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FORMING AND SHAPING OF PLASTIC MATERIALS BY USING

CNC MACHINES

*K.Siva Kishore Babu,

1B.Koteswararao

#,1P.S.Prema Kumar

$

1,#,$Assistant professor,k.L.University,Greenfields,Guntur-522502.

ABSTRACT

Plastics can be processed in many ways of which INJECTION MOLDING and BLOW

MOLDING are the most widely used and versatile processing technique. The process is known

for it’s high production rate, lower labor costs repeatability and it’s ability to produce finished

components with a large variety of materials. In multiple cavity moulds one of the major

concerns when the size of the component is small is the material wastage in the form of

“RUNNER”. In this dissertation efforts have been made to design a 16 cavity mould for arc

guide plate cover as per the component requirement based on a runner layout with least runner

length. Runner sizes for different branches of the feed systems are obtained from empirical

relations. The sixteen components are imported and meshed in mould flow analysis software and

the feed system is modeled. The combination is then checked and analyzed using mould flow

insight. The analysis is run again varying runner sizes violating the empirical guidelines an

attempt to save material. The optimum runner size is determined when no further reduction of

the runner size is possible without compromising the smooth running of the mould. The

injection mould is then modified to incorporate the optimized feed system. Temperature at flow

front, weld line and maximum clamping force, cavity pressure are also observed in addition to

runner optimization. The designer’s intent is then specified through 2D drawings of the part

forming inserts and tool assembly. The amount of savings per annum is then calculated based on

the difference in weight of the feed system before and after analysis which amounts to 95% of

the tool cost.

Introduction 1.1 History

1847 Jons Jacob Berzelius produces first condensation polymer, polyester, from glycerin

(propanetriol) and tartaric acid Jons Jacob Berzelius is also credited with originating the

chemical terms "catalysis," "polymer," "isomer," and "allotrope," although his original

definitions differ dramatically from modern usage. For example, he coined the term "polymer" in

1833 to describe organic compounds which shared identical empirical formulas but which

differed in overall molecular weight, the larger of the compounds being described as "polymers"

of the smallest. According to this (now obsolete) definition, glucose (C6H12O6) would be a

polymer of formaldehyde (CH2O).The first man-made commercial plastic was invented in

Britain in 1861 by Alexander Parkes. He publicly demonstrated it at the 1862 International

Exhibition in London, calling the material he produced "Parkesine." Derived from cellulose,

Parkesine could be heated, molded, and retain its shape when cooled. It was, however, expensive

to produce, prone to cracking, and highly flammable.In 1868, American inventor John Wesley

Hyatt developed a plastic material he named Celluloid, improving on Parkes' invention so that it

could be processed into finished form. Together with his brother Isaiah, Hyatt patented the first

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injection molding machine in 1872. This machine was relatively simple compared to machines in

use today. It worked like a large hypodermic needle, using a plunger to inject plastic through a

heated cylinder into a mold. The industry progressed slowly over the years, producing products

such as collar stays, buttons, and hair combs.The plastic injection molding industry has evolved

over the years from producing combs and buttons to producing a vast array of products for many

industries including automotive, medical, aerospace, consumer products, toys, plumbing,

packaging, and construction.

1.2.BPA controversy

Some polymers may also decompose into the monomers or other toxic substances when

heated. In 2011, it was reported that "almost all plastic products" sampled released chemicals

with estrogenic activity, although the researchers identified plastics which did not leach

chemicals with estrogenic activity. The primary building block of polycarbonates, bisphenol A

(BPA), is an estrogen-like endocrine disruptor that may leach into food. Research in

Environmental Health Perspectives finds that BPA leached from the lining of tin cans, dental

sealants and polycarbonate bottles can increase body weight of lab animals' offspring. A more

recent animal study suggests that even low-level exposure to BPA results in insulin resistance,

which can lead to inflammation and heart disease. As of January 2010, the LA Times newspaper

reports that the United States FDA is spending $30 million to investigate indications of BPA

being linked to cancer. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, present in plastic wrap based on PVC, is also

of concern, as are the volatile organic compounds present in new car smell. The European Union

has a permanent ban on the use of phthalates in toys. In 2009, the United States government

banned certain types of phthalates commonly used in plastic.

1.3 Environmental issues

Plastics are durable and degrade very slowly; the chemical bonds that make plastic so

durable make it equally resistant to natural processes of degradation. Since the 1950s, one billion

tons of plastic have been discarded and may persist for hundreds or even thousands of years.

Perhaps the biggest environmental threat from plastic comes from nurdles, which are the raw

material from which all plastics are made. They are tiny pre-plastic pellets that kill large numbers

of fish and birds that mistake them for food.Prior to the ban on the use of CFCs in extrusion of

polystyrene (and general use, except in life-critical fire suppression systems; see Montreal

Protocol), the production of polystyrene contributed to the depletion of the ozone layer; however,

non-CFCs are currently used in the extrusion process.

1.4 Incineration of plastics

Plastics can be converted into a fuel since they are usually hydrocarbon-based and can be

broken down into liquid hydrocarbon. One kilogram of waste plastic produces a liter of

hydrocarbon. In some cases, burning plastic can release toxic fumes. Burning the plastic

polyvinyl chloride (PVC) may create dioxin.

1.5.Recycling

Thermoplastics can be remolded and reused, and thermoset plastics can be ground up and

used as filler, although the purity of the material tends to degrade with each reuse cycle. There

are methods by which plastics can be broken back down to a feedstock state.The greatest

challenge to the recycling of plastics is the difficulty of automating the sorting of plastic wastes,

making it labor intensive. Typically, workers sort the plastic by looking at the resin identification

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code, although common containers like soda bottles can be sorted from memory. Typically, the

caps for PETE bottles are made from a different kind of plastic which is not recyclable, which

presents additional problems to the automated sorting process. Other recyclable materials such as

metals are easier to process mechanically. However, new processes of mechanical sorting are

being developed to increase capacity and efficiency of plastic recycling.While containers are

usually made from a single type and color of plastic, making them relatively easy to be sorted, a

consumer product like a cellular phone may have many small parts consisting of over a dozen

different types and colors of plastics. In such cases, the resources it would take to separate the

plastics far exceed their value and the item is discarded. However, developments are taking place

in the field of active disassembly, which may result in more consumer product components being

re-used or recycled. Recycling certain types of plastics can be unprofitable, as well. For example,

polystyrene is rarely recycled because it is usually not cost effective. These unrecycled wastes

are typically disposed of in landfills, incinerated or used to produce electricity at waste-to-energy

plants.A first success in recycling of plastics is Vinyloop, a recycling process and an approach of

the industry to separate PVC from other materials through a process of dissolution, filtration and

separation of contaminations. A solvent is used in a closed loop to elute PVC from the waste.

This makes it possible to recycle composite structure PVC waste which normally is being

incinerated or put in a landfill. Vinyloop-based recycled PVC's primary energy demand is 46

percent lower than conventional produced PVC. The global warming potential is 39 percent

lower. This is why the use of recycled material leads to a significant better ecological footprint.

In 1988, to assist recycling of disposable items, the Plastic Bottle Institute of the Society of the

Plastics Industry devised a now-familiar scheme to mark plastic bottles by plastic type. A plastic

container using this scheme is marked with a triangle of three "chasing arrows", which encloses a

number giving the plastic type:

1. PET (PETE), polyethylene terephthalate

2. HDPE, high-density polyethylene

3. PVC, polyvinyl chloride

4. LDPE, low-density polyethylene,

5. PP, polypropylene

6. PS, polystyrene

7. Other types of plastics

2.PROCESSING METHODS

Molding or moulding is the process of manufacturing by shaping pliable raw material

using a rigid frame or model called a pattern. A mold or mould is a hollowed-out block that is

filled with a liquid like plastic, glass, metal, or ceramic raw materials. The liquid hardens or sets

inside the mold, adopting its shape. A mold is the counterpart to a cast. The manufacturer who

makes the molds is called the mold maker. A release agent is typically used to make removal of

the hardened/set substance from the mold easier. Typical uses for molded plastics include

molded furniture, molded household goods, molded cases, and structural materials.

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Fig .1: One half of a bronze mold for casting dated to the period 1400-1000 BC.

Fig 2: Stone mold of the Bronze Age used to produce spear tips.

3. TYPES OF MOLDING

Blow molding

Compaction plus sintering

Compression molding

Expandable bead molding

Extrusion molding

Foam molding

Injection molding

Laminating

Reaction injection molding

Matched mold

Matrix molding

Plastic moulding

Pressure plug assist molding

Rotational molding (or Rotomolding)

Transfer molding

Thermoforming

Vacuum forming, a simplified version of thermoforming

Vacuum plug assist molding

3.1 Die (manufacturing)

A die is a specialized tool used in manufacturing industries to cut or shape material using

a press. Like molds, dies are generally customized to the item they are used to create. Products

made with dies range from simple paper clips to complex pieces used in advanced technology.

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Fig 3:Injection molding mold.

Forming dies are typically made by tool and die makers and put into production after

mounting into a press. The die is a metal block that is used for forming materials like sheet metal

and plastic. For the vacuum forming of plastic sheet only a single form is used, typically to form

transparent plastic containers (called blister packs) for merchandise. Vacuum forming is

considered a simple molding thermoforming process but uses the same principles as die forming.

For the forming of sheet metal, such as automobile body parts, two parts may be used, one,

called the punch, performs the stretching, bending, and/or blanking operation, while another part,

called the die block, securely clamps the workpiece and provides similar, stretching, bending,

and/or blanking operation. The workpiece may pass through several stages using different tools

or operations to obtain the final form. In the case of an automotive component there will usually

be a shearing operation after the main forming is done and then additional crimping or rolling

operations to ensure that all sharp edges are hidden and to add rigidity to the panel.

3.2 Die components

The main components for Die Tool sets are:

Die block - This is the main part that all the other parts are attached to.

Punch plate - This part holds and supports the different punches in place.

Blank punch - This part along with the Blank Die produces the blanked part.

Pierce punch - This part along with the Pierce Die removes parts from the blanked

finished part.

Stripper plate - This is used to hold the material down on the Blank/ Pierce Die and strip

the material off the punches.

Pilot - This is used to keep the material being worked on in position.

Guide / Back gage / Finger stop - These parts are all used to make sure that the material

being worked on always goes in the same position, within the die, as the last one.

Setting (Stop) Block - This part is used to control the depth that the punch goes into the

die.

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Blanking Dies - See Blanking Punch

Pierce Die - See Pierce Punch.

shank-used to hold in the presses. it should be align and situated at the center of gravity

of the plate. 4.INJECTION MOLDING

Injection molding is the most commonly used manufacturing process for the fabrication

of plastic parts. A wide variety of products are manufactured using injection molding, which

vary greatly in their size, complexity, and application. The injection molding process requires the

use of an injection molding machine, raw plastic material, and a mold. The plastic is melted in

the injection molding machine and then injected into the mold, where it cools and solidifies into

the final part. The steps in this process are described in greater detail in the next section.

Fig 4:Injection molding overview.

Injection molding is used to produce thin-walled plastic parts for a wide variety of

applications, one of the most common being plastic housings. Plastic housing is a thin-walled

enclosure, often requiring many ribs and bosses on the interior. These housings are used in a

variety of products including household appliances, consumer electronics, power tools, and as

automotive dashboards.

4.1 Process cycle

The process cycle for injection molding is very short, typically between 2 seconds and 2

minutes, and consists of the following four stages:

1. Clamping

2. Injection

3. Cooling

4. Ejection

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Fig 5:Injection molded part.

4.2 Equipments

Injection molding machines have many components and are available in different

configurations, including a horizontal configuration and a vertical configuration. However,

regardless of their design, all injection molding machines utilize a power source, injection unit,

mold assembly, and clamping unit to perform the four stages of the process cycle.

4.3.Injection unit

The injection unit is responsible for both heating and injecting the material into the mold.

The first part of this unit is the hopper, a large container into which the raw plastic is poured. The

hopper has an open bottom, which allows the material to feed into the barrel. The barrel contains

the mechanism for heating and injecting the material into the mold. This mechanism is usually a

ram injector or a reciprocating screw. A ram injector forces the material forward through a

heated section with a ram or plunger that is usually hydraulically powered. Today, the more

common technique is the use of a reciprocating screw. A reciprocating screw moves the material

forward by both rotating and sliding axially, being powered by either a hydraulic or electric

motor. The material enters the grooves of the screw from the hopper and is advanced towards the

mold as the screw rotates. While it is advanced, the material is melted by pressure, friction, and

additional heaters that surround the reciprocating screw. The molten plastic is then injected very

quickly into the mold through the nozzle at the end of the barrel by the buildup of pressure and

the forward action of the screw.

4.4.Clamping unit

Prior to the injection of the molten plastic into the mold, the two halves of the mold must

first be securely closed by the clamping unit. When the mold is attached to the injection molding

machine, each half is fixed to a large plate, called a platen. The front half of the mold, called the

mold cavity, is mounted to a stationary platen and aligns with the nozzle of the injection unit.

The rear half of the mold, called the mold core, is mounted to a movable platen, which slides

along the tie bars. The hydraulically powered clamping motor actuates clamping bars that push

the moveable platen towards the stationary platen and exert sufficient force to keep the mold

securely closed while the material is injected and subsequently cools. After the required cooling

time, the mold is then opened by the clamping motor. An ejection system, which is attached to

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the rear half of the mold, is actuated by the ejector bar and pushes the solidified part out of the

open cavity.

4.5 Machine specifications

Injection molding machines are typically characterized by the tonnage of the clamp force

they provide. The required clamp force is determined by the projected area of the parts in the

mold and the pressure with which the material is injected. Therefore, a larger part will require a

larger clamping force. Also, certain materials that require high injection pressures may require

higher tonnage machines. The size of the part must also comply with other machine

specifications, such as shot capacity, clamp stroke, minimum mold thickness, and platen size.

Babyplast Powerline Maxima

Clamp force (ton) 6.6 330 4400

Shot capacity (oz.) 0.13 - 0.50 8 - 34 413 - 1054

Clamp stroke (in.) 4.33 23.6 133.8

Min. mold thickness (in.) 1.18 7.9 31.5

Platen size (in.) 2.95 x 2.95 40.55 x 40.55 122.0 x 106.3

4.6 Possible Defects

Defect Causes

Flash Injection pressure too high

Clamp force too low

Warping Non-uniform cooling rate

Bubbles Injection temperature too high

Too much moisture in material

Non-uniform cooling rate

Unfilled sections Insufficient shot volume

Flow rate of material too low

Sink marks Injection pressure too low

Non-uniform cooling rate Table 1: Possible Defects.

Many of the above defects are caused by a non-uniform cooling rate. A variation in the cooling

rate can be caused by non-uniform wall thickness or non-uniform mold temperature.

5.Machines at Industry

5.1 Injection Molding Machines

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Fig 6: SW-B series (SW-90B ~ SW-320B).

SW-B series Plastic Injection Molding Machine is equipping a five-point toggle

mechanism and differential hydraulic circuit to substantially accelerate forming speed, increase

forming rate and reduce cycle time of production. The clamping, ejecting and injection units use

linear transducers to control movement stroke of each function precisely. Multiple pressure,

speed, time and position controls of machinery performances aim for saving power and

achieving accuracy of finished articles. Usage of double injection cylinder is to shorten injection

stroke as well as to avoid material leakage.

In addition, SW-B series keeps improving on quality and functions. Some

advanced mechanical applications such as power-saving variable pump, closed-loop hydraulic

circuit, double (triple) independent hydraulic circuits and high-speed injection, accumulator

injection etc. are able to be installed on B series, to satisfy the demand of higher production and

lower cost from customer.

Specifications

MODEL UNIT SW-90B SW-120B

Injection Unit

Screw Diameter mm 32 36

Injection pressure kg/cm2 2297 2177

Theoretical shot Volume cm3 145 204

Shot Weight(PS) oz 122 171

Injection Rate cm3/sec 65 84

Plasticizing Capacity(PS) Kg/hr 37 47

Theoretical Screw Revolution 0-200 0-200

Injection Stroke mm 180 200

Clamping Unit

Clamping Force ton 90 120

Max Opening Daylight mm 730 820

Space Between Tie Bars mm 360*360 395*395

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Mould Height Min-Max mm 130-400 140-440

Ejector Force ton 4.6 4.6

Ejector Stroke mm 100 100

Platen Dimension(H*V) mm 540*540 595*595

Suggested Min Mould Diameter(H*W) mm

Mould Opening Stroke mm 330 380

Others

Pump Driving Motor HP/Kw 15/11.19 20/14.92

Heating Capacity Kw 4.6 6.1

Thermo controller set (0-399)*3 (0-399)*4

Oil Tank Capacity L 290 350

Machine Dimensions m 4.3*1.25*1.6 4.8*1.3*1.6

Machine Weight ton 3.6 4.5 Table 2: Specifications of SW-B series (SW-90B ~ SW-320B).Manufactures

Fig 7: Products manufactured by SW-B machine.

6.2 Automatic Multiple Cylinders Injection Molding Machine

Automatic Multiple Cylinders Injection Molding Machine with character of long lasting

and efficient operation.

Fig 8:SW-MB series (SW-400MB ~ SW-600MB).

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SW-MB series automatic multiple cylinders injection molding machine particularly

focuses on customers using middle and large model machineries, ranging from 400 tons to 2300

tons clamping force. Instead of equipping double toggle mechanism, MB series uses four locking

mechanisms to place exact position of moving platen and meanwhile generates clamping force

by four hydraulic cylinders. The design of multiple cylinders could reduce total machinery

length, as well as provide more than twice mold opening stroke in contract with toggle injection

machine. MB series is the most appropriate model for producing longer or deeper articles. In

addition, new controller of MB series has 10.4 inches TFT-LCD monitor with 16.5 million

colors offering clear graphic display, particularly appropriate for a long-run use by operator. It

possesses several language modes that could be switched immediately to support personnel of

different regions. In addition, it installs many technical applications, such as data-printing, USB

port, Ethernet (optional) and touch panel (optional) to be run more efficiently by operators.

Manufactures

Fig 9: Products manufactured by SW-MB machine.

Specifications

MODEL UNIT SW-400MB

Injection Unit

Screw Diameter mm 65

Injection pressure kg/cm2 1850

Theoretical shot Volume cm3 1128

Shot Weight(PS) oz 33.4

Injection Rate cm3/sec 288

Plasticizing Capacity(PS) Kg/hr 154

Injection Stroke mm 340

Clamping Unit

Clamping Force ton 400

Max Opening Daylight mm 1750-950

Space Between Tie Bars mm 700*700

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Mould Height Min-Max mm 250-800

Ejector Force ton 7

Ejector Stroke mm 190

Platen Dimension(H*V) mm 1000*1000

Suggested Min Mould Diameter(H*W) mm 400*400

Mould Opening Stroke mm 1500

Others

Pump Driving Motor HP/Kw 70/52.22

Heating Capacity Kw 22.8

Thermo controller set (0-399)*5

Oil Tank Capacity L 1000

Machine Dimensions m 6.9*1.6*2.1

Machine Weight ton 17

Table 2: Specifications of SW-B series (SW-90B ~ SW-320B).

6.3 Krauss Maffei KM 550-5700 BM/P

SPECIFICATION UNIT VALUE

Distance Between Tie Bars Cm 39.37*39.37

Platen Size Cm 56.69*55.27

Max Daylight Cm 64.96

Min Mold Height Cm 18.9

Ejector Stroke Cm 9.84

Screw Diameter Cm 4.56

Mold Clamp Bold Size Cm 3/4/2012

Hopper Capacity Pounds 880

Screw Ratio

8.25:1

Voltage Volts 480

Tonnage Ton 550

Shot Size OZ 244.8 Table 3: Specifications of SW-B series (SW-90B ~ SW-320B).

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Fig 10: Krauss Maffei KM 550-5700 BM/P.

6.4 ROCEE (RTD-250)

ROCEE supply RTD series economic injection machines and RTS series precise

injection machines.RTD series machine installed with double cylinder injection unit. It can be

used for most of plastic injection applications.

Fig 11: ROCEE (RTD-250).

Specification

Hydraulics

◆ Pump/Motor

6-pole motor for low noise and longer pump life

Low speed pump for low noise and long life

◆ Oil Filter – Externally Mounted Suction Filter

For easy access and filter clean or filter change

With shut off check valve, if filter element removed

◆ Oil Tank

Oil level indicator

Oil temperature sensor and alarm on control

External heat exchanger

Machine Safety

◆ Nozzle purge guard- with limit switch

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◆ Hydraulic guard interlock – for front and rear moving guards

◆ Electric interlock – for front and rear guards

◆ Oil temperature and level indicator

◆ Low pressure mould protection

◆ Automatic lubrication – with fail safe alarm

Controls ◆ TECH688A controller, with 8 inch LCD COLOUR screen, touch pad data-entry

◆ User-friendly and easy operation interface

◆ Fault diagnostics with plain text messages

◆ Control cabinet with cooling fans

◆ 4 x mould closing speeds

◆ 4 x mould opening speeds

◆ 6 x stage injection control (speed, position & pressure).

◆ 3 x stage screw recovery speeds

Optional Features ◆ Variable pumping system

◆ RFV precise injection system

◆ Special screw geometry

◆ Bimetal screws and barrels

◆ Shut-off nozzles

◆ Drop chute with photocell

Working of CNC Machines Computerized Numerical Control(CNC) machine works depends upon command given

and those commands are classified into two types they are G codes and M codes. Some of the G

codes and M codes are as follows

7.1 G codes

Special characters that can be used from within your program are:

G00 Rapid move

G01 Feed Rate move

G02 Clockwise move

G03 Counter Clockwise move

G04 Dwell time G04 L#

G08 Spline Smoothing On

G09 Exact stop check, Spline Smoothing Off

G10 A linear feedrate controlled move with a decelerated stop

G11 Controlled Decel stop

G17 XY PLANE

G18 XZ PLANE

G19 YZ PLANE

G28 Return to clearance plane

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G33 Threading (Lathe)

G35 Bypass error checking on next line

G40 Tool compensation off

G41 Tool compensation to the left

G42 Tool compensation to the right

G43 Tool length compensation - negative direction

G44 Tool length compensation - positive direction

G49 Tool length compensation cancelled

G53 Cancel work coordinate offsets

G54-G59 Work coordinate offsets 1 through 6

G61 Spline contouring with buffering mode off

G64 Spline contouring with buffering mode on

G65 Mill out rectangular pocket

G66 Mill out circular pocket

G67 Flycut

G68 Mill out rectangular pocket with radius corners

7.2 Common M Codes Default M codes used on most machines types.

M02 End of Program

M03 Spindle On Clockwise, Laser, Flame, Power ON

M04 Spindle On Counter Clockwise

M05 Spindle Stop, Laser, Flame, Power OFF

M06 Tool Change

M08 Coolant On

M09 Coolant Off

M10 Reserved for tool height offset

M13 Spindle On, Coolant On

M30 End of Program when macros are used

M91 Readout Display Incremental

M92 Readout Display Absolute

M97 Go to or jump to line number

M98 Jump to macro or subroutine

M99 Return from macro or subroutine

M100 Machine Zero Reset

M199 Mid program start

Conclusion

In Industry it is not efficient or profitable to make everyday products by hand. On a CNC

machine it is possible to make hundreds or even thousands of the same item in a day. First a

design is drawn using design software, then it is processed by the computer and manufactured

using the CNC machine. A small CNC machine can be used to machine woods, plastics and

aluminium. In industry, CNC machines can be extremely large. The classical full factorial of

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approach has been applied to the injection molding process to reduce the short-shot defect in

blade. Five controllable factors chosen forthe experiment are backpressure, holding pressure

transfer, spear temperature, manifold temperature, and screw rotation speed. The significant

factors for analysis A have been identified, and they were backpressure, backpressure × holding

pressure transfer, holding pressure transfer × spear temperature. Meanwhile for analysis B, the

significant factors were manifold temperature, backpressure × screw rotation speed, screw

rotation speed × holding pressure transfer, and backpressure × holding pressure transfer. The

verification experiments were conducted and the errors between the actual and predicted value of

blade weight were less than 2% and no short-shot defect was found.

Parts made from partially crystalline engineering polymers should preferably not be

made by hot runner injection molding if a perfect surface finish is essential. It is advisable to

make use of a subsidiary runner, which thermally isolates the nozzle from the molded part,

thereby reducing the risk of surface defects. The cold slug coming from the injection or hot

runner nozzle should be intercepted by a special device opposite the sprue so that it cannot get

into the molded part.

Bibliography Joining of Plastics, Handbook for Designers and Engineers Jordan Rotheiser

Bryce, Douglas M. Plastic Injection Molding: Manufacturing Process Fundamentals.

SME, 1996.

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Runner and Gating Design Handbook – Tools for Successful Injection Molding

By John P. Beaumont.

KOTESWARARAO.B

# was born in Yedlurupadu, India, in 1990. He received the B.Tech. Degree in Mechanical

Engineering from the JNTU Technological University Kakinada, India, in 2011, and the M.Tech. Degree in thermal

Engineering from the university college of Kakinada, India, in 2014.

From May 2011 to December 2012, he has been with the Department of mechanical Engineering, RVR Institute of

Engineering & Technology. Where he was an Assistant Professor. His current research interests include alternative

fuels, automobile emission reduction , and power plant optimization.