other’s behavior, deviations from which mayprompt adjustment of their own attitude’’ (p.169). Charlotte Hemelrijk’s chapter on recip-rocation complements this theme. In twoarticles on chimpanzee and bonobo intelli-gence, Sue Savage-Rumbaugh and her col-leagues consider ape language experimentsand Tetsuro Matsuzawa examines symboland tool use. Having long conducted lan-guage experiments on captive apes, Savage-Rumbaugh et al. recount their efforts in thefield to discover whether the failure of wild-ape studies to find examples of symboliccommunication owes to 1) scientists’ reluc-tance to report what they see, or to 2) apeshaving no such system. Their provisionalconclusion is that bonobos do have such asystem and use vegetation in an intention-ally symbolic manner.

In the following section (Part Five),William McGrew and Linda Marchant’schapter on laterality in hand use and JohnMitani’s on African ape vocal behavior con-tinue this comparative perspective on theape mind. The remaining two chapters aresimilarly comparative, Diane Doran’s on po-sitional behavior and Barbara Fruth andGottfried Hohmann’s on nest-building behav-ior.

Part Six considers great apes as modelsfor ourselves. I read Jim Moore’s article fullyexpecting to find a review of chimpanzeemodels for reconstructing the behavior ofour early ancestors, but in addition I foundan innovative and challenging critique of‘‘what a model is,’’ and better yet, ‘‘what it isnot.’’ Moore advocates a referential ap-proach in which ‘‘the model is not a singletypological modern species per se, but the

set of differences observed between popula-tions’’ (p. 285). Adrienne Zhilman, in herchapter on chimpanzee models, suggestsseveral features favoring a Pan paniscusmodel for early human origins. Finally, Ju-nichiro Itani’s Afterword, ‘‘A New Milestonein Great Ape Research,’’ concludes and sum-marizes the volume with an interesting his-torical perspective on primatology.

The book contains a valuable Appendix ofgreat ape study sites. The information oneach of the 18 study-site reports includeinformation on location, climate, vegetation,human influence, predators, conservationefforts, other primates present, and currentresearch interests. This is an excellent re-source for those interested in comparativestudy.

As richly evidenced by this volume, onemust be impressed by the steep trajectory ofgreat ape research over the past 20 years.Although it is exciting to project what theyear 2014 may hold in store, we can onlyhope that the orangutans—those facingslaughter as they flee Indonesian fires—andthe chimpanzees and gorillas—those facingdecimation by the African bushmeat crisis—will survive as resources for our continuedlearning.

MICHELE GOLDSMITH

Department of AnthropologyDartmouth CollegeHanover, New Hampshire

LITERATURE CITED

Hamburg DA and McCown ER (eds.) (1979) The GreatApes. Menlo Park: Benjamin/Cummings.

Hebert PL and Courtois M (1994) Twenty-five years ofbehavioral research on great apes: Trends between1967 and 1991. J. Comp. Psychol. 108:373–380.

FROM LUCY TO LANGUAGE. By Donald Johan-son and Blake Edgar. Prospect Heights,IL: Simon and Schuster. 1996. 272 pp.ISBN 0-684-81023-9 $50.00 (cloth).

This book does not begin with Lucy or endwith language. In fact, neither figures promi-nently in the text nor in the gallery ofphotographs which fill the pages. The textrecognizes Ardipithecus as the first homi-

nid, states that language probably existed inNeanderthals, and ends with a photographof a Magdalenian harpoon. A better titlemight be ‘‘From Ardipithecus to the UpperPaleolithic,’’ but this lacks the ring of theirtitle and does not recognize the senior au-thor’s discovery at Hadar.

The book is divided in two parts. The first,called ‘‘Central Issues of Paleoanthropol-ogy,’’ deals with a wide range of subjects

105BOOK REVIEWS

from simple skeletal anatomy to politics inpaleoanthropology to cultural aspects pre-served in the fossil record. Forty-eight differ-ent topics are covered and many of them areaccompanied by magnificent color picturesto illustrate central points. The second part,titled ‘‘Encountering the Evidence,’’ is animpressive collection of photographs andtext describing individual specimens in thehominid fossil record. Whether in the first orsecond parts, the book’s great strength andappeal are the photographs, especially theones composed by David Brill, the ‘‘principalphotographer.’’ Virtually all the specimensare shot on black backgrounds and are well-lit, affording excellent detail. The result is astunning guide to the primary specimens inthe hominid fossil record. In many respects,the fossils never looked better and surelythese will be seen by many students foryears to come, since the frequent comment Ihave heard about the book is that the ‘‘pic-tures would make great slides.’’ It is too badthe authors did not include the images on aCD-ROM or make some arrangement toacquire legal slides of the photographs.

From the standpoint of photographic docu-mentation, whether used as a reference or inthe classroom as supplementary reading,the book is an important addition to theliterature. It is moderately priced and in-cludes views of every type specimen of thevarious species of Australopithecus andHomo they recognize. For example, follow-ing the splitter’s perspective, they distin-guish nine species of Australopithecus(afarensis, aethiopicus, africanus, anamen-sis, bahrelghazali, boisei, crassidens, prae-gens, robustus) and seven species of Homo(erectus, ergaster, habilis, heidelbergensis,neanderthalensis, rudolfensis, sapiens). Mostof the crania or mandibles defining thesespecies are reproduced in multiple views atactual size. There are many other specimensincluded, so the book allows access to a widevariety of crucial hominid fossils. After see-ing this book, it will be difficult to adopt anyof the catalogues which consist solely of linedrawings, even if they are less expensive.

Despite the overall excellence of the pic-tures, there are a few problems with them.The photographs contributed by people other

than Brill are relatively easy to spot. Manylook like some of my slides of specimenstaken over the years—some with depth-of-field problems, some with reflections fromthe lights on the fossils, and some not lightedin a way to maximize detail. Those stilltaking measurements from photographsshould be careful here. Some specimens,such as Saniran (pp. 192–193), are at differ-ent scales; others like Mauer (p. 197) are toosmall, and still others, like the Kebara hyoid(p. 107), which is about 1.5 times naturalsize, are too big. There is also a strangecomposition of some Klasies specimens (p.42), with the frontal/nasal fragment shownupside down and the robust zygomatic ro-tated 90 degrees from normal anatomicalposition. The spectacular burial from theGravettian zone at Arene Candide is re-versed (p. 101) and from a cast. The originalin Genoa-Pegli is much more striking and itis unfortunate Brill has not gone there tocapture its image. Still, it is hard to fault thetruly beautiful, cover-to-cover rendering ofthe fossils and artifacts.

While the photographs are superb, thetext has problems which detract from theoverall quality of the book. These are scat-tered through the pages and often involvefundamental errors of fact or basic interpre-tation. Some examples are: labelling thebuccinator groove as the retromolar space(p. 20), suggesting that 800 of the 850 hu-man bones from Krapina (p. 93) show evi-dence of cut marks and bludgeoning (it ismuch less than this), suggesting that ‘‘[m]od-ern Homo sapiens brains average 1200 cc’’(p. 117), listing 207 bones in the humanskeleton (p. 124), defining the diastema as ‘‘agap between the canine and the upper firstpremolar’’ (p. 147), listing Gibraltar as a‘‘Mediterranean island’’ (p. 230), and so on.Other misstatements will surely rile somepeople. The comment that Gorjanovic-Kram-berger collected the Krapina remains ‘‘unfor-tunately without archeological techniques’’(p. 93) will irritate colleagues from Croatiato California. Gorjanovic, in fact, excavatedthe site in layers, catalogued the bones andartifacts according to the strata in whichthey were found, did fluorine tests to confirmthe contemporaneity of the human and ex-tinct mammals, and even saved a column for

106 BOOK REVIEWS

subsequent analysis (Radovcic, 1988). Com-pared to work done by contemporaries fur-ther west, Gorjanovic was decades ahead ofhis time. Others will not like the phyloge-netic tree of human evolution (p. 38), whereHomo heidelbergensis, represented by speci-mens from Mauer, Bodo, Arago, Petralona,Steinheim, Atapuerca, and Kabwe, is consid-ered the ancestral species to all subsequentHomo. According to Johanson and Edgar,heidelbergensis may have split from ergaster1.5 million years ago and gave rise to nean-derthalensis and modern Homo sapiensacross the Old World and Australia. Thisclosely follows Tattersall’s thinking, but laterthe authors appear to hedge when they notea number of morphological similarities be-tween the Javanese specimens (which theylump into Homo erectus) and early Austra-lians as represented by Kow Swamp. Then,these links are discounted and attributed tohead binding and ‘‘unknown environmentalfactors’’ (p. 247). There are other evolution-ary models which make fewer assumptionsand do not attribute Indonesian-Australianlinks in cranial morphology to such improb-abilities and vagaries.

Finally, there are a number of statementsin the book which defy explanation. I cannotmake sense of the following quote: ‘‘Thescattered migration of individuals tends notto leave any genetic traces and in fact willreduce the total genetic diversity by blend-ing traits that would otherwise distinguishmore isolated populations. Mass migrationsof people, however, do tend to increase diver-sity by stimulating genetic drift—in whichnovel mutations will more likely arise andbe inherited by subsequent generations—and adaptation to new environments’’ (p.49). I also wonder about the statement char-acterizing Homo sapiens as ‘‘the most coop-erative of all animals that have ever existed’’(p. 113).

The best feature of the book is the photo-documentation and the photographs providerich detail for testing or verifying certainstatements and observations about the fos-sil record. Morphological observations theauthors make can be easily checked—likethe purported absence of the retromolarspace in the Qafzeh and Skhul hominids (seepp. 240 and 243) or the statement that Dali

has ‘‘just a typical Middle Pleistocene face,with resemblances to the modern humans ofQafzeh’’ (p. 234). Just flip back and forthbetween the shots of Qafzeh (pp. 240–241)and Dali (pp. 234–235) and attempt to iden-tify some facial similarities. Then, compareDali to the Homo heidelbergensis specimensthey depict (pp. 195–210) to justify the state-ment that ‘‘the shape of the Dali skull couldreflect the spread of Homo heidelbergensisintoAsia.’’There is a widely dispersed, highlyvariable sample in this ‘‘taxon,’’ but addingDali to it, by some unexplained migrationfrom the West, creates more problems thanit solves. Another interesting exercise is totry to blindly identify the continent of originfor the recent Homo sapiens skulls shown infacial and lateral views on pp. 59–71. Ipresented these to my osteology class andused the features listed by forensic anthro-pologists to identify race (e.g., Gill and Rhine,1990). We were successful in identifying theZairian, German, and Chinese skulls andwere much less accurate in pinpointing thecontinent of origin for the South Indian,Solomon Islander, and Eskimo. Those whocontinue to report the lack of success inidentifying geographic markers in cranialremains or that there is little basis forregional differentiation should spend sometime inspecting these photographs.

In short, virtually everyone will find a usefor this book and it will satisfy those whoagree or disagree with the authors’ perspec-tive as expressed in the text. From Lucy toLanguage could never serve as a primarytextbook in the classroom, but it is essentialas a reference volume and catalogue. At theprice it is an easy purchase and everyoneshould add this book to their library.

DAVID W. FRAYER

Department of AnthropologyUniversity of KansasLawrence, Kansas

LITERATURE CITED

Gill GW and Rhine S (1990) Skeletal Attribution ofRace: Methods for Forensic Anthropology. Albuquer-que: Maxwell Museum of Anthropology. Anthropologi-cal Papers #4.

Radovcic J (1988) Dragutin Gorjanovic-Kramberger iKrapinski Pracovjek [Dragutin Gorjanovic-Kram-berger and Krapina Early Man]. Zagreb: SkolskaKnjiga.

107BOOK REVIEWS

BOOKS RECEIVED

Alcock J (1998) Animal Behavior, 6th ed.Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Asso-ciates, 640 pp. $54.95 (cloth).

Crawford MH (1998) The Origins of NativeAmericans: Evidence From Anthropologi-cal Genetics. New York: Cambridge Univer-sity Press, 308 pp. $64.95 (cloth).

Futuyma DJ (1998) Evolutionary Biology,3rd ed. Sunderland, Massachusetts:Sinauer Associates, 751 pp. $62.95 (cloth).

Hartl DL and AG Clark (1997) Principles ofPopulation Genetics, 3rd ed. Sunderland,

Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, 481pp. $56.95 (cloth).

Holland JH (1998) Emergence: From Chaosto Order. Reading, Massachusetts: Addi-son-Wesley, 258 pp. $25.00 (cloth).

Kirch PV (1997) The Lapita Peoples: Ances-tors of the Oceanic World. Cambridge,Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, 353pp. $28.95 (paper).

Knecht H (ed.) (1997) Projectile Technology.New York: Plenum, 408 pp. $59.50 (cloth).

Spriggs M (1997) The Island Melanesians.Cambridge, Massachusetts: BlackwellPublishers, 326 pp. $62.95 (cloth).

108 BOOK REVIEWS