fundamentals of genetics
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FUNDAMENTALS OF GENETICS. USEFUL MATERIALS Video- Garden of Inheritance Guinea Pig Work sheet Text pages 159-176 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
FUNDAMENTALS OF GENETICS
USEFUL MATERIALS
Video- Garden of Inheritance
Guinea Pig Work sheet
Text pages 159-176
Worksheet and word search
Vocabulary
• 90. Independent assortment
• Monohybrid cross• True breeding• Cross pollination• Self pollination• Alleles• Homozygous
dominant
• Heterozygous• Homozygous
recessive• Genotype• Phenotype• 101. Test cross
Read: 159-170
Remember this about chromosomes?
• X = shorthand for chromosomes• 46 total – 23 from mom and 23 from dad
(23 pairs)
centromere
Chromatids (2)
Types of Chromosomes• Autosomes – do not determine sex (1-22)• Sex Chromosomes – determine sex (X
and Y) = 23rd
–XY – male–XX - female
Hereditary Terms
• Trait – genetic characteristic of an organism
• Gene – DNA sequence that codes for a protein (may lead to a trait)
• Allele – different forms of a gene
I. Principles of Heredity
• There are two factors which determine what and who you are, or what an organism looks like and how it behaves.– HEREDITY - the genetic make-up – ENVIRONMENT- conditions during
development
• Is it “NATURE OR NURTURE” that determines the ultimate product?– Studies on TWINS are inconclusive
II. PARADOX OF HEREDITY• A paradox is a seeming contradiction.
– “Success is measured sweetest by those who never succeed.” – Dickens
– “We are most lonely at times when we are among many men” H. D. Thoreau
– Consider a situation in which a father and his son are driving down the road. The car collides with a tree and the father is killed. The boy is rushed to the nearest hospital where he is prepared for emergency surgery. On entering the surgery suite, the surgeon says, "I can't operate on this boy. He's my son."
So what is the paradox of heredity?
• Why are some characteristics inherited exactly and others are variable?
– Species Characteristics: 5 fingers, walk erect, nervous system, appendix, 2 eyes
– Individual Characteristics: height, hair color, skin color, hair line
Diagram 2 homologous pairs of chromosomes with alleles on each pair
X XX X
Useful Terms• Do you remember these?
• Trait: characteristic of an organism.
• Gene: piece of DNA that codes for a protein.
• Allele: different forms of a gene.
• Phenotype- observable feature 9eye color, hair color, blood type)
• Genotype- arrangement of alleles (Aa, Tt, Bb Gg)
Useful Terms• Do you remember these?
• P generation (parental): true breeding
• F1 (first filial) offspring of P generation
• F2 (second filial) offspring from F1 cross
III. History
• Gregor Mendel: Austrian Monk (1822-1884)– Published the results of scientific research on
Garden Peas (Pisium sativum) in 1865.
Why study peas?– Great natural variation- stem length, seed
color, pod shape ,pod color, small, edible, easy to grow, many offspring, easy to cross fertilize, grow well in tne climate
Floral Anatomy
• pollination
• fertilization
Floral Anatomy
IV. EXPERIMENTAL CROSSES FOR INDIVIDUAL TRAITS
Must begin with PURE BREEDING parents:
HYBRID offspring F1 First Filia Generation
Cross Pollination
P yellow X green tall X short wrinkled X round
F1 yellow tall round
these are TEST CROSSES to determine dominance and recessiveness
allowed to Self Pollination
F1 yellow X yellow Tall X Tall Round X Round
F2 3 yellow 1 green 3 tall 1 short 3 round 1 wrinkled
**Large sample sizes are needed to get an accurate picture of the frequency
P red X white
F1 red (self)
F2 705 red 224 white
P yellow X green F1 yellow
V. PUNNETT SQUAREMethod for determining possible allele combination for the offspring
Gametes outside
Offspring Inside
Who was Punnett?
• REGINALD CRUNDALL PUNNETT (1875-1967)was among the first English geneticists. He created the “Punnett Square” – a diagram to work out the possible allele combinations of the offspring of two parents.
How are gametes produced?• Meiosis!
– Where does this process happen in a flower?
• If a person is a tongue roller with the genotype Tt, what happens to the alleles during meiosis? Draw the process.
Draw summary and short hand of meiosis with 1 pair of chromosomes
Tongue Rolling
Chromosomes with alleles
Gene: tongue rolling
Alleles:
T- can roll
t – unable to rollX X
VI. TEST CROSSES
• Monohybrid (one feature) • Dihybrid (two features)
Some more terms…• Homozygous Dominant – TT – given two
dominant alleles from parents
• Homozygous Recessive – rr – given two recessive alleles from parents
• Heterozygous – Gg – given one dominant allele and one recessive allele from parents
Setting up a Punnett Square
B B
b
b
Bb Bb
Bb Bb
• Brown eyes (B) are dominant to blue eyes (b)
• Cross a homozygous brown-eyed person with a blue-eyed person
• BB vs. bb
What is the probability of having an offspring with heterozygous brown eyes? 4/4 or 100%
Another Example
• Tongue rolling(T) is dominant to non-tongue rolling (t)
• Cross a homozygous tongue roller with a heterozygous tongue roller
• TT vs. Tt
T T
T
t
TT TT
Tt Tt
What are the genotype possibilities?
2/4 or 50% TT and 2/4 or 50% Tt
Practice Problems• Pea Plants: green – G yellow – g
• GG x gg
• GG x Gg
• Gg x gg
• Gg x Gg
Genotypic/phenotypic ratios:
GG x Gg
Gg x gg
Gg x Gg
• A normal pigmented male (who has an albino mom) and an albino female get married and have two children. What are the phenotypic ratios and genotypic ratios? What alleles will you use?
Genotypic Ratio:
Phenotypic Ratio:
Some more practice problems:• Two “normal” heighted but heterozygous
people have a child who is a midget. The wife is pregnant. What is the chance that their second child will be of normal height? What alleles will you use?
Genotypic Ratio:
Phenotypic Ratio:
• Dimples is a dominant trait. A heterozygous mom and a homozygous recessive dad have a child. What is the phenotypic ratio and genotypic ratio of the possible offspring? What is the genotype and phenotype of the parents?
Finding phenotypes and genotypes for 2 traits.
• Read lab
• Observed ratio- a record of the results of an event that has occurred
• Expected ratio- mathematically calculated results of an event prior to it occurring
Finding phenotypes and genotypes for 2 traits.
• Chance- not planned, accidental, not expected
• Sample Size- number of events recorded
large sample side is needed to reduce the influence of chance and allow the true patterns to emerge.
Dihybrid Cross
Cross 2 pea plants that are both heterozygous purple flowered and heterozygous for smooth seeds.
P= purple p= white
N= non-wrinkled (smooth) n= wrinkled
•Step 1: Figure out the different gametes for each parent•Step 2: Set-up the cross and complete•Step 3: Calculate the genotypic and phenotypic ratios
VII. Mendel’s LawsMendel was a patient and keen observer.• Some characteristics mask others yet
reappear.– Principle of Dominance and Recessiveness
• Features can skip a generation.• Theorized there were 2 factors for each
trait.– Principle of Segregation of Alleles
• Pairs of factors separate into gametes without influenceing each other. – Principle of Independent Assortment
PTC tasting
Reality Show?Reality Show?
Do you recognize this family?*Hint: They are from a TV show
• They are the Roloff family from TLC’s show Little People Big World
• How are the members of this family the same?
• How are they different?
• Great! You probably noticed that the family members share facial features, hair color etc.
• They are different because of their height
• Some family members (including the parents) exhibit the characteristic short stature of Achondriplasia, a dominant genetic disorder that results in a form of dwarfism.
• How is it possible for Matt and Amy (the parents) to have a child like Zach with Achondriplasia and three children who do not have the disease?
• The key is understanding dominant and recessive genes and the concept of segregation
• Zach and Jeremy are Fraternal Twins – what does that tell us about their genes?
• Fraternal twins have genes that are different - genetically, they are no more similar than any other set of siblings.
• If Zach and Jeremy were Identical Twins, how would this picture change?
• Both boys would either display the short stature of Achondriplasia or be of normal height – Identical twins have identical genes!
Zach
Jeremy
Quiz Topics –FRIDAY 3/5
Read: 159-170• Vocab 90-101• Worksheets (pg 127 and pg 129)• Mendel and his laws• Terminology (P, F1, F2, heterozygous,
homozygous dom, homozygous rec, phenotype, genotype, trait, gene, allele)
• Monohybrid vs Dihybrid crosses• Doing monohybrid problems
Review Questions
• RRTT
• RrTt
• RRtt
• Rrtt
• List gametes possible from these parents
• (T) is the allele for tall humans and is dominant over the allele (t) for short humans. The allele for widows peak (W) is dominant over (w) non-widows peak hairlines.
What are the phenotypes for the following parents?
TtWw - _________________
TTww - _________________
What are the possible gametes formed by the parents listed above?
AND
• 1. A woman with free ear lobes marries a man with attached ear lobes. Two of their children have attached ear lobes and two have free ear lobes. The alleles are (E) - free (e) - attached
• A. what is the genotypes of the woman?
• B. what is the genotype of the man?
• C. What are the chances of the 5th child having free ear lobes?
• (F) striped fur is dominant over (f) white fur in Australian cats.
What is the result of a cross between a homozygous recessive parent and a heterozygous parent? Give phenotypic ratios and genotypic ratios.
Genotypic Ratio:
Phenotypic Ratio: