From Chernobyl to Fukushima: introduction

Conveners of GI1.4 sessionM. Yamauchi (Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Sweden)

Oleg Voitsekhovych (Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute, Ukraine)

Elena Korobova (Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Federation)

Michio Aoyama (Meteorological Research Institute, Japan)

Kazuyuki Kita (Ibaraki University, Japan)

Andreas Stohl (Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Norway)

Gerhard Wotawa (Central Inst. Meteorology and Geodynamics, Austria)

Naohiro Yoshida (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan)

From Chernobyl to Fukushima: introduction

©Soviet Authorities

by GRID-Arendal (©European Commission, Joint Research Center, Environment Institute, Institute of Global Climate and Ecology; Roshydromet; Minchernobyl; Belhydromet)

Cesium Deposition on Europe, 1986

From Chernobyl to Fukushima: introduction

• Environment / Geoscience aspectWithout understanding contamination science, we cannot estimate or protect human exposure

• Multi-disciplinary aspect- Dynamics / Physics / Chemistry / Biology- Local / Regional / Global- Urban / Field / Forest / Water / Ocean

• Multiple-route effects of radionuclide- External & internal dose

- Physical & biological/environmental decay

- Hardness of radiation (mainly gamma)

Many sciences are involved

(Shestopalov et al., 2003)

Fluid Dynamics and Transport

Chemical property (ionized, exited, bind etc)

Biochemical transfer and concentration

How easy to resolve in water

Physics

(a)

(b)

(c)

(a) (b) (c)example: Three types of fallout

Different science chemistry & physics involve for the further movement of the radionuclides

Our GI1.4 session covers:

1 Radionuclide release and deposition (contamination)Aerosol physics-chemistryAtmospheric transportSurface contamination (fallout)

2 Land environment (contamination & countermeasures)(Urban), Agriculture, Forest (=Soil-system & Ecosystem)

3 Aquatic environment (contamination & countermeasures)oceanhydrology (river, lake, ground water)hydrology-soil system

4 Future tasks (research & technology)monitoring & soil experiment tasksremote sensing & unmanned vehicle technologyhealth risk modeling (e.g., GIS modeling)risk analyses in general

Fukushima compared to Chernobyl: -comparable Cs-deposition levels but over smaller area-no substantial Sr, Am, Pu deposition via atmospheric releases-however, much larger releases to the sea 7

Comparison Fukushima – Chernobyl(same scale)

Features Chernobyl Fukushima

Atmospheric release

137Cs 90Sr239-240Pu

IAEA, 20064785

0,03

NISA Report, 201115

0,14n/a

Atmospheric deposition

Fuel particles, volatile and non-volatile elements

Volatile elements only

Deposition areas Mainly central Europe: Terrestrial ecosystems, catchments of the Dnieper and Danube River basin, forest and agriculture areas, Black Sea and Baltic Sea. * Huge transboundary effect

Pacific coast of Japan: Complex landscape, forest, agricultural area, high density of population, ocean ecosystem. * Transboundary effects negligible

Prevailing pathwaysof exposure

External exposure, consumption of milk and meat, vegetables

External exposure, consumption of milk and meat, vegetables, seafood

In both cases the water pathways are not prevailing in human dose exposure, however its role are significant in some cases of specific water use such as irrigation, water supply, fishery and seafood production and also can create inadequate risk perception phenomena

Speciation and similarities of the impacts

Calculated plume formation according to meteorological conditions for instantaneous releases on the following dates and times (GMT):

(1) 26 April, 00:00; (2) 27 April, 00:00; (3) 27 April, 12:00; (4) 29 April, 00:00; (5) 2 May, 00:00; and (6) 4 May, 12:00 (Borsilov and Klepikova 1993).

Radioactive contamination of the catchments after Chernobyl and aquatic environment, as versus of fallout formation date, its physical and chemical forms and also speciation of the the landscapes at the deposited river watersheds

137Cs activity concentration in different rivers per unit of deposition (Smith, 2004)

(1)

(2) (3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

extra slides for questions

From Chernobyl to Fukushima: introduction

(IAEA, 2006)

From Chernobyl to Fukushima: introduction

137Cs contamination (Kashparov et al., 2003)

From Chernobyl to Fukushima: introduction

From Chernobyl to Fukushima: introduction

(Shaw et al., 2002)

From Chernobyl to Fukushima: introduction

(IAEA, 2006)