frogvirus3&fwf.ag.utk.edu/mgray/ranavirus/course/slides/lesbarreres...2/23/16 3...
TRANSCRIPT
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Frog Virus 3
Granoff et al. 1965
Jancovich et al. 2015
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Where about?
Duffus et al. 2015
Duffus et al. 2015
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Fox et al. 2006
Mazzoni et al. 2009
Whi?ield et al. 2013 Stark et al. 2014
Cunningham et al. 1993 Ariel et al. 2009 Stöhr et al. 2013
Xu et al. 2010
Une et al. 2009
Docherty-‐Bone et al. 2013
Mao et al. 1999 Waltzek et al 2014
Huang et al. 2009
Allender et al. 2011
Amphibians RepSles Fish
Greer et al. 2005 Duffus et al. 2008
Brunner et al. 2011
Kolby et al. 2015
Reshetnikov et al. 2014
D’Aoust-‐Messier et al. 2015
Schock et al. 2010
Who is affected?
Hoverman et al. 2011
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Hoverman et al. 2011
Bd / FV3 co-‐occurence?
D’Aoust-‐Messier et al. 2015
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Only one FV3?
Control
Azac-‐Cr
SSME
wt
# of ta
dpoles surviving
Morrison et al. 2014
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Morrison et al. 2014
Several strains + several hosts + several environments = ?
Inves&ga&on of GHxGPxE
Hosts
Strains
Environments
Wt FV3 Azac SSME
Echaubard et al. 2014
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Wt Azac-‐Cr SSME Control
14 °C
Life history traits: -‐ Weight at metamorphosis -‐ Growth rate -‐ Mortality rate
22 °C
Wt Azac-‐Cr SSME Control
InfecVon: 1.0x104 pfu/ml)
Temperature (F1,369 =5.422; p=1.07x 10-‐7)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
COLD WARM
Weight (g), ± SE
COLD WARM
***
TEMP effects are SPECIES specific
TEMP affects Weight at
metamorphosis
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
LF WF1 WF2
Weight (g), ± SE
COLD
WARM
b
a
a
a
a a
***
Temp*Species (F5,387 =21.98; p=2.2x 10-‐16)
Temp*Species*Strain (F23,3369 =7.584; p=2.2x 10-‐16)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
Azac Control SsMeV Wt
Weight (g), ± SE
COLD LF
COLD WF1
COLD WF2
***
a
a
a
a a a
a
a
a b
b
b
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Azac Control SsMeV Wt
Weight (g), ± SE
WARM LF
WARM WF1
WARM WF2
a
b
a
a
a a a
a a
a
a
b ***
***
***
STRAIN effects are condiBonal of both TEMP and SPECIES
-‐No difference between virus Strains in cold temperature but strong effect of Wt in warm
-‐No difference for Wood frogs but strong effect of Wt in Leopard frogs
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0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CumulaB
ve m
ortality rate (%
)
Time period
WARM
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CumulaB
ve m
ortality rate (%
)
Time period
COLD
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CumulaB
ve m
ortality rate (%
)
Time period
WARM
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CumulaB
ve m
ortality rate (%
)
Time period
COLD
Significant Effects 1. Temperature (Warm)(t =-‐2.33 ; p=0.021) 2. Time(t =-‐3.553 ; p<0.0001) 3. TempWarm:WF1(t =-‐3.553 ; p<0.02) 4. TempWarm:WF2(t =2.165; p<0.03) 5. WF2:Control (t =-‐4.188; p= 4.29x 10-‐5) 6. Warm:Time (t =-‐2.513; p= 0.013) 7. Warm:WF1:Control (t =-‐2.011; p= 0.045) 8. Warm:WF2:SsMeV (t =2.034; p= 0.043) 9. Warm:WF1:Wt (t =2.253; p= 0.025) 10. Warm:Wt:Time (t =2.798; p= 0.005) 11. Warm:WF2:Wt:Time (t =-‐1.808; p= 0.001)
-‐Mortality is influenced by both TEMP (1) and TIME (2)
-‐ TEMP effect is different among SPECIES (3, 4)
-‐ Mortality is dependant of STRAIN (7, 8, 9)
-‐ TIME effect is dependent of TEMP (6), SPECIES and STRAIN (10,11)
Repeated measure ANOVA, Bonferroni correcVon applied
Conclusion/InterpretaBon
2 – InfecBon sBmulates resource allocaBon to growth
End point Growth Rate
COLD WF Azac WF Control LF Azac LF Control
Trade-‐off immuno/development
1 -‐ InteracBon Species*Strain
3 -‐ Below a certain threshold of virulence, allocaBon of more resources to growth than when confronted with a more virulent strain (Wt).
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SuscepBbility
Azac SsMeV Wt
Virulence
LF FLIGHT or FIGHT?
Weight Growth Rate Mortality rate
Variability in Ranavirus associated die-‐offs?
-‐ Allender MC et al. (2011) PCR prevalence of ranavirus in free-‐ranging eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) at rehabilitaVon centers in three southeastern US states. J Wildl Dis 47:759–764
-‐ Ariel E et al. (2009) Ranavirus in wild edible frogs, Pelophylax kl. Esculentus in Denmark. Dis Aquat Organ 85:7–14
-‐ Brunner JL et al. (2011) Ranavirus infecVon in die-‐offs of vernal pool amphibians in New York, USA. Herpetol Rev 42:76–79
-‐ Cunningham AA et al. (1993) Unusual mortality associated with poxvirus-‐ like parVcles in frogs ( Rana temporaria). Vet Rec 133:141–142
-‐ D’Aoust-‐Messier et al. (2015) Amphibian pathogens at northern laVtudes: presence of chytrid fungus and ranavirus in northeastern Canada. Dis Aquat Organ 113:149–155
-‐ Docherty-‐Bone TM et al. (2013) Morbidity and mortality of the criVcally endangered Lake Oku clawed frog (Xenopus longipes). Endanger Species Res 21:115–128
-‐ Duffus ALJ et al. (2008) Frog virus 3-‐like infecVons in aquaVc amphibian communiVes. J Wildl Dis 44:109–120 -‐ Duffus ALJ et al. (2015) DistribuVon and host range of ranaviruses. In: Gray MJ, Chinchar VG (eds) Ranaviruses:
lethal pathogens of ectothermic vertebrates. Springer, Secaucus
-‐ Echaubard P et al. (2014) Environmental dependency of amphibian-‐ranavirus genotypic interacVons: evoluVonary perspecVves on infecVous diseases. Evol Appl 7:723–733
-‐ Fox SF et al. (2006) First case of ranavirus-‐associated morbidity and mortality in natural populaVons of the South American frog, Atelognathus patagonicus. Dis Aquat Organ 72:87–92
-‐ Greer AL et al. (2005) Five amphibian mortality events associated with ranavirus infecVon in south central Ontario, Canada. Dis Aquat Organ 67:9–14
-‐ Hoverman JT, Gray MJ, Miller DL (2010) Anuran suscepVbility to ranaviruses: role of species idenVty, exposure route and a novel virus isolate. Dis Aquat Organ 98:97–107
References
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-‐ Jancovich JK et al. (2015) Ranavirus taxonomy and phylogeny. In: Gray MJ, Chinchar VG (eds) Ranaviruses: lethal pathogens of ectothermic vertebrates. Springer, New York
-‐ Kolby JE et al. (2014) First evidence of amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobaSdis) and ranavirus in Hong Kong amphibian trade. PLoS One 9:e90750
-‐ Mao JH et al (1999) Molecular characterizaVon of a ranavirus isolated from largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. Dis Aquat Organ 37:107–114
-‐ Mazzoni R et al. (2009) Mass mortality associated with frog virus 3-‐like ranavirus infecVon in farmed tadpoles, Rana catesbeiana , from Brazil. Dis Aquat Organ 86:181–191
-‐ Morrison EA et al. (2014) Complete genome analysis of a frog virus 3 (FV3) isolate and sequence comparison with isolates of differing levels of virulence. Virol J 11:46–59
-‐ Schock DM et al. (2010) Amphibian chytrid fungus and ranaviruses in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Dis Aquat Organ 92:231–240
-‐ Stark T et al. (2014) Death in the clouds: Ranavirus associated mortality in an assemblage of cloud forest amphibians in Nicaragua. Acta Herpetol 9:125–127
-‐ Stöhr AC et al. (2013c) Ranavirus infecVon in a group of wild caught Lake Urmia newts Neurergus crocatus importuned from Iraq to Germany. Dis Aquat Organ 103:185–189
-‐ Tan WGH et al. (2004) ComparaVve genomic analyses of frog virus 3, type species of the genus Ranavirus (family Iridoviridae ). Virology 323:70–84
-‐ Une Y et al. (2009) Ranavirus outbreak in North American bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana), Japan. Emerg Infect Dis 15:1146–1147
-‐ Waltzek TB et al. (2014) New disease records for hatchery-‐reared sturgeon: expansion of host range of frog virus 3 into pallid sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus albus. Dis Aquat Organ 111(3):219–227
-‐ Whipield SM et al. (2013) InfecVon and co-‐infecVon by the amphibian chytrid fungus and ranavirus in wild Costa Rican frogs. Dis Aquat Organ 104:173–178
-‐ Xu K et al. (2010) Broad distribuVon of ranavirus in free-‐ranging Rana dybowskii,in Heilongjiang, China. Ecohealth 7:18–23