Fungi
• Heterotrophyic- 'other food' * Saprophytes or saprobes - feed on dead
tissues or organic waste (decomposers)* Symbionts - mutually beneficial
relationship between a fungus and another organism
* Parasites - feeding on living tissue of a host
![Page 5: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Heterotrophic by AbsorptionHeterotrophic by Absorption• Fungi get carbon from organic sources
• Hyphal tips release enzymes
• Enzymatic breakdown of substrate
• Products diffuse back into hyphae
Product diffuses backinto hypha and is used
Nucleus hangs backand “directs”
![Page 6: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
HyphaeHyphae
• Tubular
• Hard wall of chitin
• Crosswalls may form compartments (± cells)
• Multinucleate
• Grow at tips
![Page 7: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Hyphal growthHyphal growth
• Hyphae grow from their tips
• Mycelium = extensive, feeding web of hyphae
• Mycelia are the ecologically active bodies of fungi
This wall is rigid Only the tip wall is plastic and stretches
![Page 8: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Modifications of hyphaeModifications of hyphae
![Page 9: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Fungi as Saprobes and Fungi as Saprobes and DecomposersDecomposers
![Page 10: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Fungi as Symbionts (Mutualism)Fungi as Symbionts (Mutualism)
![Page 11: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
MycorrhizaeMycorrhizae• “Fungus roots”
• Mutualism between:* Fungus (nutrient & water uptake for plant)
* Plant (carbohydrate for fungus)
• Several kinds* Zygomycota – hyphae invade root cells
* Ascomycota & Basidiomycota – hyphae invade root but don’t penetrate cells
• Extremely important ecological role of fungi!
![Page 12: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
““Ecto” mycorrhizaeEcto” mycorrhizae
Russula mushroom mycorrhizae on Western Hemlock root
Fungal hyphae around root and between cells
Mycorrhiza cross sections
![Page 13: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
LichensLichens
• “Mutualism” between* Fungus – structure* Alga or cyanobacterium –
provides food• Three main types of lichens:
* Crustose lichens form flat crusty plates, e.g., on rocks
* Foliose lichens-leafy in appearance, although structures are not true leaves.
* Fruticose lichens-more finely branched and may hang down like beards from branches or grow up from the ground like tiny shrubs.
![Page 14: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Lichen internal structureLichen internal structure
Lichens are nature’s biological monitors of pollution and air qualityLichens are nature’s biological monitors of pollution and air quality•Thalli act like sponges•Some species more sensitive to pollution•Which species are present can indicate air quality•Most resistant species can also be analyzed for pollutants, including bioaccumulation of heavy metals and radioactive isotopes
![Page 15: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Fungi as Parasites & PathogensFungi as Parasites & Pathogens
![Page 16: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Fungi are Spore-ific!!!Fungi are Spore-ific!!!
• Spores - asexual (product of mitosis) or sexual (product of meiosis) in origin.
• Purpose of Spores * Allows the fungus to move
to new food source. * Resistant stage-allows
fungus to survive periods of adversity.
* Means of introducing new genetic combinations into a population
![Page 17: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Reproduce by sporesReproduce by spores• Spores are reproductive cells
* Sexual (meiotic in origin)* Asexual (mitotic in origin)
• Formed:* Directly on hyphae* Inside sporangia* Fruiting bodies
Amanita fruiting body
Pilobolus sporangia
Penicillium hyphae with conidia
![Page 18: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Hyphal growth from sporeHyphal growth from spore
mycelium
germinatingspore
Mycelia have a huge surface area
![Page 19: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The Characteristics of FungiThe Characteristics of Fungi
• Fungus is often hidden from view. It grows through its food source (substratum), excretes extracellular digestive enzymes, and absorbs dissolved food.
• Indeterminate clonal growth.
• Vegetative phase of fungus is generally sedentary.
![Page 20: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The Characteristics of FungiThe Characteristics of Fungi
• Cell wall present, composed of cellulose and/or chitin. • Food storage - generally in the form of lipids and
glycogen. • Eukaryotes - true nucleus and other organelles present. • All fungi require water and oxygen (no obligate
anaerobes). • Fungi grow in almost every habitat imaginable, as long as
there is some type of organic matter present and the environment is not too extreme.
• Diverse group, number of described species is somewhere between 69,000 to 100,000 (of the estimated 1.5 million species total).
![Page 21: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Generalized Life Cycle of a FungusGeneralized Life Cycle of a Fungus
![Page 22: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Evolution of the fungiEvolution of the fungi
![Page 23: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Classification & Phylogeny
motile spores
zygosporangia
ascibasidia
![Page 24: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Chytridiomycota – “chytrids”Chytridiomycota – “chytrids”• Simple fungi
• Produce motile spores - zoospores
• Mostly saprobes and parasites in aquatic habitats, e.g. those devastating amphibian populations
• Could just as well be Protists Chytridium growing on spores
Chytriomyces on pine pollen
![Page 25: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Zygomycota – “zygote fungi”Zygomycota – “zygote fungi”
• Sexual - zygosporangia• Asexual – common
(sporangia – bags of asexual spores)
• Hyphae have no cross walls• Grow rapidly• Decomposers, pathogens,
and some form mycorrhizal associations with plants
Rhizopus on strawberries
Rhinocerebral zygomycosis
![Page 26: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Life cycle of Rhizopus, a saporobe that may be opportunistically infectious in humans
Asexual sporangium with spores inside
Sexual zygsporangium with one zygospore
![Page 27: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Ascomycota – “sac fungi”Ascomycota – “sac fungi”
• Sexual reproduction – ascus (asci)
• Asexual – common
• Cup fungi, morels, truffles
• Important plant parasites & saprobes
• Yeast - Saccharomyces
• Decomposers, pathogens, and found in most lichens
A cluster of asci with spores
![Page 28: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Sac fungi diversitySac fungi diversity
![Page 29: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Basidiomycota – “club fungi”Basidiomycota – “club fungi”
• Sexual reproduction – basidia• Asexual – not so common• Long-lived dikaryotic mycelia• Rusts & smuts –plant parasites• Mushrooms, polypores,
puffballs, boletes, bird’s nest fungi
• Enzymes decompose wood, leaves, and other organic materials
• Decomposers, pathogens, and some form mycorrhizal associations with plants
SEM of basidia and spores
![Page 30: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Mushroom Mushroom Life CycleLife Cycle
Nuclear fusion in basidium
Meiosis
Hyphal fusion of haploid myceliahaploid
mycelium
young basidia - the only diploid cells
mycelium and fruiting body are dikaryotic
N 2N N+N
![Page 31: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Bioluminescence in Bioluminescence in MycenaMycena
![Page 32: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Some fungi have more than Some fungi have more than one scientific name – Why?one scientific name – Why?
• Teleomorph: the sexual reproductive stage (morph), typically a fruiting body (e.g., Morchella esculenta, Agaricus brunescens).
• Anamorph: an asexual reproductive stage (morph), often mold-like (e.g. Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium solani). When a single fungus produces multiple morphologically distinct anamorphs, they are called synanamorphs.
• Holomorph: the whole fungus, including all anamorphs and the teleomorph.
![Page 33: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Deuteromycota – Form Phylum Deuteromycota – Form Phylum “Imperfect Fungi”“Imperfect Fungi”
• Fungi that seldom or never reproduce sexually.
• Asexual reproduction by vegetative growth and production of asexual spores common.
![Page 34: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
YeastsYeasts
• Single celled fungi
• Adapted to liquids* Plant saps
* Water films
* Moist animal tissues
CandidaSaccharomyces
![Page 35: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
MoldsMolds• Rapidly growth• Asexual spores• Many human importances
* Food spoilage* Food products* Antibiotics, etc.
Antibiotic activityNoble Rot - Botrytis
![Page 36: Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural) *mycelium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cac5503460f9496e6f8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
HUMAN-FUNGUS INTERACTIONSHUMAN-FUNGUS INTERACTIONS
• Beneficial Effects of Fungi * Decomposition - nutrient and carbon recycling* Biosynthetic factories. Can be used to produce drugs, antibiotics,
alcohol, acids, food (e.g., fermented products, mushrooms)* Model organisms for biochemical and genetic studies
• Harmful Effects of Fungi* Destruction of food, lumber, paper, and cloth* Animal and human diseases, including allergies* Toxins produced by poisonous mushrooms and within food (e.g.,
grain, cheese, etc.)* Plant diseases.