franco basaglia and spain · 2020. 10. 9. · basaglia and spain • the life and work of franco...

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Franco Basaglia and Spain Juan José Martínez Jambrina Psychiatrist Head of Mental Health Service, Avilés, Asturias

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Page 1: Franco Basaglia and Spain · 2020. 10. 9. · Basaglia and Spain • The life and work of Franco Basaglia is well‐ known in Italy, and amongst a certain section of Spanish psychiatrists

Franco Basaglia and Spain

Juan José

Martínez JambrinaPsychiatrist

Head of Mental Health Service, Avilés,  Asturias 

Page 2: Franco Basaglia and Spain · 2020. 10. 9. · Basaglia and Spain • The life and work of Franco Basaglia is well‐ known in Italy, and amongst a certain section of Spanish psychiatrists

Basaglia and Spain

• The life and work of Franco Basaglia is well‐ known in Italy, and amongst a certain section 

of Spanish psychiatrists too.

• However, the newer generations of Spanish  psychiatrists hardly know him, nor the effort  that was required to develop Spanish 

psychiatric care outside of the asylums.

Page 3: Franco Basaglia and Spain · 2020. 10. 9. · Basaglia and Spain • The life and work of Franco Basaglia is well‐ known in Italy, and amongst a certain section of Spanish psychiatrists

Basaglia and Spain

• The figure of Franco Basaglia in Spain is  quickly associated with two adjectives:  antipsychiatrist and communist. From what I 

have read, Basaglia rejected the label  “antipsychiatrist”

in numerous interviews, and 

as to his political ideas I would argue that  despite his progressive leanings he was able 

to reconcile his position with the support of  Democratic Christians.

Page 4: Franco Basaglia and Spain · 2020. 10. 9. · Basaglia and Spain • The life and work of Franco Basaglia is well‐ known in Italy, and amongst a certain section of Spanish psychiatrists

Basaglia and Spain

• For this reason it would seem to me very interesting to  review the personal contacts he made and the reception of 

his work in Spain.

• In beginning to draw together this information I found very  few primary sources, and it took me more time than I had 

expected. 

• Today I will present the outline of the project that I hope to  develop with the support of both Spanish and Italian 

colleagues. I am of the belief that history should be based  upon facts, and not personal opinion.

Page 5: Franco Basaglia and Spain · 2020. 10. 9. · Basaglia and Spain • The life and work of Franco Basaglia is well‐ known in Italy, and amongst a certain section of Spanish psychiatrists

Basaglia and Spain

• Franco Basaglia had a brief but especially intense  relationship with psychiatrists mainly from Barcelona, 

Madrid, Asturias and Andalucia. • Moreover, he forged relationships with all those that 

formed the first nucleus of transformation in  psychiatric care in Spain, in the form of the Psychiatric 

Coordination Group (la Coordinadora Psiquiátrica). This  group, created in 1971, after the so‐called “Asturian 

May”, could be considered the equivalent to the  “Democratic Psychiatry”

group in Italy.

Page 6: Franco Basaglia and Spain · 2020. 10. 9. · Basaglia and Spain • The life and work of Franco Basaglia is well‐ known in Italy, and amongst a certain section of Spanish psychiatrists

Basaglia and Spain

• Franco Basaglia arrived in Trieste in the  autumn of 1971, after seven years in Gorizia 

and two years in Parma. My information  appears to confirm that Basaglia travelled 

several times to Spain to attend meetings of  the Psychiatric Coordination Group, although  there are two visits that are particularly 

important and well‐documented.•

Page 7: Franco Basaglia and Spain · 2020. 10. 9. · Basaglia and Spain • The life and work of Franco Basaglia is well‐ known in Italy, and amongst a certain section of Spanish psychiatrists

Basaglia and Spain

• The first was in 1978, for the release in Madrid of  Marco Bellochio´s “Locos de desatar”

(Matti di 

slegare), and during which Basaglia visits Madrid,  Barcelona and Andalucia. 

• The second important visit was in March 1980,  for a Congress that took place in Gerona, where  he held an interesting debate with the Spanish 

psychiatrist Carlos Castilla del Pino. 

Page 8: Franco Basaglia and Spain · 2020. 10. 9. · Basaglia and Spain • The life and work of Franco Basaglia is well‐ known in Italy, and amongst a certain section of Spanish psychiatrists

Basaglia and Spain

• However, probably the very first contact was made in  April 1973, in a meeting held in Venice. The Spanish 

delegation was made up of Ramón García, from  Barcelona and José

García, from Asturias. They 

reported on the conflicts that there had been in Spain  and of the movement that was beginning. 

• Well‐known representatives from France, Germany  and Italy participated in this meeting. Someone from 

England had the idea of creating a co‐ordinating group  at a European level that would, amongst other things, 

elaborate a “map of shame”

of psychiatric care.

Page 9: Franco Basaglia and Spain · 2020. 10. 9. · Basaglia and Spain • The life and work of Franco Basaglia is well‐ known in Italy, and amongst a certain section of Spanish psychiatrists

Basaglia and Spain

• In the end, instead of the group that it had been proposed  to create in Venice, at a meeting in Brussels in 1975 there 

formed the “International Alternative Psychiatry Network” (El Réseau Internationale). This network held meetings in 

subsequent years and wrote alternative papers about the  situation of psychiatric care.

• The network also encouraged a great deal the alternative  experiences happening in central Europe at the time. The  meeting held in Trieste, in September 1977, was highly 

significant. Here the closure and overcoming of the asylum  system was announced.

• In 1978, Legge 180 was approved.

Page 10: Franco Basaglia and Spain · 2020. 10. 9. · Basaglia and Spain • The life and work of Franco Basaglia is well‐ known in Italy, and amongst a certain section of Spanish psychiatrists

Basaglia and Spain

• In 1978 Franco Basaglia is invited to visit Madrid to give an  official conference in the Red Cross Hospital as well as 

another one, clandestine, in the Gregorio Marañón  Hospital. The latter was organized by Dr. González de 

Chávez for the premier of the film “Locos de Desatar” based upon the previously published book.

•• On this trip Basaglia also visits, at least, Barcelona and 

Andalucia. His leadership and work are by now well known  in Spain. Various articles in the mainstream press pay 

testament to the importance of the trip.•

Page 11: Franco Basaglia and Spain · 2020. 10. 9. · Basaglia and Spain • The life and work of Franco Basaglia is well‐ known in Italy, and amongst a certain section of Spanish psychiatrists

Basaglia and Spain

• In 1980, shortly before his death, he again visits Spain.  In March of that year he attends a conference in 

Gerona where he encounters the great star of Spanish  psychiatry, Carlos Castilla del Pino. There is an 

interesting and tense debate between them, some  fragments of which I have managed to get hold of.

• Franco Basaglia died in August 1980, but his impulse  had by then already resulted in the forging of links and 

connections between Spain and Italy that will last a  long time. It seems necessary to recover and maintain 

these links given the fruits already obtained.

Page 12: Franco Basaglia and Spain · 2020. 10. 9. · Basaglia and Spain • The life and work of Franco Basaglia is well‐ known in Italy, and amongst a certain section of Spanish psychiatrists

Basaglia and Spain

• The contact between Asturias  and Trieste intensified after  the eighties. The Perlora Conference in Asturias was 

organized and notable representatives from the Italian  movement came to Asturias. 

• Towards the end of the eighties and beginning of the  nineties an integrated network of groups was formed. This 

comprised groups from Greece, Portugal, Italy –

principally  Trieste and Arezzo – along with Asturias and Andalucia 

from Spain. They organized meetings and activities during  five years. As a result of this connection psychiatrists from  Asturias continue to participate in activities and 

anniversaries that are organized in Trieste.•

Page 13: Franco Basaglia and Spain · 2020. 10. 9. · Basaglia and Spain • The life and work of Franco Basaglia is well‐ known in Italy, and amongst a certain section of Spanish psychiatrists

Basaglia and Spain

• In 1991, the astuarian psychiatrists Víctor Aparicio and  José

García organized a tribute to Franco Basaglia in 

Oviedo. Present at the act were his widow, Franca  Ongaro, and Dr Rotelli, who said a few words. 

• The press gave an account of the event that closes with  the inauguration of a plaque in honour of Dr. Basaglia 

in the old Psychiatric Hospital that would be destroyed  in 2002 to make way for the current Asturian General 

Hospital, opened just two years ago.•

Page 14: Franco Basaglia and Spain · 2020. 10. 9. · Basaglia and Spain • The life and work of Franco Basaglia is well‐ known in Italy, and amongst a certain section of Spanish psychiatrists

Basaglia and Spain

• In the sixties, Gorizia was the first announce that  the time of closing psychiatric hospital had 

arrived. • Oviedo in Asturias, 1971 was the second place in 

Europe where the mental healthe workers began  to close the psychiatric institution. All of them 

were fired. But the light of the transformation  had been set up.

• Asturias and Trieste had been parallel stories. But  the rest of Spain, with some exceptions, stills 

suffers the so‐called  “half‐way psychiatric  reform”

Page 15: Franco Basaglia and Spain · 2020. 10. 9. · Basaglia and Spain • The life and work of Franco Basaglia is well‐ known in Italy, and amongst a certain section of Spanish psychiatrists

Asturian psychiatrists pay tribute to  Franco Basaglia

Page 16: Franco Basaglia and Spain · 2020. 10. 9. · Basaglia and Spain • The life and work of Franco Basaglia is well‐ known in Italy, and amongst a certain section of Spanish psychiatrists

Basaglia´s death, 1980

Page 17: Franco Basaglia and Spain · 2020. 10. 9. · Basaglia and Spain • The life and work of Franco Basaglia is well‐ known in Italy, and amongst a certain section of Spanish psychiatrists

Hommage to Basaglia, 1991, Oviedo

• Asturias: one the  places in Spain 

where Psychiatric  Reform has been   developed with 

good results