from local forests to the global forest: resilience and involution of local forest systems in the...
TRANSCRIPT
From local forests to the global forest
Resilience and involution of local forest systems in the globalization era
Geneviève MichonFor the POPULAR Group
Local forests as socio-ecological systems• Forest systems related to “rural” population (forest
“nomads”, shifting cultivators, settled farmers, horticulturists, shepherds, cattle farmers) – Based on local values and knowledge– Regulated through local rights systems (on collective lands or
individual farm-related plots)– An integral part of the economy and livelihood of domestic units – The support of local social relationship systems, territories and
identities– Carried-out at a small-scale level, with adaptive management
• Have shaped large tracks of forest landscapes all over the planet
West Java, Indonesia
Local forests: in the humid tropics
India
Cameroon
Ethiopia
Indonesian Borneo
Laos
Local forests: in semi-arid areas and Mediterranean regions
Morocco
Spain
West Timor
Ethiopia
Burkina
Local forests: in temperate countries
Central France
Local forestsfrom Wilderness to Humanity
• A specific balance between “Nature” and “Culture”• Material processes and practices (targeting trees,
ecosystem, landscape) + Immaterial dimensions (knowledge, rights and social relationship)
• “Domestication” ? – Reflects local forests' specificity and qualities – Emphasizes the link between these forests and the domestic
units who manage them (families, lineages, tribes)
Revisiting domestication, the material processes: forging new trees
Grafting selected varieties
Planting wildings and varieties
Increasing production through working on the tree form
Western Chestnut
Argan (Argana spinosa) tree in Morocco
the visible processes
the invisible processes
Tree for oil production:
different shapes for different nut
quality
Tree for goats: private
Tree for goats: communal
Hedges
Controlling root sprouts
Revisiting domestication, the material processes :
Engineering the ecosystem
Manipulating global forest development
Ffilling natural or induced gaps
Manipulating regeneration
Revisiting domestication, the material processes : creating landscapes
developing infrastructures
introducing rights
Creating diversity
Revisiting domestication, the immaterial processes: belonging to the domesticity
Economy: support of livelihood
Patrimony: transgenerational intentions
Symbolism: linking to religion and beliefs
TerritoryPolitical dimension
Identity
Local forests in common policy frameworks • Forest policies: do not really acknowledge local forests
– Production forests? (not intensive timber production areas)– Conservation forests? (not biodiversity sanctuaries: too much humanity)– Social forest? (reluctance for full local rights, authority and legitimacy
recognition)
• Agricultural policies: care for single tree productions (chestnut, argan oil)
• Conservation policies: reluctant to modernization• Territory development policies: the most favorable for local
forests (in Europe)
« Sustainable Development »: a more favorable framework?
New opportunities, new initiatives
• Participation, devolution: Social forestry, Community forestry…• Local product certification (G.I.)
« Sustainable Development »: a more favorable framework?
New opportunities, new initiatives
• Participation, devolution: Social, Community forestry…• Local product certification (G.I.)• Biodiversity or ethnic products
« Sustainable Development »: a more favorable framework?
New opportunities, new initiatives
• Participation, devolution: Social, Community forestry…• Local product certification (G.I.)• Biodiversity or ethnic products • Environmental services
• Also: New management referentials: Capital vs. Patrimony
Forest = capital, assets?
• Forest: capital-rent (relation to market economy and economic development ): marketing forest products, conservation concessions, ……. REDD
• Other types of assets: livelihood assets
• Not only monetary, but still in terms of capital
Human Capital
The Poor
Sustainable Livelihoods Framework
Social Capital
Natural Capital
Physical Capital
Financial Capital
Forest = Heritage, Patrimony• Heritage, « Patrimony »: social
development, intergenerational dimension, responsibility, non-market values, consolidation of identity, territory, transmission
Family, lineage, tribe
StateRegion
World
Forest Sector
Patrimonial Economy
Tropical Rainforest: piling up conflicting patrimonial claimsTropical Rainforest: piling up conflicting patrimonial claims
Local, Customary patrimonies (family, lineage, tribes…)
National Domain
Historical situation: Local + State
negation, or destruction of local patrimonies for the construction of the State Forest Domain
Tropical Rainforest: piling up conflicting patrimonial claimsTropical Rainforest: piling up conflicting patrimonial claims
World Heritage
(biodiversity, carbon)
BUT: reconstruction of unified « local
patrimonies » as part of « the World
rainforest heritage »
Globalization of sustainable development norms, policies and projects
New situation: Local + International,less State
Local, self-organized claims
Claims organized by external agents
Priority: protecting the heritage
Patrimonial claims and forest valorizationPatrimonial claims and forest valorizationScaling-up or down?Scaling-up or down?
• A local, multipurpose domestic forest• Patrimony of local families, lineages and
tribes• But also State Domain
The argan forest in Morocco
Patrimonial claims and forest valorizationPatrimonial claims and forest valorizationScaling-up or down?Scaling-up or down?
• Development or argan oil as an international commodity through EXTERNAL actors (development agencies, NGOs, private entrepreneurs)
• At different levels– “Indigenous Community”– Nation– International
The argan oil: « Making a living out of patrimonial valorization »
Patrimonial claims and forest valorizationPatrimonial claims and forest valorizationScaling-up or down?Scaling-up or down?
• Benefits captured at external levels • More dissociation (economic, social,
environmental), sustainability questioned• Transmission questioned
• resilience???
The argan oil: « Making a living out of patrimonial valorization »
The chestnut forest in Corsica: « Making a living out of patrimonial valorization »• An abandoned forest• Rehabilitation
– Carried out of local initiative of local actors– Through collective action– With a strong political dimension (identity)
• Redefining the knowledge base– Revisiting « tradition »: modernization
• Redefining rights – Privatizing land rights but creating new solidarities
Patrimonial claims and forest product valorisationPatrimonial claims and forest product valorisation
Scaling-up or down?Scaling-up or down?
The chestnut forest in Corsica: « Making a living out of patrimonial valorization »
• Improving environmental, social and economic benefits
• Towards more sustainability
• Good resilience through time
Patrimonial claims and forest product valorisationPatrimonial claims and forest product valorisation
Scaling-up or down?Scaling-up or down?
Deconstructing patrimoniesDeconstructing patrimonies
• Rubber agroforests in Sumatra (international commodity market): moving from patrimony to capital development
Through market forces
Deconstructing patrimoniesDeconstructing patrimonies
• Woodlots in southern France (land market): selling the patrimony (emerging trends ????)
Through market forces
A forest linked to the “house”
Land market for tourism
Resilience proved for centuries Resilience
presently questioned
Deconstructing patrimoniesDeconstructing patrimoniesThrough agricultural policies
• 1990s: Rattan agroforests in Indonesian Borneo (policy support to large estate development for private investors)
But resilience???
Deconstructing patrimoniesDeconstructing patrimoniesThrough agricultural policies
• Ash tree in the Pyrenees (policy support to intensive agriculture)
Future still uncertain
• More benefits for local forest people? • Stronger or more secure rights on productive resources? • Better respect of human rights? Stronger decision power on
future?• Better biodiversity protection? More environmental services?• More resilience?
Local forests in the sustainable development eraLocal forests in the sustainable development era
Look at actors and processes at various time and space scales
Thank you for your attention