functional test

7/26/2019 Functional test

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FUNCTIONALFUNCTIONAL

RAM TESTINGRAM TESTINGChristian LANDRAULTChristian LANDRAULT

[email protected]@lirmm.fr


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SUMMARYSUMMARY

Intrdu!tinIntrdu!tin

M"mr# md"lin$M"mr# md"lin$

Failur" m"!hanisms and faultFailur" m"!hanisms and fault

md"lin$md"lin$

T"st al$rithms fr RAMT"st al$rithms fr RAM


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M"mri"s %"s&. RAM' ar" at th"M"mri"s %"s&. RAM' ar" at th"fr"frnt f !mm"r!ial "l"!trni!fr"frnt f !mm"r!ial "l"!trni!

d"si$nsd"si$ns DRAMs ar" th" t"!hnl$# dri("r frDRAMs ar" th" t"!hnl$# dri("r fr

th" s"mi!ndu!tr industr#th" s"mi!ndu!tr industr#

M"mri"s ar" th" mst num"rusM"mri"s ar" th" mst num"rusI)s us"d in SOC d"si$ns %hundr"ds *I)s us"d in SOC d"si$ns %hundr"ds *and +,- f an SC in /-0-'and +,- f an SC in /-0-'


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Main t#&"s f s"mi!ndu!trMain t#&"s f s"mi!ndu!tr

m"mr# RAMs1 Randm A!!"ssm"mr# RAMs1 Randm A!!"ss

M"mri"sM"mri"s D#nami! Randm A!"ss M"mr#D#nami! Randm A!"ss M"mr#

%DRAM'%DRAM'

2i$h"st &ssi3l" d"nsit#2i$h"st &ssi3l" d"nsit# Sl4 a!!"ss tim" %t#&i!all# /-ns'Sl4 a!!"ss tim" %t#&i!all# /-ns' Infrmatin str"d as !har$" n !a&a!itrInfrmatin str"d as !har$" n !a&a!itr

and shuld 3" r"fr"sh"dand shuld 3" r"fr"sh"d

Stati! Randm A!"ss M"mr# %SRAM'Stati! Randm A!"ss M"mr# %SRAM' Fast"st %t#&i!all# /ns'Fast"st %t#&i!all# /ns' Infrmatin str"d in !rss !u&l"d lat!h"sInfrmatin str"d in !rss !u&l"d lat!h"s

100k

1M

10M

100M

1G

10G

82 86 90 94 98 02 06

1G512M

256M128M

64M16M

4M1M

256k

Num3"r f M"mr#Num3"r f M"mr#

C"lls &"r Chi&C"lls &"r Chi&


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M"mr# t"stin$M"mr# t"stin$

M"mr# t"stin$ has t &r(" thatM"mr# t"stin$ has t &r(" that

th" !ir!uits und"r t"st 3"ha(" asth" !ir!uits und"r t"st 3"ha(" as

d"si$n"d5 it !nsists f1d"si$n"d5 it !nsists f1 )aram"tri! t"sts 4hi!h !n!"rn)aram"tri! t"sts 4hi!h !n!"rn

(lta$"6!urr"nt l"("ls and d"la#s n(lta$"6!urr"nt l"("ls and d"la#s n

th" IO &ins f th" !hi&th" IO &ins f th" !hi& Fun!tinal t"stin$ in!ludin$ d#nami!Fun!tinal t"stin$ in!ludin$ d#nami!

t"stin$t"stin$


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)aram"tri! %"l"!tri!al')aram"tri! %"l"!tri!al'

t"stin$t"stin$ DC )aram"tri!DC )aram"tri!

t"stin$t"stin$ Cnta!t t"stCnta!t t"st )4"r)4"r

!nsum&tin!nsum&tin L"a7a$" t"stL"a7a$" t"st Thr"shld t"stThr"shld t"st

Out&ut dri("Out&ut dri("!urr"nt t"st!urr"nt t"st Out&ut shrtOut&ut shrt

!urr"nt t"st!urr"nt t"st

AC )aram"tri!AC )aram"tri!t"stin$t"stin$ Ris" and fall tim"Ris" and fall tim" S"tu& and hld tim"S"tu& and hld tim"

D"la# t"stD"la# t"st S&""d t"stS&""d t"st

IIDD8DD8t"stin$ %CMOSt"stin$ %CMOSm"mri"s nl#'m"mri"s nl#'

9"r d"f"!t9"r d"f"!ta&&ra!ha&&ra!h

Us" t d"t"!t sm"Us" t d"t"!t sm"d"f"!ts nt handl"d"f"!ts nt handl"3# fun!tinal t"stin$3# fun!tinal t"stin$


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SUMMARYSUMMARY




md"lin$md"lin$



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Fun!tinal RAM Chi& Md"lFun!tinal RAM Chi& Md"l

RefreshAddress

Address latch Column decoder Refresh logic

Memor

Cell Arra!rite dri"er

#ata register$ense am%lifiers

Ro&

decoder

#ata out #ata in

R'!

and

C(

)ss

!*

+* +*

)dd

6,de"ices $RAM cell%ol

single-devicesingle-device

DRAM cellDRAM cell

WLWL

BLBLCC

)ss

!*

+* +*

)dd

6,de"ice $RAM cellde%letion

VssVss

WLWL

BLBL BLBL

VddVdd

6-device SRAM6-device SRAM

cellcellCMOSCMOS

RAM writeRAM write

circuitcircuit

Data inData in

BLBL BLBL

WriteWrite

Two dimensional decoding scemeTwo dimensional decoding sceme

!saves decoder and wiring area"!saves decoder and wiring area"

:row decoder select row o# cellsrow decoder select row o# cells

via WLvia WL:column decodercolumn decoder


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Fun!tinal SRAM Chi&Fun!tinal SRAM Chi&

Md"lMd"l RefreshAddress


Memor



Ro&

decoder

#ata out #ata in

R'!

and

C(


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Fun!tinal SRAM Chi&Fun!tinal SRAM Chi&

Md"lMd"lAddress

Address latch Column decoder

Memor



Ro&

decoder

#ata out C(#ata in

R'!

and


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SUMMARYSUMMARY




md"lin$md"lin$



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Failur"5 "rrrs and faultsFailur"5 "rrrs and faults

A s#st"mA s#st"m failur"failur"!!urs 4h"n th" s#st"m!!urs 4h"n th" s#st"m3"ha(iur is in!rr"!t3"ha(iur is in!rr"!t

Failur"s ar" !aus" 3# "rrrsFailur"s ar" !aus" 3# "rrrs AnAn "rrr"rrris a di;"r"n!" 3"t4""n th" fais a di;"r"n!" 3"t4""n th" fault#ult#(alu" and th" $ld"n n"5 this is th"(alu" and th" $ld"n n"5 this is th"manif"statin f a faultmanif"statin f a fault

AA faultfaultr"&r"s"nts th" &h#si!al di;"r"n!"r"&r"s"nts th" &h#si!al di;"r"n!"3"t4""n a $d and in!rr"!t s#st"m3"t4""n a $d and in!rr"!t s#st"m Faults !an 3" &"rman"nt r nn


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Failur" M"!hanismsFailur" M"!hanisms

CrrsinCrrsin El"!trmi$ratin %3urnin$ ut f 4ir"s du" tEl"!trmi$ratin %3urnin$ ut f 4ir"s du" t

!llisin f "l"!trns and Al $rains'!llisin f "l"!trns and Al $rains' =ndin$ d"t"riratin %&"n du" t int"rdi;usin=ndin$ d"t"riratin %&"n du" t int"rdi;usin

f mat"rials i.". Au


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Fun!tinal faultsFun!tinal faults

C"ll stu!7C"ll stu!7 Dri("r stu!7Dri("r stu!7 R"ad64rit" lin" stu!7R"ad64rit" lin" stu!7 Chi&


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R"du!"d Fun!tinal Md"lR"du!"d Fun!tinal Md"l

RefreshAddress


Memor



Ro&

decoder

#ata out #ata in

R'!

and

C(

Address decoder

Memor Cell Arra

Read ' !rite logic


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R"du!"d Fun!tinal Md"lR"du!"d Fun!tinal Md"l

%!ntd'%!ntd'

Address decoder

Memor cell arra

Read'&rite logic

Address

#ata


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Fault Md"ls1 Addr"ss d"!d"rFault Md"ls1 Addr"ss d"!d"r

Fault AFFault AF

0. A !"rtain addr"ss a!!"ss n !"ll0. A !"rtain addr"ss a!!"ss n !"ll

/. A !"rtain !"ll is n"("r a!!"ss"d/. A !"rtain !"ll is n"("r a!!"ss"d

. A !"rtain addr"ss a!!"ss. A !"rtain addr"ss a!!"ssmulti&l" !"llsmulti&l" !"lls

B. A !"rtain !"ll is a!!"ss"d 3#B. A !"rtain !"ll is a!!"ss"d 3#

multi&l" addr"ss"smulti&l" addr"ss"s

A-

C-

C-

CA-

A-

A

C-

BB Addr"ss d"!d"r Faults 4hi!h !annt stand aln"Addr"ss d"!d"r Faults 4hi!h !annt stand aln"

%%assumin$ sam" fault durin$ r"ad and 4rit" &"ratins andassumin$ sam" fault durin$ r"ad and 4rit" &"ratins and

n s"u"ntial 3"ha(ir f th" fault# d"!d"r'n s"u"ntial 3"ha(ir f th" fault# d"!d"r'


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Fault Md"ls1 Addr"ss d"!d"rFault Md"ls1 Addr"ss d"!d"r

Fault AFFault AFB Cm3inatins fB Cm3inatins f Addr"ss d"!d"r FaultsAddr"ss d"!d"r Faults Fault A1 0/Fault A1 0/

Fault =1 0Fault =1 0

Fault C1 /BFault C1 /B

Fault D1 BFault D1 B

A- C-

C-

C

A

A-

A-

A

C-

C

A-

A

C-

C


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Cnditins fr d"t"!tin$Cnditins fr d"t"!tin$

addr"ss faults AFaddr"ss faults AF Th" Mar!h t"st shuld !ntainTh" Mar!h t"st shuld !ntain

th" t4 fll4in$ mar!h "l"m"ntsth" t4 fll4in$ mar!h "l"m"nts

%r5 ? 5 4'%r5 ? 5 4' %r5 ? 5 4'%r5 ? 5 4'


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Fun!tinalFun!tinalM"mr# FaultsM"mr# Faults

A fun!tinal fault md"l is a nn


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Tanm# fTanm# f Fun!tinalFun!tinal

M"mr# FaultsM"mr# FaultsFault Primitive

C: Number of Cells O: Number of Operations

C=1Single Cell Fault

C>1Coupling Fault

C=22-Coupling Fault C=33-Coupling Fault

0=1Stati! Fault

O>1"#nami! Fault

O=22-op Fault 0=33-op Fault


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Stati! and D#nami! faultsStati! and D#nami! faults

Stati! faults1Stati! faults1s"nsitisatin n""ds nl# n"s"nsitisatin n""ds nl# n"&"ratin %T"sta3l" 3# !mmn Mar!h T"sts'&"ratin %T"sta3l" 3# !mmn Mar!h T"sts' Stati! Sin$l"


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S0CF1 Stu!7


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S0CF1 Transitin FaultS0CF1 Transitin Fault

A !"ll fails t und"r$ a -A !"ll fails t und"r$ a - 00transitin %TFtransitin %TF

ris"ris"' r a 0' r a 0 --

transitin %TFtransitin %TFfallfall' 4h"n it is 4ritt"n' 4h"n it is 4ritt"nT d"t"!t transitin fault1T d"t"!t transitin fault1

TFTFris"ris"

1 4- 40 r01 4- 40 r0

TFTFfallfall

1 40 4- r-1 40 4- r-


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S0CF1 R"ad Distur3 FaultsS0CF1 R"ad Distur3 Faults

%RDF'%RDF' A C"ll is said t ha(" aA C"ll is said t ha(" a RDFRDFif th" r"adif th" r"ad

&"ratin &"rfrm"d n th" !"ll r"turns&"ratin &"rfrm"d n th" !"ll r"turns

an in!rr"!t (alu" 4hil" !han$in$ th"an in!rr"!t (alu" 4hil" !han$in$ th"!nt"nts f th" !"ll t th" 4rn$ (alu"!nt"nts f th" !"ll t th" 4rn$ (alu"

T d"t"!tT d"t"!tR"ad Distur3 FaultR"ad Distur3 Faultfrm "a!hfrm "a!h

!"ll a 0 and a - shuld 3" r"ad!"ll a 0 and a - shuld 3" r"ad r-r- r0r0


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S0CF1 D"!"&ti(" R"adS0CF1 D"!"&ti(" R"ad

Distur3 Faults %DRDF'Distur3 Faults %DRDF' A C"ll is said t ha(" aA C"ll is said t ha(" a DRDFDRDFif th" r"adif th" r"ad

&"ratin &"rfrm"d n th" !"ll r"turns&"ratin &"rfrm"d n th" !"ll r"turnsth" "&"!t"d (alu" 4hil" !han$in$ th"th" "&"!t"d (alu" 4hil" !han$in$ th"

!nt"nts f th" !"ll t th" 4rn$ (alu"!nt"nts f th" !"ll t th" 4rn$ (alu"T d"t"!tT d"t"!t D"!"&ti(" R"ad Distur3 FaultD"!"&ti(" R"ad Distur3 Fault

"a!h !"ll shuld 3" r"ad t4i!""a!h !"ll shuld 3" r"ad t4i!"su!!"ssi("l#. Th" >rst r"ad s"nsiti" th"su!!"ssi("l#. Th" >rst r"ad s"nsiti" th"

fault and th" s"!nd d"t"!ts itfault and th" s"!nd d"t"!ts it r-r-r-r- r0r0r0r0


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S0CF1 In!rr"!t R"ad FaultsS0CF1 In!rr"!t R"ad Faults

%IRF'%IRF' A C"ll is said t ha(" aA C"ll is said t ha(" a IRFIRFif a r"adif a r"ad

&"ratin &"rfrm"d n th" !"ll&"ratin &"rfrm"d n th" !"llr"turns th" in!rr"!t (alu" 4hil"r"turns th" in!rr"!t (alu" 4hil"7""&in$ th" !rr"!t str"d (alu" in7""&in$ th" !rr"!t str"d (alu" inth" !"llth" !"ll

T d"t"!tT d"t"!t In!rr"!t R"ad FaultIn!rr"!t R"ad Faultfrmfrm

"a!h !"ll a 0 and a - shuld 3" r"ad"a!h !"ll a 0 and a - shuld 3" r"ad r-r- r0r0


28/72

S0CF1 rit" Distur3 FaultsS0CF1 rit" Distur3 Faults

%DF'%DF' A C"ll is said t ha(" aA C"ll is said t ha(" a DFDFif a nnif a nntransitin 4rit" &"ratin !aus"s atransitin 4rit" &"ratin !aus"s a

transitin in th" !"lltransitin in th" !"ll

T d"t"!tT d"t"!t rit" Distur3 Faultrit" Distur3 Fault"a!h !"ll"a!h !"ll

shuld 3" r"ad aft"r a nn


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Fault md"ls1 Cu&lin$Fault md"ls1 Cu&lin$

Fault %/ !"lls'Fault %/ !"lls' Im&li"s t4 !"lls1 th" (i!tim !"ll and th"Im&li"s t4 !"lls1 th" (i!tim !"ll and th"

a$$r"ssr !"lla$$r"ssr !"ll

Di;"r"nt 7inds f !u&lin$ faults1Di;"r"nt 7inds f !u&lin$ faults1 In("rsin !u&lin$ faultsIn("rsin !u&lin$ faults

Id"m&t"nt !u&lin$ faultsId"m&t"nt !u&lin$ faults

Stat" !u&lin$ faultsStat" !u&lin$ faults

D#nami! !u&lin$ faultsD#nami! !u&lin$ faults =rid$in$ faults=rid$in$ faults

????....


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S/CF1 In("rsin Cu&lin$S/CF1 In("rsin Cu&lin$

FaultFault In("rsin Cu&lin$ Fault %CFIn("rsin Cu&lin$ Fault %CF inin'1'1Th" !nt"nt f th"Th" !nt"nt f th"

(i!tim !"ll is in("rt"d if th" a$$r"ssr !"ll has a(i!tim !"ll is in("rt"d if th" a$$r"ssr !"ll has atransitintransitin

A!!rdin$ t th" 7ind f transitin %-A!!rdin$ t th" 7ind f transitin %- 0 r 00 r 0 -'-'th"r" is t4 &ssi3l" CFth"r" is t4 &ssi3l" CF inint#&"s1t#&"s1

+ + ++ T d"t"!t CFT d"t"!t CF inin3"t4""n !"ll %(i!tim' and #3"t4""n !"ll %(i!tim' and #

%a$$r"ssr'%a$$r"ssr' CFCFinin%# ris"%# ris" in("rt"d'1 4- 4-# 40# r-. in("rt"d'1 4- 4-# 40# r-.

CFCFinin%# fall%# fall in("rt"d'1 4- 40# 4-# r-. in("rt"d'1 4- 40# 4-# r-.


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S/CF1S/CF1 Id"m&t"ntId"m&t"ntCu&lin$Cu&lin$

FaultFault Id"m&t"nt Cu&lin$ Fault %CFId"m&t"nt Cu&lin$ Fault %CF idid'1'1Th" (i!tim is fr!"d tTh" (i!tim is fr!"d t- r 0 if th" a$$r"ssr has a -- r 0 if th" a$$r"ssr has a - 0 r 00 r 0 - transitin- transitin

A!!rdin$ t th" 7ind f transitin %-A!!rdin$ t th" 7ind f transitin %- 0 r 00 r 0 -'-'th"r" is fur &ssi3l" CFth"r" is fur &ssi3l" CFididt#&"s1t#&"s1

- + - + - + - + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 +

T d"t"!t CFT d"t"!t CF idid3"t4""n !"ll %(i!tim' and !"ll #3"t4""n !"ll %(i!tim' and !"ll #%a$$r"ssr'%a$$r"ssr'

CFCFidid%# ris"%# ris" J-'1 40 4-# 40# r0J-'1 40 4-# 40# r0

CFCFidid%# fall%# fall J0'1 4- 40# 4-# r-J0'1 4- 40# 4-# r- CFCFidid%# ris"%# ris" J0'1 4- 4-# 40# r-J0'1 4- 4-# 40# r-

CFCFidid%# fall%# fall J-'1 40 40# 4-# r0J-'1 40 40# 4-# r0


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S/CF1 Stat" Cu&lin$ FaultS/CF1 Stat" Cu&lin$ Fault

Stat" Cu&lin$ Fault %CFStat" Cu&lin$ Fault %CFstst'1'1Th" !u&l"d !"ll %(i!tim' isTh" !u&l"d !"ll %(i!tim' isfr!"d t - r 0 if th" !u&lin$ !"ll %a$$r"ssr' is in afr!"d t - r 0 if th" !u&lin$ !"ll %a$$r"ssr' is in a!"rtain stat"!"rtain stat"

Th"r" is fur &ssi3l" CFTh"r" is fur &ssi3l" CFststt#&"s1t#&"s1 - - + - 0 + 0 - + 0 0 + - - + - 0 + 0 - + 0 0 +

T d"t"!t CFT d"t"!t CFstst3"t4""n !"ll %(i!tim' and # %a$$r"ssr'3"t4""n !"ll %(i!tim' and # %a$$r"ssr'

CFCFstst%#J-%#J- J-'1 40 4-# r0J-'1 40 4-# r0

CFCFstst%#J-%#J- J0'1 4- 4-# r-J0'1 4- 4-# r- CFCFstst%#J0%#J0 J-'1 40 40# r0J-'1 40 40# r0

CFCFstst%#J0%#J0 J0'1 4- 40# r-J0'1 4- 40# r-


33/72

S/CF1 D#nami! Cu&lin$S/CF1 D#nami! Cu&lin$

FaultFault D#nami! Cu&lin$ Fault %CFD#nami! Cu&lin$ Fault %CFd#nd#n'1'1Th" (i!timTh" (i!tim

is fr!"d t - r 0 if th" a$$r"ssr !"ll hasis fr!"d t - r 0 if th" a$$r"ssr !"ll has

a r"ad r 4rit" &"ratina r"ad r 4rit" &"ratin

Mr" $"n"ral !as" f th" Id"m&t"ntMr" $"n"ral !as" f th" Id"m&t"nt

Cu&lin$ Fault %CFCu&lin$ Fault %CFidid' 3"!aus" it !an 3"' 3"!aus" it !an 3"

s"nsiti"d 3# an# r"ad r 4rit" &"ratins"nsiti"d 3# an# r"ad r 4rit" &"ratin

Th"r" ar" fur CFTh"r" ar" fur CFd#nd#nfaultsfaults

r-r- 4--+ r-4--+ r- 4-0+ r04-0+ r0 40-+ r040-+ r0 400+400+


34/72

S/CF1 rit" %r"ad' distur3S/CF1 rit" %r"ad' distur3

!u&lin$ fault!u&lin$ fault rit" distur3 !u&lin$ %CFrit" distur3 !u&lin$ %CF4d4d'1'1A !"ll is said tA !"ll is said t

ha(" a CF4d if a nn transitin 4rit" &"rfrmha(" a CF4d if a nn transitin 4rit" &"rfrmn th" (i!tim r"sults in a transitin 4h"n th"n th" (i!tim r"sults in a transitin 4h"n th"

a$$r"ssr is s"t int a l$i! stat"a$$r"ssr is s"t int a l$i! stat" Th"r" ar" fur t#&"s f CFTh"r" ar" fur t#&"s f CF4d4dfaultsfaults

R"ad distur3 !u&lin$ %CFR"ad distur3 !u&lin$ %CFrdrd'1'1T4 !"lls ar" saidT4 !"lls ar" saidt ha(" a CFrd if a r"ad &"rfrm"d n th"t ha(" a CFrd if a r"ad &"rfrm"d n th"

(i!tim d"str#s th" data str"d in th" (i!tim if(i!tim d"str#s th" data str"d in th" (i!tim ifa $i("n stat" is &r"s"nt in th" a$$r"ssra $i("n stat" is &r"s"nt in th" a$$r"ssr

Th"r" ar" fur t#&"s f CFTh"r" ar" fur t#&"s f CFrdrdfaultsfaults


35/72

S/CF1 In!rr"!t r"adS/CF1 In!rr"!t r"ad

!u&lin$ fault!u&lin$ fault

In!rr"!t r"ad !u&lin$ faultIn!rr"!t r"ad !u&lin$ fault%CF%CFirir'1'1

T4 !"lls ar" said t ha(" an CFir if aT4 !"lls ar" said t ha(" an CFir if ar"ad &"rfrm"d n th" (i!tim r"turnsr"ad &"rfrm"d n th" (i!tim r"turns

th" in!rr"!t l$i! (alu" 4h"n th"th" in!rr"!t l$i! (alu" 4h"n th"

a$$r"ssr is s"nt int a $i("n stat"a$$r"ssr is s"nt int a $i("n stat"Th"r" ar" fur t#&"s f CFTh"r" ar" fur t#&"s f CF irirfaultsfaults


36/72

S/CF1 D"!"&ti(" r"adS/CF1 D"!"&ti(" r"ad

distur3 !u&lin$ faultdistur3 !u&lin$ fault

D"!"&ti(" r"ad distur3 !u&lin$ faultD"!"&ti(" r"ad distur3 !u&lin$ fault

%CF%CFdrdr'1'1A !"lls is said t ha(" an CFdr ifA !"lls is said t ha(" an CFdr ifa r"ad &"rfrm"d n th" (i!tim r"turnsa r"ad &"rfrm"d n th" (i!tim r"turnsth" !rr"!t l$i! (alu" and !han$"sth" !rr"!t l$i! (alu" and !han$"sth" !nt"nt f th" (i!tim5 4h"n th"th" !nt"nt f th" (i!tim5 4h"n th"

a$$r"ssr is s"nt int a $i("n stat"a$$r"ssr is s"nt int a $i("n stat"Th"r" ar" fur t#&"s f CFTh"r" ar" fur t#&"s f CFdrdrfaultsfaults


37/72

Fault md"ls1 =rid$in$ FaultsFault md"ls1 =rid$in$ Faults

%=F'%=F' A shrt 3"t4""n !"lls r lin"s %/ r mr"'A shrt 3"t4""n !"lls r lin"s %/ r mr"' This is a 3idir"!tinal fault !aus"d 3# l$i! l"("l rath"r than a transitinThis is a 3idir"!tinal fault !aus"d 3# l$i! l"("l rath"r than a transitin

T4 srts f 3rid$in$ faults %=Fs' "ist1T4 srts f 3rid$in$ faults %=Fs' "ist1

AND


38/72

)att"rn S"nsiti(" %)SF')att"rn S"nsiti(" %)SF'

Th" (i!tim !"ll is fr!"d t - r 0 if a !"rtain num3"r fTh" (i!tim !"ll is fr!"d t - r 0 if a !"rtain num3"r fn"i$h3rs sh4 a &arti!ular &att"rnn"i$h3rs sh4 a &arti!ular &att"rn

Th" )SF is th" mst $"n"ral 7

ith th" N"i$h3rhd )att"rn S"nsiti(" Fault %N)SF'5 th"ith th" N"i$h3rhd )att"rn S"nsiti(" Fault %N)SF'5 th"n"i$h3rhd is limit"d t all th" !"lls in a sin$l" &sitinn"i$h3rhd is limit"d t all th" !"lls in a sin$l" &sitinsurrundin$ th" 3as" !"llsurrundin$ th" 3as" !"ll

Eui(al"nt t an N


39/72

N"i$h3rhd )att"rn S"nsiti("N"i$h3rhd )att"rn S"nsiti("

%N)SF'%N)SF' In &ra!ti!" t4 t#&"s f N)SF ar" us"dIn &ra!ti!" t4 t#&"s f N)SF ar" us"d

Th" t#&"


40/72

N"i$h3rhd )att"rn S"nsiti("N"i$h3rhd )att"rn S"nsiti("

%N)SF'%N)SF' A!ti(" N)SF %AN)SF'1A!ti(" N)SF %AN)SF'1

!han$" f th" 3as" !"ll du" t a transitin in th" n"i$h3rhd !"lls!han$" f th" 3as" !"ll du" t a transitin in th" n"i$h3rhd !"lls

Ea!h 3as" !"ll must 3" r"ad in stat" - and in stat" 05 fr all &ssi3l"Ea!h 3as" !"ll must 3" r"ad in stat" - and in stat" 05 fr all &ssi3l"!han$"s in th" n"i$h3rhd &att"rn!han$"s in th" n"i$h3rhd &att"rn

)assi(" N)SF %)N)SF'1)assi(" N)SF %)N)SF'1 th" !han$" f th" 3as" !"ll is im&ssi3l" du" t a !"rtain n"i$h3rhdth" !han$" f th" 3as" !"ll is im&ssi3l" du" t a !"rtain n"i$h3rhd

!"lls !n>$uratin!"lls !n>$uratin

Ea!h 3as" !"ll must 3" 4ritt"n and r"ad in stat" - and in stat" 05 fr allEa!h 3as" !"ll must 3" 4ritt"n and r"ad in stat" - and in stat" 05 fr all&"rmutatins in th" n"i$h3rhd &att"rn&"rmutatins in th" n"i$h3rhd &att"rn

Stati! N)SF %SN)SF'1Stati! N)SF %SN)SF'1 Th" !nt"nt f th" 3as" !"ll is fr!"d t a !"rtain stat" du" t a !"rtainTh" !nt"nt f th" 3as" !"ll is fr!"d t a !"rtain stat" du" t a !"rtain

n"i$h3rhd &att"rnn"i$h3rhd &att"rn Ea!h 3as" !"ll must 3" r"ad in stat" - and in stat" 05 fr allEa!h 3as" !"ll must 3" r"ad in stat" - and in stat" 05 fr all

&"rmutatins in th" n"i$h3rhd &att"rn&"rmutatins in th" n"i$h3rhd &att"rn


41/72

D#nami! Fault md"ls1 "am&l"sD#nami! Fault md"ls1 "am&l"s

S"ns" Am&li>"r %SA' R"!("r# FaultS"ns" Am&li>"r %SA' R"!("r# Fault

Th" SA saturat"s aft"r a ln$ s"u"n!" f -s r 0sTh" SA saturat"s aft"r a ln$ s"u"n!" f -s r 0s

rit" R"!("r# Fault %addr"ssin$ fault in th"rit" R"!("r# Fault %addr"ssin$ fault in th"

d"!d"r'd"!d"r'

rit" fll4"d 3# a r"ad64rit" t anth"r l!atinrit" fll4"d 3# a r"ad64rit" t anth"r l!atin

a;"!ts th" &r"(iusl# a!!"ss"d l!atina;"!ts th" &r"(iusl# a!!"ss"d l!atin

D"t"!tin n""ds At


42/72

Sin$l"nitin similar t th" stati!D">nitin similar t th" stati! R"ad Distur3R"ad Distur3FaultFault55 In!rr"!t R"ad FaultIn!rr"!t R"ad Faultandand D"!"&ti(" R"adD"!"&ti(" R"adDistur3 FaultsDistur3 Faults4ith an initial 4rit" fll4s 3#4ith an initial 4rit" fll4s 3#n" r mr" r"ad &"ratinn" r mr" r"ad &"ratin

dRDF1dRDF1A C"ll is said t ha(" a dRDF if a 4rit" fll4"d 3#A C"ll is said t ha(" a dRDF if a 4rit" fll4"d 3#n" r mr" r"ad &"rfrm"d n th" !"ll r"turns %n th"n" r mr" r"ad &"rfrm"d n th" !"ll r"turns %n th"last r"ad' an in!rr"!t (alu" 4hil" !han$in$ th" !nt"ntslast r"ad' an in!rr"!t (alu" 4hil" !han$in$ th" !nt"ntsf th" !"ll t th" 4rn$ (alu"f th" !"ll t th" 4rn$ (alu"

dIRF1dIRF1A C"ll is said t ha(" a dIRF if a 4rit" fll4"d 3#A C"ll is said t ha(" a dIRF if a 4rit" fll4"d 3#n" r mr" r"ad &"rfrm"d n th" !"ll r"turns %n th"n" r mr" r"ad &"rfrm"d n th" !"ll r"turns %n th"last r"ad' in!rr"!t (alu" 4hil" 7""&in$ th" !rr"!tlast r"ad' in!rr"!t (alu" 4hil" 7""&in$ th" !rr"!tstr"d (alu" in th" !"llstr"d (alu" in th" !"ll

dDRDF1dDRDF1 A C"ll is said t ha(" a dDRRF if a 4rit" fll4"dA C"ll is said t ha(" a dDRRF if a 4rit" fll4"d3# n" r mr" r"ad &"rfrm"d n th" !"ll r"turns %n3# n" r mr" r"ad &"rfrm"d n th" !"ll r"turns %nth" last r"ad' th" "&"!t"d (alu" 4hil" !han$in$ th"th" last r"ad' th" "&"!t"d (alu" 4hil" !han$in$ th"!nt"nts f th" !"ll t th" 4rn$ (alu"!nt"nts f th" !"ll t th" 4rn$ (alu"


43/72

Fault md"ls1Fault md"ls1 Data R"t"ntinData R"t"ntin

%DRF'%DRF' A !"ll fails t r"tain its l$i! (alu" aft"r sm" tim"A !"ll fails t r"tain its l$i! (alu" aft"r sm" tim"

Du" t a d"f"!ti(" &ull


44/72

Fault md"ls1 lin7"d faultsFault md"ls1 lin7"d faults

Lin7"d faults ar" t4 r mr" faults %!u&lin$ faults' that a;"!tLin7"d faults ar" t4 r mr" faults %!u&lin$ faults' that a;"!tth" sam" !"llth" sam" !"ll

Can 3" f th" sam" t#&" % i.". CF


45/72

R"latin 3"t4""nR"latin 3"t4""n

fun!tinal faults and faultfun!tinal faults and faultmd"lsmd"ls SAFSAF

CFCF

Shrts 3"t4""n dataShrts 3"t4""n datalin"slin"s

Crsstal7 3"t4""nCrsstal7 3"t4""ndata lin"sdata lin"s

TFTF C"ll !an 3" s"t t -C"ll !an 3" s"t t -

and nt t 0 %r (i!"and nt t 0 %r (i!"("rsa'("rsa'

AFAF

Addr"ss lin" stu!7Addr"ss lin" stu!7 O&"n in addr"ss lin"O&"n in addr"ss lin" Shrts 3"t4""nShrts 3"t4""n

addr"ss lin"saddr"ss lin"s O&"n d"!d"rO&"n d"!d"r rn$ a!!"ssrn$ a!!"ss Multi&l" a!!"ssMulti&l" a!!"ss

C"ll stu!7C"ll stu!7 Dri("r stu!7Dri("r stu!7 R"ad64rit" lin" stu!7R"ad64rit" lin" stu!7 Chi&


46/72

R"latin 3"t4""n fun!tinalR"latin 3"t4""n fun!tinal

faults and fault md"lsfaults and fault md"ls%"am&l"s'%"am&l"s'

)ss

!*

+* +*

)dd

00

//

BB

05 /505 /5 11 SA-SA-

BB11 AF fr !"lls aft"rAF fr !"lls aft"r

th" &"nth" &"n 5 15 1 Stat"Stat"

Cu&lin$ FaultsCu&lin$ Faults

11 SAF %d"&"ndin$SAF %d"&"ndin$

n th" !"ll !nt"ntn th" !"ll !nt"nt

and th"and th"

t"!hnl$#'t"!hnl$#'


47/72

d#nami! R"ad D"stru!ti(" Faultd#nami! R"ad D"stru!ti(" Fault

in th" !r" !"llin th" !r" !"ll %&TS'()%&TS'()Defect 1Defect 1

Defect 1 involves a dynamicDefect 1 involves a dynamic Read Destructive FaultRead Destructive Fault

I / O DATAI / O DATA

ROW

ROW

DECODER

DECODER

MEMORYMEMORY

ARRAYARRAY

C O L U M NC O L U M N

D E C O D E RD E C O D E R

Tn3Tn3

Tn2Tn2

Tn1Tn1

Tp2Tp2

Tp1Tp1

SS SBSB Tn4Tn4

WLWL

BLBBLBBLBL

"efe!t"efe!tFaultFault$o%el$o%el

$in$in

&es'(&es'(

))

11 %&"F%&"F *130*130

22 &"F+ "&"F&"F+ "&"F *,*,

33 &"F+ "&"F&"F+ "&"F *3*3

.F.F *2/*2/

// &F+ .F&F+ .F *100*100

.F.F *2000*2000


48/72


in th" !r" !"llin th" !r" !"ll

Lower resistive size of Defect 1Lower resistive size of Defect 1

more read operations are required tomore read operations are required to sensitizesensitizethe faultthe fault

4- r- r- r- r- r-


49/72


in th" !r" !"llin th" !r" !"ll

Detection of dRDF as function of resistance value,

cycle time and number of read operation

0

2

4

!

"0

"# "#! 2 2#$ % %#$ 4 ! "0

Cycle time (ns

R

(!"hm

w#r

w#r#r

w#r#r#r

w#r#r#r#r

w#r#r#r#r#r$o Fault


50/72

alidit# f fault md"lsalidit# f fault md"ls

Us" f Indu!ti(" Fault Anal#sis at th"Us" f Indu!ti(" Fault Anal#sis at th"la#ut l"("lla#ut l"("l G"n"rat" d"f"!t si"s5 l!atin and la#"rsG"n"rat" d"f"!t si"s5 l!atin and la#"rs

%a!!rdin$ t 4hat ma# r"all# ha&&"n in th"%a!!rdin$ t 4hat ma# r"all# ha&&"n in th"fa3.'fa3.'

)la!" th" d"f"!t n a md"l f th" la#ut)la!" th" d"f"!t n a md"l f th" la#ut Etra!t th" s!h"mati! and "l"!tri!al &aram"t"rsEtra!t th" s!h"mati! and "l"!tri!al &aram"t"rs

fr th" d"f"!ti(" !"llfr th" d"f"!ti(" !"ll D"du!" and !h"!7 &ssi3l" fault md"lsD"du!" and !h"!7 &ssi3l" fault md"ls

R"sults d"&"nd n th" us"d t"!hnl$#R"sults d"&"nd n th" us"d t"!hnl$#and fa3. &r!"ss"sand fa3. &r!"ss"s

0B50B50505DRFDRF

55--ICFICF

05/05/,5,,5,SCFSCF5-5---TFTF

005,005,/05-/05-SOFSOF

B,5B,50505SAFSAF

,,mm//mmS&t Si"S&t Si"


51/72

SUMMARYSUMMARY




md"lin$md"lin$


T t Al ith t tiT t Al ith t ti


52/72

T"st Al$rithms1 ntatinsT"st Al$rithms1 ntatins

us"dus"d

1 indi!at"s addr"ss as!"ndin$ rd"r1 indi!at"s addr"ss as!"ndin$ rd"r

1 indi!at"s addr"ss d"s!"ndin$ rd"r1 indi!at"s addr"ss d"s!"ndin$ rd"r

4- 1 4rit" - at !urr"nt l!atin4- 1 4rit" - at !urr"nt l!atin 40 1 4rit" 0 at !urr"nt l!atin40 1 4rit" 0 at !urr"nt l!atin

r- 1 r"ad !urr"nt l!atin5 "&"!tin$ a -r- 1 r"ad !urr"nt l!atin5 "&"!tin$ a -

r0 1 r"ad !urr"nt l!atin5 "&"!tin$ a 0r0 1 r"ad !urr"nt l!atin5 "&"!tin$ a 0 %?.'1 al$rithm "l"m"nt%?.'1 al$rithm "l"m"nt

V%?'5%?'5?5%?'W1 full al$rithmV%?'5%?'5?5%?'W1 full al$rithm


53/72

T"st al$rithmsT"st al$rithms

FullFull ="ha(iural t"st is="ha(iural t"st is d">niti("l#d">niti("l# tt

!nsumin$ %.n./!nsumin$ %.n./nn''

Classi!al and "arl# m"mr# t"stin$Classi!al and "arl# m"mr# t"stin$m"thds 4ith t"st tim" &r&rtinalm"thds 4ith t"st tim" &r&rtinal

tt

n %"r


54/72

T"st al$rithm1 9"r


55/72

T"st al$rithm1T"st al$rithm1

Ch"!7"r3ardCh"!7"r3ard

C"ll ar" di(id"d in t4 $ru&sC"ll ar" di(id"d in t4 $ru&s St"&01 4rit" 0 in all $r""n !"lls and -St"&01 4rit" 0 in all $r""n !"lls and -

in &in7 !"llsin &in7 !"lls St"&/1 r"ad all !"llsSt"&/1 r"ad all !"lls St"&1 4rit" - in all $r""n !"lls and 0 in &in7 !"llsSt"&1 4rit" - in all $r""n !"lls and 0 in &in7 !"lls St"&B1 r"ad all !"llsSt"&B1 r"ad all !"lls

O!n"O!n"t"stt"st Fault !("ra$"1Fault !("ra$"1

Nt all AFs d"t"!t"dNt all AFs d"t"!t"d SAFs d"t"!t"d if th" adr"ss d"!d"r is fault fr""SAFs d"t"!t"d if th" adr"ss d"!d"r is fault fr"" Nt all TFs and CFs d"t"!t"dNt all TFs and CFs d"t"!t"d

This t"st is a3l" t d"t"!t 3rid$in$ faultsThis t"st is a3l" t d"t"!t 3rid$in$ faults


56/72

T"st al$rithms1 GAL)ATT"st al$rithms1 GAL)AT

and al7in$ 06-and al7in$ 06- M"mr# is >ll"d 4ith -s %r 0s' "!"&t fr th"M"mr# is >ll"d 4ith -s %r 0s' "!"&t fr th"3as"


57/72

T"st al$rithms1 GAL)ATT"st al$rithms1 GAL)AT

and al7in$ 06-and al7in$ 06- All AFs ar" d"t"!t"d and l!at"dAll AFs ar" d"t"!t"d and l!at"d All SAFs ar" d"t"!t"d and l!at"dAll SAFs ar" d"t"!t"d and l!at"d

All TFs ar" d"t"!t"d and l!at"dAll TFs ar" d"t"!t"d and l!at"d

All CFs ar" als d"t"!t"d and l!at"dAll CFs ar" als d"t"!t"d and l!at"d

=ut 3th ar"=ut 3th ar" O!nO!n**""t"stst"sts

th"r t"sts ha(" 3""n &r&s"d as a shrt"rth"r t"sts ha(" 3""n &r&s"d as a shrt"r

alt"rnati(" %-%nalt"rnati(" %-%n6/6/'1'1 Slidin$ dia$nalSlidin$ dia$nal

=utt"rX# %nl# n"i$h3rhd !"lls f th" 3as" !"ll ar" r"ad'=utt"rX# %nl# n"i$h3rhd !"lls f th" 3as" !"ll ar" r"ad'

GALCOLGALCOL

0 - - - -- 0 - - -- - 0 - -- - - 0 -- - - - 0

- - 0 - -- - - 0 -- - - - 00 - - - -- 0 - - -

- 0 - - -- - 0 - -- - - 0 -- - - - 00 - - - -


58/72

T"st al$rithms t"st tim"T"st al$rithms t"st tim"

Num3"r f &"ratinsNum3"r f &"ratins

nn nn n.l$n.l$//nn nn// %hr**'%hr**'

0M30M3 -.--.- 0./0./ 0.0.

0M30M3 0.-00.-0 /B.0/B.0 B,0.B,0.

/M3/M3 0.000.00 B0B0 0/--,,.,0/--,,.,

/G3/G3 0/.,0/., ,,B.B,,B.B 0B.0B.

B Y"ars **B Y"ars **


59/72

Mar!h t"stsMar!h t"sts

Th" t"st is Kmar!hin$K thru$h th"Th" t"st is Kmar!hin$K thru$h th"

m"mr#m"mr#

Th" t"st is !m&s"d f Mar!hTh" t"st is !m&s"d f Mar!h"l"m"nts r"&r"s"nt"d 3"t4""n %'"l"m"nts r"&r"s"nt"d 3"t4""n %'

Mar!h t"sts ar" th" sim&l"st t"stMar!h t"sts ar" th" sim&l"st t"stss

%&timal '%&timal 't d"t"!t mst f th"t d"t"!t mst f th"fun!tinal faultsfun!tinal faults


60/72

Mar!h t"sts1Mar!h t"sts1 "am&l" f"am&l" f

MATSMATSVV%4-'%4-' %r-540'%r-540' %r054-5r-'W%r054-5r-'W

Fr iJ- t n


61/72

Mar!h t"sts1Mar!h t"sts1 "am&l" f"am&l" f

MATSMATSVV%4-'%4-' %r-540'%r-540' %r054-5r-'W%r054-5r-'W

Ta7"s n &"ratins 4h"n us"d 3it


62/72

Mar!h t"st summar#Mar!h t"st summar#


63/72

Mar!h t"st Fault C("ra$"Mar!h t"st Fault C("ra$"

%"am&l"'%"am&l"'

Al$rithAl$rithmm

Fault C("ra$"Fault C("ra$"O&"ratO&"rat

inin

!unt!unt

SSAAFF

AFAF TFTFCFCF

ininCFiCFi

dd

CFCFd#d#nn

SCSC

FFLin7"d faultsLin7"d faults

MATSMATSAlAl

ll

Sm"Sm" B.nB.n

MATSMATSAlAlll

AllAll .n.n

MATSMATS

AlAl

llAllAll AllAll .n.n

Mar!hMar!h

ZZ

AlAl

llAllAll AllAll AllAll .n.n

Mar!hMar!hC


64/72

Mar!h t"st Fault C("ra$"Mar!h t"st Fault C("ra$"

%"am&l" fr sin$l" and t4 !"ll%"am&l" fr sin$l" and t4 !"llFFMs in 'FFMs in 'Al$rithAl$rith

mm

Sin$l"


65/72

T"stin$ f N"i$h3rhdT"stin$ f N"i$h3rhd

)att"rn


66/72


)att"rn


67/72


)att"rn


68/72

=asi! N)SF l!atin=asi! N)SF l!atin

al$rithmal$rithm4rit" 3as"

l&l&

a&&l# a &att"rna&&l# a &att"rnVit !uld !han$" th" 3as"


69/72

=asi! N)SF d"t"!tin=asi! N)SF d"t"!tin

al$rithmal$rithm4rit" 3as"

l&l&

a&&l# a &att"rn Vit !uld !han$" th" 3as"

r"ad 3as"

"ndl&"ndl&4rit" 3as"

l&l&

a&&l# a &att"rn Vit !uld !han$" th" 3as"

"ndl&"ndl&

r"ad 3as"

Onl# (alid fr AN)SF r SN)SF fr 4hi!h nOnl# (alid fr AN)SF r SN)SF fr 4hi!h n

transitin is n""d"d in th" 3as" !"lltransitin is n""d"d in th" 3as" !"ll

Tillin$ m"thd !annt 3" us"d as 3as" !"lls ar"Tillin$ m"thd !annt 3" us"d as 3as" !"lls ar"

!han$in$!han$in$


70/72

N)SF t"stin$ al$rithmN)SF t"stin$ al$rithm

summar#summar#Al$rithmAl$rithm L!atinL!atin Fault !("ra$"Fault !("ra$" O&"ratinO&"ratin

!unt!untSAFSAF TFTF N)SFN)SF

AA

))

SS

TDAN)SF0GTDAN)SF0G NN LL DD 0. n0. n

TLA)N)SF0GTLA)N)SF0G YY LL LL LL LL LL 0,. n0,. n

TLA)N)SF/TTLA)N)SF/T YY LL LL LL LL 0// n0// n

TLA)N)SF0TTLA)N)SF0T YY LL LL LL LL 0,B n0,B n

TLSN)SF0GTLSN)SF0G YY LL LL B. nB. n

TLSN)SF0TTLSN)SF0T YY LL LL ,./ n,./ n

TLSN)SF/TTLSN)SF/T YY LL LL ,. n,. n

TDSN)SF0GTDSN)SF0G NN LL DD .0/ n.0/ n

DD"t"!ti"t"!ti

n rn r

LL!ati!ati

nn

AA!ti("!ti("

))assi("assi("SStati!tati!

t#&"


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T"st f rd


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T"st f rd

functional test

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