Ch. 17

Freedom’s Boundaries, 1890-1900

Farmer’s Alliance-Formed in Texas, late 1870s, in 43 states

by 1890 Loaned money to farmers Sell produce Wanted govt loans for farmers

Evolved into People’s Party (Populists), a political party Some forged an alliance with black farmers

In 1894 white Populists and black Republicans won control of North Carolina

Other states used violence/stuffed ballot boxes to keep Populists out of govt

In 1892, Populist Presidential Party carried 5 states, Cleveland won the election (Democrat)

The Populist Challenge

Presidential Campaign of 1896

First modern presidential campaign, p. 687 McKinley election committee spent $10 million William Jennings Bryan-$300,000

Populists joined Democrats to support Bryan Hard vs. Soft Money Debate

Bryan demanded “free silver”, which would increase prices and the money supply and decrease the value of debts He favored helping “ordinary” Americans Progressive income tax Banking regulation Right to form unions

“Evolution” of democratic party-They now supported farmers and laborers more than businessmen like they did under President Cleveland (remember prior to this Populists aligned themselves with Republicans)

McKinley won the election, but not by a landslide

The Money Question

In 1900, southern per capita income was only

60% of the national average Why was the South poor?

Sharecropping Convict Labor Low wages/ low taxes States cut spending on hospitals, education for

both races

The Segregated South

Black voting/office holding did not end in 1877

Gradual process of restricted voting Between 1890 and 1906 every southern state enacted

laws meant to eliminate the black vote Poll tax Literacy Tests Grandfather Clause (invalidated by Supreme Court in

1915) White leaders presented disenfranchisement as a

“good government” measure to end fraud, violence and manipulation of voting.

Poor whites as well as blacks lost the right to vote.

Blacks and Voting

130,000 black voters 1894

1,342 black voters 1904

Louisiana

• 80,000 whites also lost their right to vote

1883- Civil Rights Cases- the Supreme court

invalidated the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which had outlawed racial discrimination by public facilities

1896-Plessy vs. Ferguson-Court gave its approval to states laws requiring separate facilities for blacks and whites

After 1896 segregation laws were passed in all states (including northern and western states)

Laws affected Native Americans, Hispanics and Chinese as well as African Americans

The Law of Segregation

Georgia 386

Mississippi 373

Texas 335

Louisiana 313

Alabama 276

Arkansas 214

Lynching: States with over 200 Lynchings, 1889-1918

The effective nullification of the laws and amendments of

Reconstruction and the reduction of blacks to the position of second class citizens reflected nationwide patterns of thought and policy p. 697

“Restricted” definition of nationhood “Modern” white man of Anglo-Saxon heritage (Western Europe),

lesser groups were primitive: Chinese, Hispanic, black, immigrants from Southern/Eastern Europe, Irish

Immigration Restriction League, founded 1894, supported barring the illiterate from the U.S. (Law was vetoed by Pres. Cleveland)

1875-Prostitutes barred from entry 1882-mentally ill and disabled barred (called lunatics and those

most likely to become a public charge.)

Redrawing the Boundaries

1875-Chinese women barred from entering

U.S. 1882-Chinese Exclusion Act (became a

permanent law in 1902) California had segregated schools for Chinese

children All Asian immigration (except Filipino) was not

barred until 1917

Asian Immigration

Atlanta Speech, 1895 Argued that blacks should accept segregation

and find employment in agriculture and as servants

Founded the Tuskegee Institute, a vocational school for African Americans

Early twentieth century African American rights activists like Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. DuBois criticized Washington for going along with racism instead of fighting for equal rights

Booker T. Washington

1874, Women’s Christian Temperance Union founded

Supported ban of alcohol Economic/political reforms Right to vote

Laws were passed in late 19th century that gave married women control over their own wages, property and the right to sign separate contracts and wills

National American Woman Suffrage Association, founded 1890 “Extending the right to vote to native born women would

help to counteract the growing power of the “ignorant foreign vote” in the North and .. A second Reconstruction in the South.” –Carrie Chapman Catt, president

The Women’s Era

1875-1900 Age of Imperialism: European powers carved

up the rest of the world “Sun never set on the British Empire” Invention of Quinine to treat malaria enabled European

powers to take over Africa’s interior Shift of power: South and Central America gain their

independence from Spain and Portugal, Great Britain colonizes parts of Africa, India, the Middle East and Australia,

Japan, France, Netherlands (Dutch) and Germany also have colonies throughout Asia and Africa and island nations

U.S. expands and gains overseas possessions

Becoming a World Power

Year of Independence of Countries in Latin America

British World 1900

European Rule of Africa, 1914

Japanese Expansion

Japan was heavily influenced by Western Culture

(European and United States) Became a world power by the early 20th century Adopted industrialization, Western dress, Western style of

government including a constitution Gentleman’s Agreement of 1908-Japanese immigration

banned in exchange for segregation to end in California’s schools for Japanese children (U.S. had a good relationship with Japan until after WWI)

Japanese immigrated in large numbers to Hawaii and California, late 20th century

Often treated as second class citizens like the Chinese

Japan

U.S. Expansion

1893-American planters overthrow Hawaiian

kingdom 1898-U.S. annexes Hawaii and it becomes a

territory Traditional territory vs. insular territory (colony or

possession) Hawaii could achieve statehood Insular territories (like the Midway Islands) could

not become states and participate in American democracy

See map p. 711-U.S. annexes Pacific Islands

Hawaii

Monroe Doctrine-1823-Warned European powers not to

interfere with Western Hemisphere Spanish American War-1898-U.S. entered war for Cuban

Independence after the Spanish accidentally sunk the American ship Maine

U.S. gained the Philippines (Filipinos), Puerto Rico and Guam from Spain (they became insular territories with no say in U.S. government)

Platt Amendment-1903-U.S. could interfere militarily with Cuba whenever it saw fit

Cuba achieved independence but was under “U.S. sphere of influence”

Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine, 1905-U.S. could interfere with Latin America, but Europe could not

See p. 771 (Ch. 19) for a map detailing U.S. intervention in Latin America from 1905 onward

U.S. Imperialism

Open door policy, 1899-European powers forced

China to trade with them after the Opium Wars, U.S. wanted their trade as well

U.S. sent troops to suppress Boxer Rebellion in China in 1900 (Chinese killed Christians and stormed foreign embassies)

1899-1903-U.S./Filipino war 100,000 Filipinos died, 4,200 Americans

Filipinos failed to gain independence Howard Taft became Governor General of the

Philippines in 1901 (later became president of U.S.)

Interference with China and Philippines

Democrats opposed to the Philippine War Anti-Imperialists believed the war was “un-

American” McKinley won the election again in 1900 on a

platform of “benevolent imperialism abroad and prosperity at home”

Criticism of U.S. Imperialism

Know key terms, timelines and review tables Presidents, 1865-1916:

17. Andrew Johnson 1865-186918. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant 1869-187719. Rutherford B. Hayes 1877-1881

20. James A. Garfield 1881-(Died in Office)21. Chester A. Arthur 1881-188522.Grover Cleveland 1885-188923.Benjamin Harrison 1889-189324.Grover Cleveland 1893-189725. William McKinley 1897-1901

26. Theodore Roosevelt 1901-190927.William Howard Taft 1909-1913

28.Woodraw Wilson 1913-1921

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