fractal antenna
TRANSCRIPT
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FRACTAL ANTENNA
By
A.SRIRATNA
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OVERVIEWѪIntroductionѪWhat is fractal antennaѪGeometry of fractalsѪFractal dipole Antenna-KOCH fractalѪDifferent Fractal LoopsѪApplicationsѪMeritsѪDemeritsѪConclusion
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In today world of wireless communications, there has been an increasing need for more compact and portable communications systems. Just as the size of circuitry has evolved to transceivers on a single chip, there is also a need to evolve antenna designs to minimize the size.
Currently, many portable communications systems use a simple monopole with a matching circuit. The fractal antenna not only has a large effective length, but the contours of its shape can generate a capacitance or inductance that can help to match the antenna to the circuit.
INTRODUCTION
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FRACTAL‡ “Fractal” means “broken” or “fractured”‡ Derived from the Latin word “fractus”‡Introduced by “benoit Mandelbrot”, a French mathematician in 1975.‡Personalities like D.Hilbert, Helge Von Koch, G.Cantor played an important role.‡ Fractals are geometrical shapes which are self-similar & independent of scale.‡Fractals are complex geometric designs that repeat themselves and are thus “self similar.‡Area directly proportional to perimeter .‡Based on EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY.
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Ѫ The geometry of fractals is important because the effective length of the fractal antennas can be increased while keeping at total area same.
Ѫ The shape of the fractal antenna can be formed by an iterative mathematical process, called as Iterative Function Systems (IFS).
THE GEOMETRY OF FRACTALS
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Ѫ The expected benefit of using a fractal as a dipole antenna is to miniaturize the total height of the antenna at resonance. The geometry of how this antenna could be used as a dipole is shown in fig 1. Ѫ The starting pattern for the Koch loop that is used as a fractal antenna is a triangle. From this starting pattern, every segment of the starting pattern is replaced by the generators.
FRACTAL DIPOLE ANTENNAS- KOCH FRACTAL
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Fig.1 :Koch curve
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Ѫ Resonant loop antennas require a large amount of space and small loops have very low input resistance. ѪA fractal island can be used as a loop antenna to overcome these drawbacks.Ѫ Fractals loops have the characteristic that the perimeter increases to infinity while maintaining the volume occupied.
FRACTAL LOOPS
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Ѫ For a small loop, this increase in length improves the input resistance. By raising the input resistance, the antenna can be more easily matched to a feeding transmission line.
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Ѫ Fractals have self-similarity in their geometry, this can lead to multiband characteristic antennas.Ѫ A Sierpinski sieve dipole can be easily compared to a bowtie dipole antenna.Ѫ the middle third triangle is removed from the bowtie antenna, leaving three equally sized triangles, which are half the heightof the original bowtie.
MINKOWSKI LOOP
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Fig : Sierpinski triangle
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FIG: the current distribution in the areas of resonance
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Ѫ Military applications Ѫ Custom applications
Ѫ Extreme frequency range operation Ѫ Compact enough to be mounted in a variety of locations Ѫ Capability for covert operations
APPLICATIONS
Military applications
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Ѫ Support full deployment of world`s most advanced wireless technology Ѫ Mobile device configurations made possible low cost performance enhancement for today`s RFID applications Ѫ Communication applications
CUSTOM APPLICATIONS
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Ѫ Powerful, versatile and compact ѫ more reliable and lower cost ѫ increased bandwidth and multiband capability
ѫ decrease size load and enable optimum smart antenna technology ѫ minituratization ѫ better input impedance matching ѫ frequency independent
MERITS
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Ѫ Gain loss Ѫ complexity Ѫ numerical limitations
DEMERITS
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To get an understanding of the relationship between the performance of the antenna and the fractal dimension of the geometry requires two courses of action. . The first course of action requires that many more examples of fractal geometries are applied to antennas. The second crucial course of action is to attain a better understanding of the fractal dimension of the geometries.
The fractal counterparts of these antennas having a large fractal dimension are more efficient in filling up the space.
CONCLUSION
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“ Bandwidth and Q of antennas radiating TE and TM modes.” IEEE transactions on electromagnetic compatibility
FRACTUS, the technology of nature, www.Fractus.Com
Benoit B. Mandelbrot, “The Fractal Geometry Of Nature” W.H.Freeman 1982
REFERENCES
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