fruit flies taxonomy, biology and management (and some key references and names) paul ferrar
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Fruit flies
Taxonomy, biology and managementTaxonomy, biology and management(and some key references and names)(and some key references and names)
Paul FerrarPaul Ferrar
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Fruit fly taxonomy
Order Diptera (flies)
Family TephritidaeSubfamily Dacinae
Genus Bactrocera• Contains most of the important pest species of Asia
and the South Pacific
• Genus Dacus also important in Africa
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Important Bactrocera species
• Bactrocera dorsalis – Oriental fruit fly– A complex of closely related species:
– Bactrocera dorsalis (many hosts)
– Bactrocera papayae (many hosts)
– Bactrocera carambolae (many hosts)• and others (at least 75 different species so far)
• Bactrocera cucurbitae – melon fly (in cucurbits)
• Bactrocera tau – also in cucurbits
• Bactrocera latifrons – solanum fruit fly
• Bactrocera minax – citrus fruit fly
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Important Bactrocera species
• Bactrocera occipitalis – mango, guava, citrus
• Bactrocera philippinensis – mango, papaya, jackfruit
• Bactrocera umbrosa – jackfruit, breadfruit
• Bactrocera zonata – hosts in Family Rosaceae, including peach, but also other families
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Oriental fruit fly complex
• For general management purposes, probably OK to regard all members of complex as Bactrocera dorsalis
• But where export crops are concerned, exact species must be known – quarantine authorities will insist on it
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Fruit fly life cycle
• Eggs – female lays into fruit with a sharp, pointed ovipositor – may also inject fruit-rotting bacteria
• Larvae – three larval instars – feed in fruit
• When fully fed, 3rd instar larva drops to the ground, crawls away (usually into soil) and develops into a pupa (inside hard shell of 3rd instar larval skin, called a puparium)
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Attractants and trapping
• Male lures – main ones are:– Methyl eugenol (ME)– Cuelure
• Female lures (not developed yet)
• Protein baits – hydrolysed protein including yeast– Lynfield traps– Steiner traps
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Lynfield trap
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Steiner trap
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Fruit fly damage
• Larval tunnelling and feeding damages fruit
• Bacteria also enter and rot the fruit faster
• Crop losses can be from a few per cent to 100%
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Management of fruit flies
• Cover spraying– Advantage:
• Effective
– Disadvantages:• Very expensive in pesticide• Very time-consuming in labour• Kills beneficial organisms/harms environment• Harms health of farmer doing the spraying• Can leave chemical residues in fruit
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Management of fruit flies
• BaggingFruit is covered with a layer of some material– Advantages:
• Effective when applied properly• Often increases fruit quality (and price)• Materials usually cheap
– Disadvantage:• Very laborious to apply
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Bagging of fruit
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Cultural controls
• Grow less susceptible varieties
• Harvest fruit early (before fruit fly attack occurs
• Crop hygiene and sanitation – clear away old, fallen, infested fruits
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Protein bait spraying
• Dilute protein bait is mixed with pesticide– Was malathion, now chlorpyrifos, fipronil or
Spinosad
• Small squirt or splash is applied to leaves of trees scattered through orchard– Not necessary to treat every tree – flies are
attracted over a considerable distance
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Protein bait spraying
• Advantages:– Cheap in materials– Much safer for health of operator– Less pesticide into environment– No impact on non-target organisms– No risk of residues when applied correctly
• Disadvantages:– Still needs labour, though much less than bagging or
cover-spraying– May need to be repeated during fruit cycle
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Protein bait spraying
• To show farmers how well it works:
– Put a white sheet on the ground under leaves that have been sprayed with protein bait/insecticide
– Many dead flies will accumulate!
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Other techniques for control
• Male annihilation– Many blocks impregnated with male attractant
and pesticide are distributed widely– Males feed on these and die– Females remain unfertilised and cannot breed
• Not suited to individual farmer use
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Other techniques for control
• Sterile insect technique– Huge numbers of sterile males are released in an
area– Females mate with them and remain unfertilised –
cannot breed– Million dollar operation
• Not suited to individual farmer use
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Case study in northern Vietnam
• Peaches were promoted as an alternative to opium
• Grow well in climate of northern Vietnam, but 100% of crop was destroyed by Bactrocera pyrifoliae
• Bait spraying was introduced, and losses now reduced to < 5%– Young children have now seen their first ever
ripe peaches!
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Contacts and references
• Paper distributed contains various references to key works on fruit flies that may be of help
• Also key institutions and scientists that may be able to help
– Dr S. Vijaysegaran – wide expertise in Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and Australia
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Methods for identifying fruit flies
• Morphological versus molecular– See Appendix of paper for some notes on this
• Review paper on Bactrocera dorsalis complex:
eprints.qut.edu.au/3257/1/3257_1.pdf
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PERCEPTIONS
• Don’t forget:
• You may only think about fruit flies
• The farmer has to think about ALL the problems on the crop!
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THANK YOU!