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I

VALUATION AND EVALUATION OF

TREES-OUTSIDE-FORESTS (TOF) OF

INDIA

SUMMARYGrowing trees in home gardens, farmlands, sacred places, along the

courses of water bodies and roads is an old age practice in India. Such trees

have been important source for timber, fuel wood, fruit, fodder shade and

shelter. The emphasis to plant more trees outside forests increased after the

launch of social forestry programmes in India in late 1970s. The basic theme

of the social forestry project was to plant trees in vacant lands, private as well

as public, for meeting the domestic needs of local people through the

involvement of the people. The extent of trees outside forests and their

contribution in meeting the requirement of wood and other forest products has

not been studied in depth.

Under the aegies of social forestry projects many states undertook wood

balance studies to understand the gap between supply and demands of wood. In

a few states where trees outside forests provide substantial contribution, some

rough estimates were made but acurate assessment was not done as the time

available to generate primary data was inadequate and methodology was also

not developed.The Forest Survey of India (FSI) charged with the responsibility of

assessment of the forest resource of the country, undertook the field inventory

/survey of the trees in non-forest areas during 1992. The inventory has been

with a slow pace until 1998-99. The pace of the inventorization has accelerated

with the refinement of the methodology in the recent past. The inventory has

been confined to rural non-forest areas only. The trees available in the nonforest

areas are classified into 8 categories for the purpose of data processing

and analysis. These categories are farm forestry, roadside/railside / pond side/

canal plantations, village wood lot, block plantations and others. The sampling

design followed is the stratified random sampling where village is treated as afinal sampling unit. All the trees in the randomly selected villages are

enumerated and measured. Some of the results of inventories are presented in

the following para.

In Haryana, 291 villages against a total of about 7000 villages were

sampled and inventoried. The total volume of wood estimated in the entire

rural area of Haryana was 10.34 million m3 corresponding to 55.14 million



tree. The estimated number of trees per ha. was about 13. In West Bengal,

only 25 villages were selected. The number of trees based on pilot survey gave

25.4 trees per ha. This number is almost twice the number found in Haryana

State. In Karnataka, only 10 villages were selected representing all agroecological

regions and covering 8512 ha area. The number of trees obtained

per ha was around 16. In the Western UP, 62 villages were selected covering atotal area of 15802 ha. The number of trees obtained per ha was about 19.7.ii

Farm forestry has highest contribution in Haryana, Western UP and Karnataka

States. In West Bengal, maximum contribution comes from other category.

In Kerala, the study was done by KFRI where 30 villages against a

total of 1505 villages were selected . The study has revealed that homesteads

contribute the maximum in production of wood. The total number of trees in

home steads were estimate as 442 million excluding the area of plantations and

palms. It is noted that the distribution and living style in Kerala is different as

compared to other states. A small group of households called ³desom´ has alarge area around for cultivation and growing trees. In Kerala and West Bengal

the trees have been measured upto 5-cm diameter which may be one reason of

more number of trees per unit area. Further, growing of trees in homesteads is

more prevalent in these two states perhaps due to favourable climatic

(moist/humid) conditions as obtained in these states. It has been found that

their exist a positive co-relation between village area and number of trees and

also between population of a village and number of trees.

Since trees outside forest have become a major source of wood, it is

imperative that such resources are accurately assessed on a periodic interval.

With the advancement in the space technology and increasing resolution of

stellites, it is contemplated to apply remote-sensing technology combining

ground inventory to assess the trees growing outside, quickly.iii

CONTENTSPage

1. India¶s Profile1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Flora and Fauna 21.3 Recorded Forest Areas 3

1.4 Forest Cover Estimates 3

1.5 Trees Outside Forests 51.6 Assessment of Trees Outside Forests 6

2. Design and Methodology of the Field Inventory

in Non Forest Areas (Rural)2.1 Definition 7

2.2 Category of Plantations 72.3 Sampling Design 8



2.4 Method of Selection of Sample Villages 82.5 Estimation Procedure 9

2.6 Field Procedure 11

3. Inventory Reports3.0 Haryana

3.01 Brief Background of the State 133.02 Forest Resources 143.03 Selection of Sample Village for Field Inventory 14

3.04 Estimate of the Study 15-20

3.1 West Bengal

3.11 Brief Background of the State 213.12 Forest Resources 22

3.13 Selection of Sample Village for Field Inventory 223.14 Estimate of the Study 22-28

3.2 Karnataka3.21 Brief Background of the State 29

3.22 Forest Resources 293.23 Agro Ecological Regions 30


3.3 Western U.P.3.31 Brief Background of the State 35

3.32 Forest Resources 363.33 Agro Ecological Regions 36


3.4 Kerala

3.41 Brief Background of the State 423.42 Forest Resources 423.43 Social Forestry in Kerala 43iv

3.44 Need for the Study 443.45 Methodology adopted by KFRI 44

3.46 Estimation of Growing Stock of Trees in Homesteads 453.47 Estimate of the Inventory 46-47

3.48 Species Preference 483.49 Pattern of Growing Stock Distribution 49

4. Conclusions 54

5. Appendix I(Names of trees in Homesteads of Kerala) 55-56

6. Appendix 2.1(Haryana: Name of species and uses) 57-58

Appendix 2.2(West Bengal: Name of species and uses) 59-60

Appendix 2.3



(Karnataka: Name of species and uses) 61-62

Appendix 2.4(Western U.P.: Name of species and uses) 63-64

7. Appendix 3.0(Definitions) 65-66

8. References 67v

LIST OF TABLESPage

1.1 Land use in India 1

1.2 Extent of Dense Forest, Open Forest and Mangrove 4

in 1997 Assessment

Haryana

3.11 Distribution of trees by Species and Diameter 15

3.12 Distribution of Trees by Category and Diamter 173.13 Distribution of Trees by Species and Category 18

3.14 Distribution of Volume by Species and Diamter 19

3.15 Distribution of Volume by Category and Diameter 20

3.16 Distribution of Volume by Species and Category 20

West Bengal

3.21 Distribution of Trees by Species and Diameter 23

3.22 Distribution of Trees by Species and Category 26

3.23 Distribution of Trees Specie by Agro Ecological Zones 27

Karnataka3.31 Distribution of Trees by Categories 31

3.32 Distribution of Tree Species by Agro Ecological Zones 32

3.33 Distribution of Trees Species by Diameter 33

Western U.P.

3.41 Distribution of Trees Species by Diamter 38

3.42 Distribution of Trees Species by Category 40

3.43 Distribution of Trees Species by Diameter 41

Kerala

3.51 Number of Trees in the Growing Stock in Homestead 47

3.52 Volume of Growing Stock of Trees in Homestead 48

3.53 Commercial Volume of Growing Stock of Trees in Homesteads49

3.54 Pattern of Growing Stock of Trees in Homestead 50

3.55 Number of Trees Growing in Homesteads by Diameter 51

3.56 Volume of Important Trees in Growing Stock in Homesteads 52

3.57 Commercial Volume of Important in the Growing Stock 53



in Homesteads1

1. INDIA¶S PROFILE1.1 INTRODUCTION

India is the seventh largest country in the world having an area of 328.72 m ha. It

is bounded by the Great Himalayas in the north and crossed over by the Tropic of Cancer in the south and tapers off into the Indian Ocean between the Bay of Bengal on the east

and the Arabian Sea on the West. The mainland extends betwe en latitudes 804dand 3706dnorth, longitudes 6807dand 97025deast with land frontier of about 15,200 km. Countries

having borders with India are Afghanistan and Pakistan to north-west, China, Bhutan and Nepal to north, Myanmar and Bangladesh to the east . Neighbouring country Sri Lanka is

separated from India by a narrow channel of sea formed by the Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar.The mainland comprises four regions, namely, the great mountain zone, plains of

the Ganga and the Indus, the desert region and the southern Peninsula. The plains of theGanga and the Indus are one of the world¶s greatest stretches of flat alluvium and densely

populated areas.

The Minstry of Agriculture, Government of India is responsible for the maitenaceof land use statistics o f the country. The land use pattern in 1992-93 was as per Table 1.1

Table 1.1: Land use in India as on 1992-93 (in million ha)

Forests 67.0Area under non-agricultural uses 21.8

Permanent pastures & other grazing lands 12.0Land under Misc. tree crops & groves 3.0

Culturable waste land 16.0Fallow lands 24.0

Barren and unculturable land 19.4Cropped area 142.5

Use not reported 23.0Total land area 328.7

India is one of the most densely populated country having 267 persons per sq.km.The population as per 1991 census stood at 846.30 million out of which 628.69 million

people reside in rural India. The estimated population on 1 April 1998 was 955 million.The cattle population in the country in 1992 was 445 million.

The climate of India is broadly described as tropical monsoon type. There arefour seasons: winter (January-February), (ii) hot weather summer (March-May); (iii)

rainy south-western monsoon (June -September) and (iv) post-monsoon, also known asnorth-east monsoon in the southern peninsula (October -December). India¶s climate is

affected by two seasonal winds ± the northeast monsoon and the southwest monsoon. The

north-east monsoon commonly known as winter monsoon blows from land to sea2

whereas south-west monsoon known as summer monsoon, blows from sea to land after crossing the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. The southwest

monsoon brings most of the rainfall during the year in the country. It is now possible tomake forecast about the monsoon rains successfully with developed models and trainedmanpower.

1.2 FLORA AND FAUNA



With a wide range of climatic conditions India has rich and varied vegetation.India can be divided into eight distinct floristic regions, namely, the western Himalayas,

the e astern Himalayas, Assam, the Indus Plain, the Ganga plain, the Deacon, Malabar andthe Andamans.

The Western Himalayan region extends from Kashmir to Kumaon is temperate

zone and rich in forests of chir, pine, other conifers and broad-leaved temperate trees.Higher up, forests of deodar, blue pine, spruce and silver fir occur. The alpine zoneextends from the upper limit of the temperate zone of about 4,750 metres to higher. The

Characteristic trees of this zone are high-level silver fir, silver birch and junipers. Theeastern Himalayan region extends from Sikkim eastwards and embraces Darjiling,

Kurseong and the adjacent tract. The temperate zone has forests of oaks, laurels, maples,rhododendrons, alder and birch. Many conifers, junipers and dwarf willows also occur

here.The Assam region comprises of evergreen forests, occasional thick clumps of

bamboo¶s and tall grasses. The Indus plain region is dry and hot and supports tropicaldry vegetation. The Ganga plain region covers the area, which is alluvial plain and is

under cultivation for wheat, sugarcane and rice and only small areas support forest. Thedecan region comprises the tableland and supports tropical vegetation from scrub jungles

to mixed deciduous forests. The Malabar region covers the excessively humid belt of mountain country parallel to the West Coast and support rich forest vegetation. This

region produces important commercial crops, such as coconut, betelnut, pepper andcoffee. The Andaman region abounds in tropical evergreen and mangrove forests. About

49,000 species of plants have been described by the Botanical Survey of India.India has a great variety of fauna numbering more than 81,000. Of these, insects

constitute about 60,000, molluscs a little over 5,000, mammals 372, birds 1,228, reptiles446, amphibians 204, and fishes 2,546.

Main mammals include the majestic elephant, gaur, Indian bison, the great Indianrhinoceros, the gigantic wild sheep of the Himalayas, swamp deer, spotted deer, nilgai,

the four-horned antelope, the Indian antelope or black-buck, tiger, lion and cloudedleopard. Rivers and lakes harbour crocodiles and gharials. The salt water crocodile is

found along the eastern coast and in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.3

1.3 RECORDED FOREST AREAS

At the time of independence, the recorded forest area of the country was 39.94million ha. The government owned forest was 26.16 million ha and community

(ownership resting with clans, councils) and privately owned forest was 13.78 million ha.The area increased to 68.02 million ha in 1950-51 with the addition of ex-princely and

ex-proprietary forests. Out of this 53.82 million ha was government forest and 14.20million ha community and private forests. The area further increased to 75.18 million ha

due to consolidation by the early eighties. Of this government and community ownedforests were 66.65 and 8.53 million ha, respectively. Per capita forest is 0.08 ha (as per

1991 Census) against the world average per capita forest 0.64 ha (MoEF 1997).Presently, the recorded forest area is 76.52 million ha. In terms of legal status the

forest area has been classified into Reserve, Protected and unclassed forests whichconstitute 54.4%, 29.2% and 16.4% respectively. It is to be noted here that the recorded

forest area has been rising inspite of the fact that large forest areas were diverted for various development purposes. The total forest area diverted for non-forestry purposes



between 1950 and 1980 was 4.5 million ha i.e. at an annual rate of 150,000 ha. Toregulate unabated diversion of forest land for non forestry purposes, Forest Conservation

Act was enacted in 1980 which has resulted in the reduction of diversion of forest landto about 16,000 ha annually at present. Due to compensatory afforestation against the

diversion, the forest area has establised. A large forest area in the country has been

brought Protected Area (PA) network by declaring them as national parks, sanctuariesand other µreserves¶. At present Pas in India cover about 14.8 million ha representingabout 4.5% of geographical area of the country and consists of 84 national parks, 447

wildlife sanctuaries and 8 Biosphere reserves.

1.4 FOREST COVER ESTIMATES

The first assessment of the forest cover of the country was done in 1987 by theForest Survey of India using Landsat-MSS satellite data on 1:1 million scale. Since then

assessments are done on a two year cycle. The three assessments, done in 1989, 1991and 1993 used Landsat-TM satellite data having better resolution and on 1:250,000 scale.

Thereafter, with the availability of data from Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS-1B)the fifth and sixth assessments were done in 1995 and 1997. The seventh assessment is

using IRS-1C/1D data.As per the last assessment, the total forest cover of the country is estimated as

633,397 sq.km. constituting 19.27% of country¶s geographic area. The status of actualforest cover in terms of dense, open and mangrove forests of all the 25 states and 7 union

territories is presented in following table no. 1.2.4

Table 1.2: Extent of Dense Forest, Open Forest and Mangrove in 1997 Assessment

(area in sq.km.)

State/UT Dense

forest

Open forest

Mangrove

Total forest Per

capita(ha)

Andhra Pradesh 23,048 19,859 383 43,290 0.07Arunachal Pradesh 54,155 14,447 - 68,602 7.93

Assam 15,548 8,276 - 23,824 0.11Bihar 13,300 13,224 - 26,524 0.03

Delhi 16 10 - 26 NilGoa 995 252 5 1,252 0.11

Gujarat 6,337 5,250 991 12,578 0.03Haryana 370 234 - 604 Nil

Himachal Pradesh 9,560 2,961 - 12,521 0.24Jammu & Kashmir 11,020 9,420 - 20,440 0.26

Karnataka 24,854 7,546 3 32,403 0.07Kerala 8,454 1,880 - 10,334 0.04

Madhya Pradesh 82,745 48,450 - 131,195 0.20Maharashtra 23,622 22,397 124 46,143 0.06

Manipur 4,937 12,481 - 17,418 0.95Meghalaya 4,044 11,613 - 15,657 0.88



Mizoram 4,348 14,427 - 18,775 2.72 Nagaland 3,487 10,734 - 14,221 1.18

Orissa 26,101 20,629 211 46,941 0.15Punjab 511 876 - 1,387 0.01

Rajasthan 3,690 9,663 - 13,353 0.03

Sikkim 2,423 706 - 3,129 0.77Tamil Nadu 8,676 8,367 21 17,064 0.03Tripura 1,819 3,727 - 5,546 0.20

Uttar Pradesh 22,958 11,036 - 33,994 0.02West Bengal 3,557 2,669 2,123 8,349 0.01

A&N Islands 6,520 127 966 7,613 2.71Chandigarh 6 1 - 7 Nil

Dadra & Nagar Haveli

159 45 - 204 0.15Daman & Diu - 3 - 3 Nil

Lakshdweep* - - - - NilPondicherry* - - - - Nil

Total 367,260 261,310 4,827 633,397 0.07* No discernible forest cover.5

1.5 TREES OUTSIDE FORESTSTrees outside forests have been providing timber, fuel wood, fruite, fodder and

other useful products to the rural population in India particularly in States and localities,which have been deficient in natural forest resources. Though most of the States in India

have some pockets deficient in forest resource, there are more than 60% States in Indiawhere tree outside forests have been contributing in a big way in meeting the domestic

timber and fuel wood needs of the people. Some of the states to be mentioned here areAndhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu,

Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.Growing trees and bamboos have been a common practice of the rural people

since time immemorial. They have been grown in home gardens, farm boundaries, roadand canal side in the country for providing fruits, shade for keeping the cattle, as a source

of fuel wood, timber and income during scarcity. People also planted trees to developsacred groves around the places of worship. There are several tree species identified

whose leaves and fruits are utilized for worshipping God and Goddesses. Trees also provide protection to bunds of the sacred ponds.

The pace of tree planting outside forest area gained momentum after launching of tree planting programmes specially under externally aided social forestry project in late

1970s. The basic theme of most of these projects was to plant trees in vacant lands, private as well as public for meeting the domestic needs of the local people. Almost all

states in India except a few which have extensive forest resource implemented the socialforestry programmes through the involvement of the people. Plant a tree for every child

every year became a popular slogan in the country.A lot of trees have been planted in India outside forests particularly after the

implementation of the social forestry projects. About 35% to 40% of the total plantationtargets have been achieved by distribution of seedlings after 1985. Such distributed



seedlings are converted into notional area by a standard number 2000 seedlings = 1 ha. toThe distributed seedlings are meant exclusively for planting outside forests by private and

other agencies. In addition, a lot of trees have been planted in the common lands; landavailable along the road side, rail side, canal side, ponds and village Panchayat lands by

the Government and other agencies. The percentage of total tree plantations outside

forests is expected to be quite high (say 60% to 70%).It is possible that all such plantations might not have survived and many of themmust have been harvested after attaining maturity, specially the species of short rotation

(8 to 10 years). The uncertainty, therefore, prevails about the extent of trees growingoutside forests at the state as well as national level as there has been no mehanism of

monitoring these plantations on regular basis.6

1.6 ASSESSMET OF TREES OUTSIDE FORESTS

No seriuos effort has been made at the national level to conduct and assess theextent of tree outside forests resource and their actual contribution in meeting the timber,

fuel wood and other needs of the rural population in the country. In some states wood

balance studies were undertaken as an important component of the externally aided

social forestry projects in 1980s. The State Governments like Himachal Pr adesh,Haryana, Gujarat, West Bengal, Orissa etc. made wood balance studies to estimate the

total consumption and production of wood. Since the data on trees growing outsideforests were not available the production of wood from such source was either

guesstimated or ignored if their contribution was not considered so significant. The timeavailable to generate primary data on trees outside forests was inadequate and the

methodology was also not clear. Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI) estimated thetree outside forest resource in Kerala State during 1987-88 on sound statistcal basis.

The Forest Survey of India (FSI) in its biennial assessment of forest cover throughremote sensing satellite data misses most of the trees planted outside because of their

scattered nature and small patchiness. The resolution of satellite censors has not beenadequate to receive the signatures of such trees growing in isolation.

The forest cover of the country has reached to a critical mass and a sizeable areaof the forest has been brought under protected area net work. The emphasis on the

conservation of forest for ecological restoration has also increased after the promulgationof National Forest Policy 1988. This has resulted in the decline of the total wood

production from the natural forests. The requirement of wood is being met mainlyfrom the trees growing out side forests and partly by importing it.

Considering the increasing role of trees growing outside forests in meeting thetimber and fuel wood needs o f the country, the FSI charged with the responsibility of the

assessment of forest resources of the country, decided to undertake field inventory/surveyof trees in non-forest area during 1991. Initially pilot surveys were conducted in five

states to asess the size of he sample. The detailed inventory started subsequently. Thefield inventory went with a slow pace and it took about 5 years to complete inventory of

only one state i.e. Haryana in 1997. Now the pace of the inventorization has beenaccelarated and the design / methodology of the inventory has been modified to cover the

entire country in a shorter period. It is expected that with further refinement in themethodolgy the resources would be assesed in the next 4-5 years. The field works of four

states (West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, West U.P. and Gujarat) are nearing completion.7



2. DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY OF THE

FIELD INVENTORY IN NON-FOREST AREAS (RURAL)Forest Survey of India started inventory of trees, growing outside theconventional forest areas in the country, in 1992. Since these trees have been

providing great support to rural economy, inventory has been confined to rural nonforest

areas only. Estimates of number of trees and their growing stock by species,available in the non-forest area are generated. Pilot surveys are carried out before thecommencement of the main surveys.

2.1 DefinitionNon-Forest Area (rural): The Non forest area includes all areas outside the

traditional /notified Reserved and Protected Forests but excludes areas of Municipality, Corporation, Cantonment Board or a notified area Committee etc. which

has population more than 5000 and more than 75% male working population areengaged in non-agricultural persuit.

2.2 Category of PlantationsTrees available in the non-forest area were classified into 8 categories for the

purpose of data processing and analysis. These categories are:(i) Farm forestry: Trees along the farm bunds and in small patches up to 0.1 ha. in

area(ii) Roadside plantation: Trees planted along the road side

(iii) Village woodlot: Naturally growing or planted trees on community /privateland

(iv) Block plantation: Compact plantations covering an area of more than 0.1 ha.and not falling in any of the above

(v) Pond side plantation: Trees planted in and around water po nds(vi) Railway side plantation: Trees planted along the railway lines

(vii) Canal side plantation: Trees planted along the canals

(viii) Others: Trees not falling in any of the above categories.8

2.3 Sampling DesignThe sampling technique followed in the field inventory is stratified random

sampling. District or group of districts in a state are treated as strata and villages assampling units. List of villages in each district were available from the latest District

Census Book (1991). The number of sample vi llages to be surveyed in the States wasdecided by undertaking a pilot study. The precision level fixed is usually 10% at 95% probability level.

2.4 Method of Selection of Sample VillagesFirstely pilot study is undertaken in randomly 20-25 villages. Each of these

selected villages, with its area and boundaries as per the revenue records, was treatedas a sampling unit. Each village randomly selected. All the trees of diameter 10 cms.

And above at breast height over bark (DBOH) are enumerated.On the basis of pilot survey variability of the growing stock /no. of trees are

calculated and the number of sample villages required for the detailed field inventory by using the following formula are estimated.

Where,c.v. is coefficient of variation



s is standard deviation

Dx is sample mean

r is permissible error to be fixed by investigator

tE,k-1 is the value of t distribution at Elevel of probability and (k-1) degrees of

freedom.

K is the number of villages considered for pilot study.2

,k 1

2

,k 1

r

t c.v. N1

1r t c.v.n

¹¹º ¸©©ª¨v¹¹º ¸©©ª¨v!EE

100x

s

c.v. !v9

And N = total no. of villages in the State/group of districts.For large N, it will be equal to

After getting the number of sample villages by using the above formula, theyare distributed among different districts proportionate to the rural geographical area of

the districts. In case the fraction comes to 0.5, it should be rounded off to the nearestinteger.

The sample villages in each district are selected by using random number table.Complete enumeration of all the trees of 10 cm and above diameter in the randomly

selected villages in each district in carried out.

2.5 Estimation Procedure

To estimate the total number of trees and their growing stock, the followingratio estimate procedure is applied.

Let n = number of sample villages in the district/state N = total number of villages in the district/state



xI = Area of ith villageyI = volume/no. of trees for the ith village

Then the mean volume/no. of trees per unit area for the population (District/State) isAverage area per village in the sample

n

xxn

i 1

i !!§!

§!

!! N

i 1

i Average area per village in the population ( stratum / state )

N

xX

§!!!n

i 1

i Average volume / no. of trees in the samplen

yyAverage volume / no. of trees in the population (District / State )

N

y

Y Ni 1

i !!§!2,k 1

r t c.v

n ¹¹ º ¸©©ª

¨v!E

A x Total area of all villages in the population (District / State ) Ni 1

i !!§!

10

given by



The estimate of R is the sample ratio.The estimate of total vol./no. of trees in the population is given by�

Estimated variance of R is given by

When N is large, then�

Estimated variance of T is given byXYRÖ

!X

YX

YRÖn

i 1

in

i 1

i

!!

§§!!

RÖA

x

AxyTÖ

!!v

¼½»¬ «v

!§§§!!!n

i 1

ni 1

2i i i

n



i 1

2

2 i x RÖ x y RÖ y 2n 11 N 1 nx

N n) RÖ ( VÖ

¼½»¬ «

!§§§!!!

ni 1

ni 1

n

i 1

2i

2

i i

2

2 i x RÖ x y RÖ 2 y

n n 1 x1) RÖ ( VÖ

) RÖ ( VÖ A ) TÖ ( VÖ !2 v

) RÖ ( VÖ

RÖ

S.E.of !11

2.6 Field Procedure

The crew leader is provided with the list of sample villages to be inventoriedalong with map of 1:50,000 scale with the location of villages duly marked on the

maps. The crew leader finds the convenient route to make the field party reach thevillage with minimum traverse by jeep or on foot. The boundary of the village is

obtained from the maps of revenue department in support of village level authorities.

For data collection, the centre of the village is selected as a starting/reference point which may not necessarily be the actual centre of the village but a prominent permanent feature. The details of location of reference point are recorded in the

³Village Description Form´.Once the fixing of the reference point is over, the entire village is divided into

suitable angular quadrants with the help of compass in such a way that enumerationwithin each angular quadrant could be completed in one working day. The

enumeration of trees commence from the line making due north from the reference



point and proceed in clockwise direction (i.e. north to east). The enumerated trees aresuitably marked with chalk along the boundary of the quadrants completed to avoid

double counting/omission of tree. All living trees of diameter 10 cm and above areenumerated and dead trees.

Borderline trees of NW and SW boundary of the village are enumerated, and

of NE and SE boundary are treated as µout trees¶.2.7 Data collection formsVillage Description Form (VDF)

It provides information of the reference point of the village, number of angular quadrants, size of each angular quadrant and number of trees enumerated in each

quadrant.Village Tree Enumeration Form (VTEF)

It provides information of all trees enumerated, their diameter and species.District Tree Form (DTF)

It provides detailed information of the sampled villages selected in the districtmentioning the geographical area and number of trees falling in different category of

plantations.12

2.8 New Methodology/Design

To hasten the process of field inventory of the non forest area the design has benn modified since mid 1999. The new design improves the efficiency of estimate

with the help of previous study and reduce the work load, so as to complete the task ina reduced time frame. The following three modifications have been implemented.

(a) It was found from the inventory of non-forest area of Haryana, West U.P. andWest Bengal that there exist positive correlation (0.6-0.8) between village area

and number of trees and also between population of a village and number of trees. This relationship has been utilised to fix the sample size of other states

and dispense with the additional job of pilot study. The time spent in pilotsurvey of each state is being saved.

(b) The state is divided into Ag ro- Climatic Zones and each zone treated as astrata. The allocation of sample villages in a zone is done proportionate to the

geographical area of the stratum. A permissible error of 15% at 95%confidence level has been given instead of 10% error for deciding the sample

size.(c) Reduction in the number of trees enumerated

Previously, all the trees in the selected village were enumerated whichconsumed a lot of time. The new scheme is based on the presumption that the

diameter distribution can be prepared with the help of only 2000 trees. If the number of trees in a village is more than 2000, a sampling technique should be applied to

reduce the number. A tree diameter class distribution in a village can be built up withthe ratio estimate technique, when the total population of trees is known.

Preliminary estimate about number of trees in a village are made with the helpof Land record/ village officials/ knowledgeable persons of the village and

(a) if the total number of trees is below 2000, all tree are measured and recorded(b) if the total number of trees is in the range of 2000 to 5000, only alternate tree

i.e. 1,3,5,«« is measured and recorded,(c) if the total number of trees is more than 5000 but less than 10,000 every fourth



tree i.e. 1,5,9,13,«« is measured and recorded and(d) if the total number of trees is more than 10,000 every tenth tree i.e.

10,20,30,40««««is measured and recorded.13

3. INVENTORY REPORTS I n following pages reports of the systematic inventory conducted by FS

I and

KFR I of a few states have been presented. The report of Haryana is basd on detailed inventory where about 3.6% villages distributed over the state were completely

enumerated. Reports of West Bengal, Karnataka and West UP are based on pilot study of FS I conducted during 1993-94. The number of villages selected were only a

few. I n case of West Bengal and Karnataka only total number of trees were estimated alongwith species and not their volumes. The study of Kerala state was undertaken by

KFR I during 1988-89.

3.0 HARYANA

3. 01 Brief background of the stateHaryan is comparatively a small state of Indian Union having a total

geographic area of 4.42 million ha. The state is situated in the Indo-Gangetic plainsand bound by Uttar Pradesh in the east, Punjab in the west, Himachal Pradesh in the

north and Rajasthan in the south. It is located between North latitudes 27 0 39dand 300

55d5tand 740 27d8tand 770 36d5tEast longitudes andExcept for some hills of the Shiwalik system in the north and of Aravalli in the

south, it has mostly plain area. The four distinct zones are recognised in the state are:(a) Shiwalik hill and foot hills

(b) The Plains(c) Aravalli hills

(d) Semi arid Sandy Plains of South and South West Haryana.The climate of Haryana is a semi-arid in the south-west and of the Gangetic

type in the rest of the state due to its continental location on the outer margins of theMonsoon region between the Thar Desert and the Himalayas in the north-west of the

Indian sub-continent. There are wide variations in day-night temperature especially inthe western part of Haryana. Summer temperature goes upto 480 C and winter

temperature falls below 50 C in the western paerts of the Haryana. Monsoon bringsrains from July to September. From October to June the weather remains generally

dry. The annual rainfall varies from 1400 mm (Ambala) to 213 mm (Sirsa).The population of the state as per 1991 census was 16.47 millions. 75.4% of

the population was rural and rest urban. Average density of the population was 372with literacy rate 55.9%. The economy of the state is predominantly agricultural.

The livestock population of the state has risen to alarming proportion from

79184 to 99469 in 1992 as per Live stock Census 1992. Since all cattle owners do nothave sufficient land for growing fodder or for grazing, the cattle population has putunbearable pressure on the forests and the plantations all over the state.14

Sources of energy in the state are fuelwood, Dung cakes, Crop residues,Kerosene, L.P.G. and others (wood, charcoal, electricity, coal etc.). 35.8% of the

energy requirement of the rural population comes from dung cakes and 30% from fuelwood for cooking. Crop residue includes cotton sticks and Sesbania grandiflora. Rest



1 Acacia catechu 562 5 0 0 567 1.03

2 Acacia nilotica 8741 3445 1246 419 13851 25.12

3 Acacia spp. 214 30 9 3 257 0.47

4 Acacia tortilis 1720 525 135 24 2404 4.365 Albizia spp. 118 53 24 15 210 0.38

6 Azadirachta indica 801 344 166 122 1432 2.67 Dalbergia sissoo 2852 1465 771 425 5514 108 Eucalyptus spp. 8010 2216 420 72 10718 19.44

9 Ficus spp. 199 111 65 146 520 0.94

10 Mangifera indica 580 223 90 80 973 1.77

11 Melia azedarach 589 153 28 7 777 1.41

12 Morus spp. 935 326 112 46 1419 2.57

13 Populus spp. 1700 439 19 2 2161 3.92

14 Prosopis cineraria 2476 2841 1265 331 6912 12.53

15 Prosopis juliflora 1588 267 39 7 1901 3.45

16 Psidium guyava 313 11 1 0 325 0.5917 Salvadora spp. 815 382 193 200 1590 2.88

18 Syzygium cumini 469 141 54 29 692 1.2619 Tamarix aphylla 62 28 12 10 111 0.2

20 Zizyphus spp. 941 285 98 47 1370 2.49

21 Misc. 908 316 129 83 1436 2.6Total 34591 13606 4875 2069 55141 100

%age 62.73 24.67 8.84 3.75 10016

Chart 1The distribution of the total number of trees, specieswise and dia-classwise (allcategories combined), is shown in Table 3.11 and Chart 1.The maximum number of

trees occur in 10-20 cm diameter class i.e. 34.6 million trees (62.7%) followed by 13.6million trees (24.7%) in 20-30 cm diameter class, 4.87 million trees ( 8.8%) in 30-40

cm diameter class and 2.07 million trees (3.8%) in 40 cm and above diameter class.Distribution of stems(ooo) in Haryana NFA by Dia.Classes62%25%

9%4%

10-20 cm20-30 cm30-40 cm40+ cm

17

Table No. 3.12

DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL NUMBER OF TREES CATEGORY-WISE AND

DIAMETER CLASSWISE(000 no.)

SL. CATEGORY DIAMETER CLASS TOTAL

NO. 10-20 20-30 30-40 40+ %age1 Farm Forestry 15524 5432 1807 881 23644 42.88

2 Road side 2894 1749 683 215 5541 10.053 Village Woodlot 4792 3672 1634 650 10748 19.49

4 Block Plantation 8771 1186 181 64 10203 18.5

5 Ponds 142 52 25 31 249 0.45

6 Railway Line 413 190 33 14 650 1.18

7 Canalside 2041 1316 510 213 4079 7.48 Others 14 10 3 1 28 0.05

TOTAL STEMS 34591 13606 4875 2069 55141 100

% age 62.73 24.67 8.84 3.75 100



Stem/ha 8.12 3.19 1.14 0.49 12.94

The Table 3.12 shows that when all species and all diameter classes arecombined, the representation of trees in category I ±Farm Forestry is the highest i.e.

23.64 million trees (42.9%) followed by category III- village wood lot having 10.75million trees (19.5%) and category IV ± Block Plantation 10.20 million trees (18.5%).

Table 3.13 shows that Acacia nilotica has the largest representation i.e. 13.85million trees (25.12%), followed by Eucalyptus spp. 10.72 million trees (19.44%)

Prosopis cineraria 6.91 million trees (12.5%), Dalbergia sissoo 5.51 million trees(10.0%).18

Table No. 3.13

DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL TREES BY SPECIES AND BY CATEGORY(000 no.)

SL. NAME OF Category TOTAL % age

NO. SPECIES I II III IV V VI VII VIII1 Acacia catechu 10 0 0 556 0 0 1 0 567 1.032 Acacia nilotica 5613 2459 283 2994 118 233 2139 12 13851 25.12

3 Acacia spp. 57 8 154 29 0 3 6 0 257 0.47

4 Acacia tortilis 259 353 1 1351 0 115 325 0 2404 4.365 Albizia spp. 134 24 20 22 1 1 6 1 210 0.38

6 Azadirachta indica 1285 36 28 42 13 5 23 1 1432 2.6

7 Dalbergia sissoo 4273 210 267 439 6 5 313 0 5514 10

8 Eucalyptus spp. 5093 1960 7 2394 11 244 1001 8 10718 19.44

9 Ficus spp. 339 11 107 13 18 1 32 0 520 0.94

10 Mangifera indica 715 2 8 246 0 0 2 0 973 1.77

11 Melia azedarach 707 25 29 12 1 1 2 0 777 1.4112 Morus spp. 1303 15 64 19 2 1 14 0 1419 2.5713 Populus spp. 1054 7 0 1096 0 0 5 0 2161 3.9214 Prosopis cineraria 4 215 6482 104 10 25 73 0 6912 12.53

15 Prosopis juliflora 1367 120 113 197 9 5 86 4 1901 3.45

16 Psidium guyava 174 0 3 147 0 0 1 0 325 0.59

17 Salvadora spp. 0 11 1464 86 20 7 2 0 1590 2.8818 Syzygium cumini 477 6 152 47 8 0 2 0 692 1.26

19 Tamarix aphylla 88 1 19 1 0 0 0 0 111 0.2

20 Zizyphus spp. 185 33 867 253 2 1 29 0 1370 2.49

21 Misc. 506 44 680 157 29 2 17 0 1436 2.6

Total 23644 5541 10748 10203 249 650 4079 28 55141 100

%age 42.88 10.05 19.49 18.5 0.45 1.18 7.4 0.05 100

It may be seen from the above table 3.14 that the bulk of the volmue contributed

by Eucalyptus spp. An assessment of dia-classwise and specieswise distribution of volume (all categories combined) has been presented in Table 3.14 and Chart 2. It

also reveals that the total volume per hectare contributed by trees of all species of alldia-classes combined is 2.43 cu.m.

The distribution of total volume, category wise and dia-classwise is given inTable no.3.15.Table no.3.16 indicates that maximum volume is contributed by

Eucalyptus spp. 21.6% followed by Acacia nilotica 21.2% & Prospis cineraria 15.9%.Maximum volume is under Farm forestry 41.2% followed by Village woodlot,

23.85%, roadside plantation 12.9% and block plantation 10.6%.19

Table No. 3.14

DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL VOLUME (cu.m.) SPECIESWISE AND DIA



CLASSWISE(in 000 cum)

SL. NAME OF DIAMETER CLASS TOTAL % age

NO. SPECIES 10-20 20-30 30-40 40+1 Acacia catechu 56.20 1.01 0.14 0.15 57.50 0.56

2 Acacia nilotica 524.44 482.33 709.94 473.98 2190.68 21.19

3 Acacia spp. 12.82 4.26 5.30 3.72 26.10 0.254 Acacia tortilis 103.18 73.57 76.86 27.28 280.89 2.72

5 Albizia spp. 7.06 7.42 13.80 16.95 45.23 0.44

6 Azadirachta indica 48.04 48.11 94.53 138.05 328.72 3.18

7 Dalbergia sissoo 171.13 205.10 439.75 480.27 1296.25 12.54

8 Eucalyptus spp. 800.97 908.36 399.33 123.35 2232.01 21.59

9 Ficus spp. 11.96 15.47 36.83 164.95 229.21 2.2210 Mangifera indica 34.79 31.26 51.53 90.24 207.82 2.01

11 Melia azedarach 35.33 21.37 16.06 8.08 80.84 0.7812 Morus spp. 56.11 45.64 63.70 52.03 217.49 2.1

13 Populus spp. 119.03 153.75 14.11 2.81 289.70 2.8

14 Prosopis cineraria 148.54 397.60 720.69 373.94 1640.77 15.87

15 Prosopis juliflora 95.30 33.64 19.24 7.55 155.74 1.51

16 Psidium guyava 18.77 1.57 0.47 0.30 21.10 0.2

17 Salvadora spp. 48.87 53.07 107.22 226.42 435.58 4.21

18 Syzygium cumini 28.14 19.05 28.74 32.55 108.48 1.05

19 Tamarix aphylla 3.71 3.88 6.53 10.91 25.03 0.24

20 Zizyphus spp. 56.45 39.31 55.59 52.75 204.10 1.9721 Misc. 54.50 43.58 71.63 94.00 263.72 2.55

Total 2435.34 2589.37 2931.99 2380.26 10336.96 100

%age 23.56 25.05 28.36 23.03 100

Vol/ha 0.572 0.608 0.688 0.559 2.426

Chart 2Distribution of Volume in (000)cum.in Haryana NFAby Dia. Classes(in cms)62%25%9%

4%10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40+ cm

20

Table No. 3.15

DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL VOLUME (cu.m.) BY CATEGORY AND

DIAMETER

(in 000 cum)SL. CATEGORY DIAMETER CLASS TOTAL

NO. 10-20 20-30 30-40 40+ %age1 Farm Forestry 1096.36 1075.89 1081.53 1005.37 4259.14 41.2

2 Road side 221.72 393.51 454.61 264.89 1334.73 12.91

3 Village Woodlot 287.67 514.03 929.43 734.46 2465.59 23.85

4 Block Plantation 644.13 266.85 109.11 74.98 1095.06 10.59

5 Ponds 8.85 7.80 14.09 34.63 65.36 0.636 Railway Line 30.38 51.83 21.49 18.08 121.79 1.18

7 Canalside 145.15 277.43 320.21 247.18 989.97 9.58

8 Others 1.09 2.03 1.51 0.67 5.31 0.05

TOTAL 2435.34 2589.37 2931.99 2380.26 10336.96 100

% age 23.56 25.05 28.36 23.03 100

Table No. 3.16

DISTRIBUTION OF TOTALVOLUME (cu.m.)- BY SPECIES AND CATEGORY

(in 000 cum)



SL. NAME OF Category TOTAL % age

NO. SPECIES I II III IV V VI VII VIII1 Acacia catechu 1.37 0.00 0.04 56.04 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 57.50 0.56

2 Acacia nilotica 865.27 514.50 42.21 229.46 16.83 30.69 489.05 2.66 2190.68 21.193 Acacia spp. 8.67 1.19 12.76 2.20 0.11 0.22 0.95 0.00 26.10 0.25

4 Acacia tortilis 27.21 59.75 0.06 121.50 0.00 10.97 61.39 0.01 280.89 2.725 Albizia spp. 28.79 5.62 4.11 2.81 0.58 0.11 3.11 0.11 45.23 0.446 Azadirachta indica 294.88 8.96 6.67 6.38 5.80 2.67 3.21 0.15 328.72 3.18

7 Dalbergia sissoo 1002.75 83.13 50.21 59.78 2.75 2.27 95.35 0.03 1296.25 12.54

8 Eucalyptus spp. 977.24 571.85 2.36 321.14 1.83 65.02 290.92 1.65 2232.01 21.59

9 Ficus spp. 151.14 4.79 48.75 5.53 12.12 0.64 6.23 0.00 229.21 2.22

10 Mangifera indica 165.93 0.56 2.18 37.99 0.00 0.01 1.15 0.00 207.82 2.01

11 Melia azedarach 72.25 4.27 2.80 0.87 0.07 0.21 0.36 0.00 80.84 0.78

12 Morus spp. 200.26 2.28 9.36 2.38 0.18 0.28 2.75 0.00 217.49 2.1

13 Populus spp. 136.61 2.86 0.03 148.41 0.00 0.00 1.79 0.00 289.70 2.8

14 Prosopis cineraria 1.34 40.06 1564.66 11.31 3.26 5.77 14.38 0.00 1640.77 15.8715 Prosopis juliflora 107.81 15.59 9.28 13.35 0.62 0.56 7.97 0.56 155.74 1.51

16 Psidium guyava 11.56 0.00 0.18 9.24 0.00 0.01 0.11 0.00 21.10 0.217 Salvadora spp. 0.25 3.51 401.89 19.94 8.11 1.30 0.59 0.00 435.58 4.21

18 Syzygium cumini 84.08 1.14 14.12 7.04 1.30 0.06 0.72 0.00 108.48 1.05

19 Tamarix aphylla 19.44 0.89 4.35 0.11 0.09 0.00 0.15 0.00 25.03 0.2420 Zizyphus spp. 22.10 6.02 147.76 21.81 0.39 0.36 5.66 0.00 204.10 1.97

21 Misc. 80.20 7.76 141.81 17.76 11.32 0.66 4.07 0.13 263.72 2.55

Total 4259.14 1334.73 2465.59 1095.06 65.36 121.79 989.97 5.31 10336.96 100

%age 41.2 12.91 23.85 10.59 0.63 1.18 9.58 0.05 10021

3.1 WEST BENGAL

3.11 Brief background of the state

The geographical area of the State is 8.87 million ha and is bounded on theEast by Bangladesh and Assam, on the West by Bihar and Orissa, on the North by

Nepal and Bhutan and on the South by the Bay of Bengal. It is located between 210

30d N and 27 012d N latitudes at the head of the Bay of Bengal and between 850 50dEand 890 52dE longitudes.West Bengal¶s physiography has two natural divisions: the Himalayan Northand the fertile alluvial Gangetic plain. The topography of the northern territory varies

from a maximum elevation of 3600 metres in Darjeeling district to an elevation of 89metres in the low-lying areas in Jalpaiguri and Cooch Behar districts, watered by the

swift-flowing rivers like Teesta, Torsa and Jaldhaka.Moist wind from the Bay of Bengal makes the climate of the State highly

humid, specially in the rainy season; but in cold weather, from September to February,the climate over the entire State is exceedingly pleasant. Annual rainfall varies from

1019 mm (Gangetic W.B.) to 3903 mm (Sub-Himalayan W.B.).West Bengal has five agro-ecological regions. These agro-ecological regions

are; (a) Sub-humid ecosystem with red and lateritic soils and growth period of 150-180 days (b) Sub-humid ecosystem with alluvium derived soils and growth period

between 180 and 210 days (c) Humid perhumid eco System with alluvium derivedsoils and growth period more than 210 days (d) Humid perhumid ecosystem with

brown and red hill soils and growth period more than 210 days and (e) Coastal ecosystemwith coastal alluvium derived soils.

Agriculture plays a pivotal role in the state¶s economy and nearly three out of four persons in the State are directly or indirectly involved in agriculture. About 45 per



cent of the gross cropped area of the state has been brought under irrigation. The Stateoccupies a leading position among the principal rice growing states of India by

contributing 16.2 per cent of the total production of rice. The total foodgrain production has attained an all time record production of 12.8 million tonnes in 1991-

92. The State accounted for 63.4% of the country¶s jute, including mesta, in 1991-92

and 21.8% of tea production in 1991 (calendar year). Other important crops, include potatoes, oilseeds, betel -vine, tobacco, wheat, barley and maiza.22

3.12 Forest Resources

The forests cover about 13.4% of the total geographic area and lie chiefly inthe districts of Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, 24 Parganas (South), Midnapore, Bankura,

Purulia district and in some parts of Burdwan and Birbhum districts against 18 totaldistricts of the state. Stray and scattered forests are present in Murshidabad, Nadia,

Malda and West Dinajpur districts. The principal tree species are Shora robusta, Anogeissus spp., Terminalia spp. Lagerstroemia spp. and mangroves. Jaldapara

Sanctuary in the State is famous for the one horned Rhinoceros inhabitating the area,while SundarbansTiger Reserve and National Park with mangroves as a principal spp

is famous for the Royal Bengal Tiger.

3.13 Selection of Sample Villages for field inventory

In West Bengal, 25 villages were randomly selected for the pilot survey. Allthe trees of 10 cm. And above diameter at DBH (OB) were enumerated in the selected

villages. However, in South Bengal, trees down to 5 cm dia were recorded. Each of these selected villages with its area and boundaries as per the revenue records was

treated as a sampling unit.

3.14 Estimates of the Study

In the pilot survey only total number of trees were estimated and not their volume. Thetotal number of trees in the State of West Bengal comes to approximately 196 million

or 25.4 trees/ha. The distribution of trees are shown in table no. 3.21 to 3.25.It is noticed that the main species were Az adirachta indica, Acacia arabica,

Terminalia arjuna, Shorea robusta, Eucalyptus hybrid, Mangifera indica, Acaciaauriculiformis, Madhuca latifolia, Albi zz ia species, Alnus nepalensis, Ailanthus

altissima, Artocarpus, Machilus, Dalbergioa sissoo and Cocos nucifera.23

Table No.3.21

Distribution of trees by diameter class & SpeciesSl. Diameter Class (in cm) Total %

No

Name of Species

05-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40+

Est.

trees/ha1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101 Acacia arabica 1381 5650 1168 204 30 8433 6.71 1.712 Acacia auriculliformis 9393 3073 123 11 0 12600 10.03 2.55

3 Ailanthus altissima 0 43 46 11 8 108 0.09 0.02

4 Albizzia species 209 2110 938 462 218 3937 3.13 0.8

5 Alnus nepalensis 0 317 4 0 0 321 0.26 0.06

6 Artocarpus species 0 546 303 146 165 1160 0.92 0.23

7 Azadirachta indica 44 2247 540 109 54 2994 2.38 0.61



8 Betula alnoides 0 32 24 1 1 58 0.05 0.01

9 Bombax ceiba 0 25 19 12 13 69 0.05 0.01

10 Borassus flabellifer 0 135 1456 3392 1363 6346 5.05 1.28

11 Butea monosperma 0 3599 569 157 26 4351 3.46 0.8812 Cassia species 119 686 36 1 0 842 0.67 0.17

13 Casurina equisetifolia 266 150 7 1 0 424 0.34 0.0914 Cocos nucifera 0 152 4732 1572 23 6479 5.16 1.3115 Cratseva unilojcularis 0 4 1 0 0 5 0 0

16 Cryptomeria japanica 0 192 454 223 0 869 0.69 0.18

17 Dalbargia sissoo 801 1462 291 60 32 2646 2.11 0.54

18 Enterolonbium saman 0 95 56 41 32 224 0.18 0.05

19 Eucalyptus hybrid 1531 1247 139 6 1 2924 2.33 0.59

20 Eucalyptus species 10573 2893 217 9 2 13494 10.74 2.73

21 Ficus species 3 9 9 8 21 50 0.04 0.01

22 Gmelina arborea 16 44 44 3 0 107 0.09 0.02

23 Holoptalea integrifolia 0 24 5 1 0 39 0.02 0.0124 Lagerstoemea spaciosa 0 185 47 4 1 237 0.19 0.05

25 Lannea coromondalica 0 950 119 30 7 1106 0.88 0.2226 Leucacna leucocephala 643 267 35 3 0 948 0.75 0.19

27 Lichi chinensis 0 24 17 1 1 43 0.03 0.01

28 Machilus species 0 11 1 0 0 12 0.01 029 Madhuca latifolia 0 16 1 1 54 72 0.06 0.01

30 Mangifera indica 13 5442 3544 1804 4446 15249 12.14 3.08

31 Melia azadirachta 0 75 16 4 0 95 0.08 0.02

32 Michelia champaca 0 69 14 1 0 84 0.07 0.02

33 Ostodes panicuiata 0 28 2 0 0 30 0.02 0.01

34 Phoenix sylvestris 0 365 1885 305 1 2556 2.03 0.52

35 Pongomea pinnata 0 65 10 8 4 87 0.07 0.0236 Pridian guava 0 139 16 0 0 155 0.12 0.0337 Schima wallichii 0 235 127 52 46 460 0.37 00938 Shorea robusta 0 114 18 6 6 144 0.11 0.03

39 Spondios pinnata 0 30 18 7 2 57 0.05 0.01

40 Syzygium cumini 0 97 50 16 10 173 0.14 0.03

41 Tectona grandis 2 2 1 0 0 5 0 042 Terminalia arjun a 43 381 168 105 71 768 0.61 0.16

43 Zizyphus species 1 401 74 15 2 493 0 39 01

44 Misc. 1738 21765 7208 2319 1359 34389 27.37 6.95

Grand Total 26776 55196 24552 11111 7999 125634 100 25.41

Percentage 21.31 43 93 19.54 8.84 6.37 100

Estimated trees/ha 5.41 11.16 4.96 2.25 1.61 25.4124

Chart 3

Chart 4Percetage distribution of Stems in West Bengal NFA by Dia class es9% 6%21%44%20%05-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40+ cm

Percetage Distribution of Stems in NFA of West Bengal by Category wise16%17%13%8%4%0%6%36%Farm ForestryRoad sideVillage WoodlotBlock PlantationPondsRailway LineCanalsideOthers

25



It can be seen from Table 3.21 and chart 4 that the maximum number i.e. about43% of trees occur in 10-20 cm diameter class followed by about 21% trees in 05-10

cm diameter class, then 20% in 20-30 cm. Diameter class. It may also be seen thatonly 6% of trees occurred in 40 cm. And above diameter class.

It also reveals that in West Bengal, Miscellaneous species has the largest

representat ion i.e. 27% followed by Mangifera indica 12%, Eucalyptus species 10%,Acacia auriculiformis 10%, Acacia arabica 7% etc.Table 3.22 and chart 5 shows total number of trees specieswise and

categorywise. The representation of trees in the category ³Other´ is the highest i.e.36% followed by the category ³Block Plantation´ (17%), ³Ponds´ (16%), ³Village

woodlot´ (13%) etc. Farm forestry has only 4% contribution.26

Table No. 3. 22

Distribution of tree specis by category of plantationsSl. Category of trees Total %

No

Name of Species

I II III IV V VI VII VIII1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 121 Acacia arabica 596 698 546 197 146B 0 2639 2039 8433 6.71

2 Acaciaauriculliformis 436 4277 379 6016 193 0 1194 115 12600 10.03

3 Ailanthus altissima 0 0 101 - 0 0 0 0 7 108 0.09

4 Albizzia species 139 107 375 1611 652 20 145 666 3937 3.13

5 Alnus nepalensis 0 14 307 0 0 0 0 0 321 0.266 Artocarpus species 11 1 232 1 62 0 0 653 1160 0.92

7 Azadirachta indica 209 13 1265 93 710 0 3 701 2994 2.38

8 Betula alnoides 0 30 28 0 0 0 0 0 58 0.05

9 Bombax ceiba 1 3 13 1 2 0 0 49 69 0.05

10 Borassus flabellifer 328 5 932 27 2216 0 38 2600 6346 5.05

11 Butea monosperma 5 0 45 2 159 0 0 4140 4351 3.46

12 Cassia species 0 114 0 712 1 0 1 14 642 0.6713 Casurina equisetifolia 0 12 0 168 5 0 217 2 424 0.34

14 Cocos nucifera 137 1 2023 0 3383 0 7 928 6479 5.16

15 Crataeva unilojcularis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 S 0

16 Cryptomeria japanica 0 694 163 0 0 0 0 12 869 0.69

17 Dalbargia sissoo 294 524 13 21 225 0 1052 517 2646 2.1118 Enterolonbium saman 3 0 129 0 74 0 0 18 224 0.18

19 Eucalyptus hybrid 252 273 154 1348 - 26 0 474 397 2324 2.33

20 Eucalyptus species 751 1536 262 10766 118 0 0 21 13494 10.74

21 Ficus species 5 0 1 0 7 0 0 37 50 0.04

22 Gmelina arborea 10 0 1 1 6 0 10 79 107 0.03

23 Holoptalea integrifolia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 30 0.02

24 Lagerstoemea spaciosa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 237 237 0.1925 Lannea coromondalica 74 0 252 0 49 0 0 731 1106 0.88

26 Leucaena leucocephala 0 0 0 32 31 0 715 107 948 0.7527 Lichi chinensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 43 0.03

28 Machilus species 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 2 12 0.0129 Madhuca latifolia 1 0 11 2 1 0 0 57 72 0.06

30 Mangifera indica 88 36 1130 10 1875 0 8 12102 15249 12.14

31 Melia azadirachta 3 4 0 29 0 0 0 59 95 0.08

32 Michelia champaca 0 49 31 0 0 0 0 4 84 0.07

33 Ostodes paniculata 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 4 30 0.02

34 Phoenix sylvestris 0 10 0 0 1106 0 142 1299 2556 2.03



35 Pongomea pinnata 4 0 25 0 5 0 0 53 67 0.07

36 Pridian guava 0 1 0 0 12 0 0 142 155 0.12

37 Schima wallichii 0 0 451 0 0 0 0 9 460 0.37

38 Shorea robusta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 144 144 0.1139 Spondios pinnata 5 0 8 0 9 0 0 35 57 0.05

40 Syzygium cumini 0 0 0 0 71 0 6 96 173 0.1441 Tectona grandis 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 042 Terminalia arjuna 301 1 100 3 95 0 51 217 768 0.61

43 Zizyphus s pecies 0 0 213 0 11 0 0 269 493 0.39

44 Misc. 1443 928 6955 522 7768 10 1168 15595 34389 27.37

Grand Total 5096 9594 16205 21602 20550 30 7870 44686 125634 100

Percentage 4.06 7.64 12.9 17.19 16.36 0.02 6.26 35.57 100

Estimatedtrees/ha 1.03 1.94 326 437 4.16 001 1.59 9.04 25.4127

Table No. 3.23

Distribution of tree species in various Agro Ecological Zones.Sl. Agro Ecological ZonesNoName of SpeciesSHCN HAPB HEH ECP

Total % age1 2 4 5 6 7 8 91 Acacia arabica 861 6053 0 1519 8433 6.71

2 Acacia auricullifommis 3872 8379 3 346 12600 10.033 Ailanthus albssima 0 0 108 0 108 0.094 Albizzia species 118 1622 1630 567 3937 3.135 Alnus nepalensis 0 0 321 0 321 0.266 Artocarpus species 5 753 157 245 1160 0.927 Azadirachta indica 617 851 0 1526 2994 2.388 Betula alnoides 0 0 58 0 58 0.059 Bombax ceiba 20 49 0 0 69 0.05

10 Borassus flabellifer 544 5482 0 320 6346 5.0511 Butea monospemma 4059 292 0 0 4351 3.4612 Cassia species 0 159 683 0 842 0.6713 Casurina equisetifolia 0 424 0 0 424 0.3414 Cocos nucifera 0 1743 0 4736 6479 5.1615 Crataeva unilojoularis 0 5 0 0 5 016 Cryptomeria japanica 0 0 869 0 869 0.6917 Dalbargia sissoo 1084 1561 1 0 2646 2.11

18 Enterolonbium saman 0 224 0 0 224 0.1819 Eucalyptus hybrid 492 2432 0 0 2924 2.3320 Eucalyptus species 883 11739 0 872 13494 10.7421 Ficus species 18 32 0 0 50 0.0422 Gmelina arborea 0 25 82 0 107 0.0923 Holoptalea integrifolia 30 0 0 0 30 0.0224 Lagerstoemea spaciosa 0 237 0 0 237 0.1925 Lannea coromondalica 0 1045 61 0 1106 0.88

26 Leucasna leucocephala 0 948 0 0 948 0.7527 Lichi chinensis 0 43 0 0 43 0.03

28 Machilus species 0 0 12 0 12 0.0129 Madhuca latifolia 72 0 0 0 72 0.0630 Mangifera indica 108 13101 26 2014 15249 12.1431 Melia azadirachta 0 31 64 0 95 0.0832 Michelia champaca 0 0 84 0 84 0.0733 Ostodes paniculata 0 0 30 0 30 0.0234 Phoenix sylvestns 0 2556 0 0 2556 2.03

35 Pongomea pinnata 87 0 0 0 87 0.0736 Pridian guava 20 124 11 0 155 0.1237 Schima wallichii 0 0 460 0 460 0.3738 Shorea robusta 113 31 0 0 144 0.11



39 Spondios pinnata 35 22 0 0 57 0.0540 Syzygium cumini 0 173 0 0 173 0.1441 Tectona grandis 0 2 0 3 5 042 Terminalia arjuna 631 137 0 0 768 0.6143 Zizyphus species 469 24 0 0 493 0.39

44 Misc. 4711 16631 2502 10545 34389 27.38Grand Total 18849 76930 7162 22693 125634 100

Percentage 15.0 61.23 5.70 18.06 100Estimated trees/ha 20.42 26.74 8.89 67.13 25.41* No. of trees per ha. in Note:

Agroecological zone = * 18849 78930 7162 22693 SHCN - Semi Humid Chhota Nagpur

Total no. of enumerated 923.22 2877.62 805.35 333.02 HAPB- Humid Alluvial Plain Bengaltrees in the respective HEH- Humid Eastern Himalaya

zonel Total area of the ECP - Eastern Coastal Plain

same zone.

28

The number of stems per hectare varies considerably from one agro-ecological

region to another. In the Bengal Assam Alluvial humid perhumid ecoregion it isabout 26 trees/ ha, in the Western lateritic sub-humid eco-region 20 to 21 trees/ha and

in the Eastern Himalayan humid perhumid ecoregion in the region it is about 8trees/ha.

It may be indicated in this connection that in the hills, most of the samples of villages fell in µforest¶ or µkhasmahal¶ villages. Such village s have very few trees in

the habitable portion while the surrounding portion have dense forests within therecorded village area. As it was impossible to enumerate all tree in the surrounding

areas, only the inhabited portions of such villages were taken up for enumeration.In the Bengal Assam Alluvial region, a large number of spp. (at least 33) have

been found. The predominant ones being Barassus flabellifer , Acacia arabica, Mangifera indica, Phoenix sylveetrie, Acacia auriculiformis, Coconut, Siris, Sissoo,

Jeol and Eucalyptus in order of occurrence. The principal species in the lateritic SouthWestern districts, in order of occurrence are Butea monosperma followed by Acacia

arabica, Dalbergia sissoo, Az artichtata indica, Terminalia arjuna, Eucalyptus hybrid, Borassus flabellifer and Zi z yphus mauritania.

In Eastern Himalayas warm per humid eco-region, Cryptomeria japonica, theexotic that has almost naturalised (although without natural regeneration) in the forests

of higher elevations in Darjeeling district, appears to be equally popular in the villageareas. The other prevalent species are Albizzia spp., Cassia siamea, Gmelina arborea,

Ailanthus spp., Schima wallichii, Alnus nepalensis, Michelia champaca and Betulaainoides.

The predominant species of the various agro-ecological regions can thus beidentified with a fair amount of accuracy from the tabulated data. The conclusions

sought to be drawn may be taken as more indicative than conclusive in nature,considering the limited sample size in each agro-ecological region.29

3.2 KARNATAKA

3.21 Brief background of the state

The geographic area of the State is 19.18 m ha. It is situated on the Western

edge of the Deccan Plateau and lies between 11030dand 18025d North latitude and

74010dand 87035dEast longitude. Physiographically the State can be divided into two

distinct regions the µMaland¶ or the hilly region comprising mainly the Western Ghats,and the µMaidan¶ or the plain region forming an inland plateau of varying height. The



Western Ghats run from north to south with an altitude rising upto 1800 m. The mainrivers, the Cauvery, the Tungbhadra and the Krishna flow from west to east, and the

Sharavati and the Kalindi from east to west. The population of the State in 1991 was44.98 million and rural population is 31.07 million. Livestock population as per 1992

census was 29.56 millions.

Geologically, three fourth of the state is occupied by Arachean rocks andremaining by younger rocks. The northern margins of the state are covered by a seriesof sedimentary rocks of post ± Dharwar age. Soil varies from clayey black in northern

part, red sandy in central and southern parts, red loamy, laterite and mountain soil inthe Western Ghats to mixed red and black soil in the central parts of the State.

The annual rainfall in the state varies from 2000-3200 mm in the Western Ghatto 400-500 mm in the northern and north-eastern part of the state. Average summer

temperature varies from 260 C to 350 C and average winter temperature varies from140 C to 250 C.

3.22 Forest ResourcesRecorded forests of the State are 3.87 m.ha. constituting 20.19% of the total

geographical area. However, the actual forest cover of the State as assessed by theForest Survey of India was only 3.24 m.ha. Of the actual forest cover, 2.48 m.ha. was

under dense and 0.75 m.ha. under open category. Important forest types with major species found in Karnataka are as follows ³as per Champion and Seth¶s classification´

Forest types Important speciesTropical West Evergreen Dipterocarpus indicus, Calophyllum elatum,

Forests Hopea wightiana, Mesua ferrea, DisoxylumMalabaricum etc.

Tropical Semi-Evergreen Terminalia paniculata, Lagerstroemia spp.Forests Hopea parviflora, Machilus spp.30

Tropical moistdeciduous Terminalia tomentosa, T. paniculata, TectonaForests grandis, Lagerstroemia lanceolata, Adina

Cordifolia, Bambusa arundinacia,Dendrocalamus strictus etc.

Tropical dry deciduous Tectona grandis, Acacia species, AnogeissusForests latifolia, Terminalia tomentosa, T. chebula etc.

Tropical thorn forests Acacia catechu, A. leucophloea, ChloroxylonSwietenia spp. Santalum album etc.

3.23 Agro Ecological RegionsKarnataka has four agro-ecological regions as per National Bureau of Soil

Survey and Landuse Planning. These regions can be described as under.Region I: Western Ghats and coastal plains of Karnataka comprising mainly of Uttar

Kannada, Dakshin Kannada and Kodagu districts. This region is characterised by hothumid to pre-humid climate with red lateritic alluvial soil. The growth period is more

than 210 days.Region II : It is the part of the Deccan plateau in Southern Karnataka having hot and

semi arid climate and red loamy soil. The growth period is 90 to 150 days.,Chitradurga and Shimoga.

Region III : It is the part of Deccan plateau in Northern Karnataka having hot andsemi-arid climate and black soils. The growth period is between 90 to 150 days. The



main districts in the region are Dharwad, Belgaum, Bijapur, Bidar and Gulbarga.Region IV: It is also a part of Deccan Plateau having hot and arid climate with mixed

red and black soils. The growth period is less than 90 days. The main districts in thisregion are Bellary and Raichur.


In Karnataka, 10 villages were randomly selected for the pilot survey one ineach in a district in such a manner that major regions of the State was covered. All thetrees of 10 cm. And above diameter at DBH (OB) were enumerated in the selected

villages. The dead trees having utility less than 70% were excluded from theenumeration. The trees were enumerated separately for different categories of 31

plantation such as Farm forestry, Road side plantation, Block plantation, Villagewoodlot etc. The survey was completed during 1993-94

3.25 Estimates of the StudyIn the pilot survey only total number of trees were estimated and not their volume. The

estimated total number of trees in rural areas of the state were found to be 296 million..

Table No. 3.31:

Distribution of trees by different categoriesSl. Area Farm Block Village Roadside Others Total No. of

No. Surveyed Forestry Plantation Woodlot plantation trees

(sq.km.) per ha1 20.41 14790 720 3763 0 200 19473 9542 4.43 4973 2762 2597 0 748 11080 2501

3 1.48 4423 330 41 0 228 5022 3313

4 21.83 10626 1540 761 2098 1607 16632 762

5 7.32 5813 703 1526 0 264 8306 1135

6 17.7 5294 616 1097 104 859 7970 450

7 1.84 193 3046 0 0 141 3380 1837

8 5.7 23051 25747 825 55 5171 54849 96239 1.44 394 232 0 0 0 626 435

10 2.97 5420 1329 0 0 170 6919 2330

85.12 74977 37025 10610 2257 9388 134257 15.77

Percentage 55.85 27.58 7.90 1.68 6.99 100.00

Chart 5Percentage Distribution of stems in kanataka NFA by Category wise2%7%55%28%8%Farm ForestryBlock PlantationVillage WoodlotRoadside PlantationOthers

32

Table no.3.31& Chart 6 indicates that out of the total number of trees farm

forestry have the maximum number (55.80%) followed by block plantation (27.6%)village woodlot (7.9%) and roadside plantation (1.78%). 7% of the tree comes in

other categories.Table no. 3.32Karnataka

Percentage of tree species distributed in different agro-ecological regionsSl. Species Agro-Ecological Regions

No. I II III IV1 Anacardium occidentale 35.7 0 0 0



2 Azadirachta indica 0 8.3 35.8 29.9

3 Cocus nucifera 19.0 18.2 2.5 6.8

4 Acacia spp. 0 9.3 37.3 22.8

5 Mangifera indica 11.9 2.3 1.5 0.86 Pongamia pinnata 0 18.1 0.2 0.1

7 Diospyros candolleano 8.3 0 0 08 Tamarindus indica 0.6 7.7 2 1.69 Artocarpus spp. 6.8 0.5 0 0

10 Prosopis juliflora 0 2.2 0.6 8.1

11 Areca catechu 4.6 0.4 0 0

12 Eucalyptus spp. 0 9.6 1.5 3.3

13 Ficus spp. 0.5 8.2 0.5 0.6

14 Casuarina equisetifolia 1.6 2.3 0 0

15 Albizzia spp. 0.1 2.5 0.5 1.3

16 Syzigium spp. 1.4 1.4 0.2 0

17 Terminalia belerica 0.4 0 2.4 018 Terminalia arjuna 0 0 0.6 0

19 Santalum album 0 0 1.1 0.220 Madhuca latifolia 0 0 1 0

21 Zizyphus maurastiana 0.1 0.5 1 1.6

22 Tectona grandis 0.3 0 0.6 023 Vateria indica 0.4 0 0 0

24 Citrus spp. 0 0 0.1 0.6

25 Butea monosperma 0 0.4 2.2 0

26 Terminalia spp. 0.1 0 0.3 0

27 Euphoribia spp. 0 0 0 15.7

28 Rest of spp. 8.2 8.1 8.1 6.6

Total 64.3 100 100 100

Distribution of species found in non-forest area with reference to agro-ecologicalregions of Karnataka is presented in Table No.3.32. Azadiracta indica (Neem) and

Acacia species (Babul) are the prominent species found in semi -arid northernKarnataka and arid zone of the Karnataka. The percentage of these species in these

33two zones are 35.8%, 37.3%, and 29.9% & 22.8% respectively. In semi-arid Southern

Karnataka the major species occurring in rural areas are Cocos nucifera (18.2%),Pongamia pinnata (18.1%), Eucalyptus species (9.6%), Acacia species (9.3%), Ficus

species (8.2%) and Tamarindus indica (7.7%). In non-forest areas of Western Ghatand Coastal areas (Region I), three spe cies constitute 66.6% of the total trees, found in

rural areas. These are Anacardium occidentale (35.7%), Cocos nucifera (19%) andMangifera indica (11.9%).

Table no. 3.33

Percentage of tree species distributed in different diameter classesSurveyed area 8512 ha.

Sl. Species DIAMETER CLASS TOTAL %age

No. 10-20 20-30 30-40 40+1 Acacia spp. 12546 3789 1215 207 17757 13.23

2 Albizzia spp. 685 282 149 25 1141 0.853 Anacardium occidentale 13417 4049 1292 56 18814 14.02

4 Artocarpus spp. 765 426 747 479 2417 1.80

5 Azadirachta indica 12977 5319 1127 221 19644 14.63

6 Butea monosperma 542 71 109 0 722 0.54

7 Casuarina equisetifolia 954 484 0 55 1493 1.11

8 Diospyros candolleano 3245 1101 275 0 4621 3.44



9 Eucalyptus spp. 2949 837 296 40 4122 3.07

10 Euphoribia spp. 4171 0 0 0 4171 3.11

11 Ficus spp. 560 857 590 731 2738 2.04

12 Madhuca latifolia 67 140 61 40 308 0.2313 Mangifera indica 3106 2143 1699 855 7803 5.81

14 Pongamia pinnata 3877 695 264 28 4864 3.6215 Prosopis juliflora 2591 127 24 0 2742 2.0416 Santalum album 380 8 0 0 388 0.29

17 Syzigium spp. 1001 119 11 18 1149 0.86

18 Tamarindus indica 901 994 707 666 3268 2.43

19 Tectona grandis 132 306 0 0 438 0.33

20 Terminalia arjuna 160 0 0 0 160 0.12

21 Terminalia belerica 485 302 40 60 887 0.66

22 Terminalia spp. 153 0 0 0 153 0.11

23 Vateria indica 110 110 0 0 220 0.16

24 Zizyphus maurastiana 896 158 20 0 1074 0.8025 Areca catechu 2666 0 0 0 2666 1.99

26 Citrus spp. 168 0 0 0 168 0.1327 Cocus nucifera 808 13409 2403 3 16623 12.38

28 Rest of spp. 7327 3839 1623 899 13688 10.20

Total 77639 39565 12652 4383 134239 100.00% age 57.84 29.47 9.42 3.27 100.00

Stem/ha 9.12 4.65 1.49 0.51 15.7734

Anacardium occidentale (14.02%), Azadiracta indica (14.63%), Cocos nucifera(12.38%), Mangifera indica (5.81%), Pongamia pinnata (3.62%), Diospyros

condoleano (3.44%), Terminalia indica (2.43%), Artocarpus species (1.80%) andEucalyptus species (3.07%).

Table No 3.33 indicates that about 58% of the trees are in diameter class 10 to 20cm and only 3% of the tree are above 40 cm diameter.35

3.3 WESTERN U.P.

3.31 Brief Background of the State

The total geographic area of the state is 29.4 m.ha. It is located between 23°5¶and 31° 28¶ North latitudes and 77° 4¶ and 84°39¶ East longitudes. The state is bound

by Tibet (China) and Nepal in the North, Madhya Pradesh in the South, Bihar in theEast and Rajasthan, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh states and Delhi U.T. in the West.

The main physiographic characteristics of the state are high mountains, valleys, flatand fertile plains and dissected plateaus. The state can be divided into following meso

and micro regions:1. Uttar pradesh Himalaya

2. Upper Ganga Plain3. Middle Ganga Plain

4. Uttar Pradesh UplandsThe present survey of non-forest area has been carried out in the Western

region having 19 districts viz. Agra, Aligarh, Bijnor, Badaun, Bareilly, Bulandshahar ,Etah, Etawah, Farrukhabad, Mainpuri, Mathura, Meerut, Moradabad, Rampur, Pi1ibhit,

Muzaffarnagar, Saharanpur, Shahjahanpur and Gaziabad. These 19 districtswholly lies in Upper- Ganga plains has been divided into two following micro-regions.

North Upper Ganga PlainsIt is a part of the great plains covering seven districts namely Saharanpur,



Muzafarnagar, Bijnor, Meerut, Gaziabad, Moradabad and Rampur. The vast area of the region is a level alluvial plain with a slope from north to south or south east with

reference to the alignment of the major rivers and tributaries joining them. The wholeregion is in fact, a tract of various classes of fertile soils while the northern part is

covered with forest. Situated immediately below the shiwalik is Bhabar tract interated

by numerous torrents that drain rain water into the Ganga and Jamuna rivers and their several tributaries. The eastern Bhabar consists of a series of high broken spurs. Teraiarea lies below the Bhabar in the north-eastern part of the region. The region is spread

over an area of 2.91 m.ha.Southern Upper Ganga Plains

The Southern Upper Ganga Plain delineated as a micro region, covers almostthe central part of the state and takes into account 12 districts namely Bulandshahar,

Budaun, Bareilly, Pilibhit, Shahjahanpur, Aligarh, Mathura, Agra, Etah, Mainpuri,Farrukhabad and Etawah. The surface slope of the micro-region is generally uniform

and level with slight undulations and an inperceptible gradual slope from north-west to36

south-east. The northern parts of the districts Bijnor, Rampur and Pilibhit is a

continuous belt of terai, having rich soil, high water level and unhealthy climate. Thismicro region is spread approximately over an area of 6.0 millin ha.

The state has a sub tropical climate. There is marked variations intemperature and rainfall in different part of the region. During summer season the high

temperature in the plains causes low pressure area and movement of monsoon. Nearly90 percent rainfall in the area is caused by monsoon from Bay of Bengal during June

to September. The north and north eastern part of the region get more rainfall than thesouth-western part. The rainfall in Terai region is as high as 1200 mm whereas the

rainfall in Agra, Mathura, Mainpuri, Etawah etc. is less than 800 mm. A markedvariation can be seen in the mean annual temperature as we move from hills towards

Agra in the south-west. The temperatures are generally from 200 to 250 C in theregion whereas they are between 150 to 200 C in the narrow Terai belt in the foot hills.

The economy of the Western U.P. is predominantly agricultural and has highconcentration of population in the State of U.P. Economically it is developed region of

the State. Means of irrigation, location of industries high yield of agricultural producehave given impetus to the development of urban centres and the rural landscape of the

region. The rural population constitutes 76.55% of the total population of the regioni.e. Western U.P.

3.32 Forests ResourcesThe region had quite a dense forests till 18th century. With an intensifying

pressure on agriculture land growing demand for wood forests were denudedrecklessly. The forests are confined to the Terai districts of Saharanpur, Pilibhit,

Rampur, Bareilly etc. that too in the nothern parts of the district and only Shorearobusta, Dalbergia sissoo are the predominant trees along with their associates. In non

forest areas of plains Mango, Jamun, Ficus, Neem, Eucalyptus, Babul (Acacianilotica) are the main trees planted along roads, rails and canals etc .

3.33 Agro-Ecological Regions of Western U.P.Western U.P. has two agro-ecological regions, as per National Bureau of Soil

Survey and Land Use Planning, India.Region I: Semiarid Eco System:



Northern plain and central highlands including Aravallis, hot semi-aridecoregion with alluvium derived soils and growt h period is 90-150 days.37

Region II: Subhumid Eco System Northern plains, hot sub humid (dry) ecoregion with alluvium-derived soils

and growth period is 150-180 days.


In total 62 villages were selected for the survey in the State. After completingthe survey the data was processed for estimating number of trees and trees/ha.

3.35 Estimates of the StudyThe study was conducted in 62 villages and enumerated number of trees were

found .31million and their distribution given below in Table 3.41 to 3.43. Theanalysis of above Table No 3.41 indicates that the maximum number of trees occurs in

10-20 cm dia class followed by 20-30 cm dia class i.e. 69.4% and 19.52%respectively. Mangifera indica has the largest representation of 26.12% followed by

22.05% of Eucalyptus species. Similarly it has been noticed that stem/ha is maximumin diameter class 10-20 cm followed by 20-30 cm.

Table 3.42 shows the distribution of number of trees, species wise andcategory wise (all dia class combined). The farm forestry has a highest percentage of

plantation followed by block plantation, roadside plantation i.e. 56.34%, 37.00% and3.13%respectively. Major contribution of tree species are shown by Mangifera indica

(26.12 %) followed by Eucalyptus spp. (22.05 %) and Dalbergia sissoo (14.14 %).The number of stem occuring in various agro ecological regions are shown in

table no 3.43. The important tree species in a region NPHC (decreasing order) areMangifera indica, Dalbergia sissoo, Eucalyptus spp. and Azadirachta indica and in

region NPSH (D) in decreasing order Eucalyptus spp., Mangifera indica, & Dalbergiasissoo.

The analysis of table 3.43 indicates that in NPHC region has 59.21% of totaltrees with 11.66 stem/ha and the region NPSH (D) has 40.79% of total trees with 8.03

stems/ha.38

Table no. 3.41

DISTRIBUTION OF NUMBER OF STEMS-SPECIESWISE AND DIA

CLASSWISE(All categories combined ) Surveyed Area 15802 ha

SL. NAME OF DIAMETER CLASS TOTAL % ageNO. SPECIES 10-20 20-30 30-40 40+ of stems1 Acacia catechu 198 52 1 0 251 0.08

2 Acacia nilotica 10227 3563 904 220 14914 4.79

3 Acacia spp. 31 33 4 1 69 0.02

4 Aailanthus excelsa 4 9 0 3 16 0.015 Albizia spp. 1576 574 226 115 2491 0.80

6 Artocarpus integeriflius 2082 843 354 211 3490 1.12

7 Azadirachta indica 12181 5358 2407 1748 21694 6.97

8 Borassus flabellifer 0 3 0 26 29 0.01

9 Bombax cieba 287 133 121 197 738 0.24

10 Butea monsperma 423 155 88 102 768 0.25

11 Casia fistula 39 14 10 2 65 0.0212 Cassia simea 210 32 1 0 243 0.08



13 Casia spp. 30 16 0 0 46 0.01

14 Crateva unilocularis 0 1 0 0 1 0.00

15 Dalbergia sissoo 24146 12177 4974 2673 43970 14.14

16 Emblica officinalis 34 19 8 9 70 0.0217 Eucalyptus spp. 56031 9919 2254 395 68599 22.05

18 Ficus spp. 1456 824 556 1276 4112 1.3219 Gmelina arborea 1 1 4 0 6 0.0020 Holoptelea integrifolia 779 219 66 47 1111 0.36

21 Lennea coromandelica 616 284 18 4 922 0.30

22 Litchi chinensis 20 2 0 0 22 0.01

23 Madhuca latifolia 28 25 15 5 73 0.02

24 Mallotus philippinensis 372 23 4 1 400 0.13

25 Mangifera indica 55094 15386 6219 4552 81251 26.12

26 Melia azedarach 3425 713 134 41 4313 1.39

27 Morus spp. 5283 1534 384 138 7339 2.36

28 Phoenix sylvestris 412 1502 1090 118 3122 1.0029 Populus spp. 16287 2057 127 6 18477 5.94

30 Prosopis juliflora 3075 352 18 3 3448 1.1131 Psidium guyava 4082 103 8 6 4199 1.35

32 Shorea robusta 3 2 3 15 23 0.01

33 Spondias pinnata 23 12 0 0 35 0.0134 Syzygium cumini 6793 1956 790 478 10017 3.22

35 Tamarix aphylla 595 299 94 47 1035 0.33

36 Tectona grandis 147 37 4 1 189 0.06

37 Termilinia arjuna 3099 649 129 18 3895 1.25

38 Zizyphus mauratiana 1101 169 29 5 1304 0.42

39 Zizyphus spp. 1132 256 44 15 1447 0.47

40 Mis c. 4543 1405 537 358 6843 2.20

Total 215865 60711 21625 12836 311037 100.00

%age 69.40 19.52 6.95 4.13 100.00

Stem/ha 13.66 3.84 1.37 0.81 19.6839

Chart 6

Chart 7Percentage distribution of Stems by Dia classes in Western UP NFA7% 4%69%20%10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40+ cm56.3437.003.13 2.640.47 0.370.040.0010.0020.0030.0040.0050.0060.00

Percentage distribution of stems in West UP by category wiseFarm forestry Block plantation Road side plantation Village wood lot c anal side plantation Railway lines Ponds

40

Table No 3.42

DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL NUMBER OF STEMS-SPECIES AND

CATEGORYWISE

Surveyed Area 15802 haSL. SPECIES CATEGORIES TOTAL % ageNO I II III IV V VI VII1 Acacia catechu 10 232 0 9 0 0 0 251 0.082 Acacia nilotica 12761 645 689 681 6 74 58 14914 4.79

3 Acacia spp. 18 44 2 0 0 2 3 69 0.02

4 Aailanthus excelsa 8 0 0 0 0 0 8 16 0.01

5 Albizia spp. 1495 228 220 428 0 6 114 2491 0.80



6 Artocarpus integeriflius 2344 21 0 1125 0 0 0 3490 1.12

7 Azadirachta indica 18790 300 429 2129 18 10 18 21694 6.97

8 Borassus flabellifer 2 0 27 0 0 0 0 29 0.01

9 Bombax cieba 373 50 143 86 0 13 73 738 0.2410 Butea monsperma 2 0 720 46 0 0 0 768 0.25

11 Casia fistula 45 13 2 2 0 0 3 65 0.0212 Cassia simea 12 130 0 98 0 0 3 243 0.0813 Casia spp. 8 38 0 0 0 0 0 46 0.01

14 Crateva unilocularis 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.00

15 Dalbergia sissoo 33337 1453 34 8328 27 158 633 43970 14.14

16 Emblica officinalis 42 0 0 28 0 0 0 70 0.02

17 Eucalyptus spp. 56039 2805 96 9497 46 9 107 68599 22.05

18 Ficus spp. 2687 101 959 289 7 9 60 4112 1.32

19 Gmelina arborea 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0.00

20 Holoptelea integrifolia 717 235 13 116 0 9 21 1111 0.36

21 Lennea coromandelica 0 0 20 902 0 0 0 922 0.3022 Litchi chinensis 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 22 0.01

23 Madhuca latifolia 52 0 0 21 0 0 0 73 0.0224Mallotus philippinensis 0 12 22 366 0 0 0 400 0.13

25 Mangifera indica 17376 344 11 63487 0 2 31 81251 26.12

26 Melia azedarach 3919 228 5 155 0 2 4 4313 1.3927 Morus spp. 6952 16 0 362 4 1 4 7339 2.36

28 Phoenix sylvestris 684 33 1506 767 6 88 38 3122 1.00

29 Populus spp. 3349 20 0 15108 0 0 0 18477 5.94

30 Prosopis juliflora 1681 178 411 1175 0 0 3 3448 1.11

31 Psidium guyava 1835 8 0 2353 0 0 3 4199 1.35

32 Shorea robusta 9 2 0 12 0 0 0 23 0.01

33 Spondias pinnata 0 0 35 0 0 0 0 35 0.0134 Syzy gium cumini 5352 333 194 4119 2 10 7 10017 3.2235 Tamarix aphylla 930 0 105 0 0 0 0 1035 0.3336 Tectona grandis 158 0 0 31 0 0 0 189 0.06

37 Termilinia arjuna 94 1940 52 858 0 717 234 3895 1.25

38 Zizyphus mauratiana 829 3 0 471 0 1 0 1304 0.42

39 Zizyphus spp. 7 13 1270 147 7 0 3 1447 0.4740 Misc. 3323 322 1256 1853 2 50 37 6843 2.20

Total 175246 9747 8222 115071 125 1161 1465 311037 100.00

%age 56.34 3.13 2.64 37.00 0.04 0.37 0.47 100.00

Stem/ha 11.09 0.62 0.52 7.28 0.01 0.07 0.09 19.6841

Table No. 3.43

DISTRIBUTION OF NUMBER OF STEMS-SPECIESWISE AND DIA

CLASSWISESurveyed Area 15802 ha

SL. NAME OF Agro Ecological Zones STEM/HA

NO. SPECIES NPHC NPSH(D) TOTAL %AGE1 Acacia catechu 10 241 251 0.08 0.016

2 Acacia nilotica 13768 1146 14914 4.79 0.9443 Acacia spp. 60 9 69 0.02 0.004

4 Aailanthus excelsa 15 1 16 0.01 0.0015 Albizia spp. 920 1571 2491 0.80 0.158

6 Artocarpus integeriflius 2473 1017 3490 1.12 0.221

7 Azadirachta indica 18463 3231 21694 6.97 1.373

8 Borassus flabellifer 29 0 29 0.01 0.002

9 Bombax cieba 285 453 738 0.24 0.047

10 Butea monsperma 20 748 768 0.25 0.049



11 Casia fistula 43 22 65 0.02 0.004

12 Cassia simea 242 1 243 0.08 0.015

13 Casia spp. 46 0 46 0.01 0.003

14 Crateva unilocularis 1 0 1 0.00 0.00015 Dalbergia sissoo 30336 13634 43970 14.14 2.783

16 Emblica officinalis 40 30 70 0.02 0.00417 Eucalyptus spp. 21110 47489 68599 22.05 4.34118 Ficus spp. 2967 1145 4112 1.32 0.260

19 Gmelina arborea 4 2 6 0.00 0.000

20 Holoptelea integrifolia 1078 33 1111 0.36 0.070

21 Lennea coromandelica 3 919 922 0.30 0.058

22 Litchi chinensis 19 3 22 0.01 0.001

23 Madhuca latifolia 69 4 73 0.02 0.005

24 Mallotus philippinensis 9 391 400 0.13 0.025

25 Mangifera indica 57148 24103 81251 26.12 5.142

26 Melia azedarach 2195 2118 4313 1.39 0.27327 Morus spp. 5265 2074 7339 2.36 0.464

28 Phoenix sylvestris 1545 1577 3122 1.00 0.19829 Populus spp. 6248 12229 18477 5.94 1.169

30 Prosopis juliflora 2280 1168 3448 1.11 0.218

31 Psidium guyava 3080 1119 4199 1.35 0.26632 Shorea robusta 1 22 23 0.01 0.001

33 Spondias pinnata 0 35 35 0.01 0.002

34 Syzygium cumini 4430 5587 10017 3.22 0.634

35 Tamarix aphylla 1029 6 1035 0.33 0.065

36 Tectona grandis 50 139 189 0.06 0.012

37 Termilinia arjuna 2121 1774 3895 1.25 0.246

38 Zizyphus mauratiana 1048 256 1304 0.42 0.08339 Zizyphus spp. 1124 323 1447 0.47 0.09240 Misc. 4604 2239 6843 2.20 0.433

Total 184178 126859 311037 100.00 19.683

%age 59.21 40.79 100.00

Stem/ha 16.249 28.399 19.68

Area of agro-eco zones 11335 4467 15802No. of vill.in each zones 44 18 6242

3.4 KERALA

3.41 Brief background of the State

Kerala State is situated on the South Western part of India. The geographicalarea of the State is approximately 3.88 million ha, of which about 10 percent comes

under lowland region (coastal), 42 percent under midland region and remaining under highland region (State Land Use Board, 1980)1. Bordering the Arabian sea, Kerala

lies between 80 and 12045d North latitudes and 7404dand 77050dEast longitude. TheWestern Ghats constitute the eastern boundary while the Arabian sea marks the

western boundary of the State. Kerala has an equable climate and the day temperaturevaries from 20 to 350 C. The mean annual rainfall is about 3,000 mm and varies from

1016 mm to 7620 mm. Variation in temperature is between 23.9 0 C to 37.70 C in plains and 10.0 0 C to 32.20 C in the hills. The soil is varied generally leached and

lateritic and particularly loamy in the hilly region and alluvial in the valleys and plains.

Kerala is the most densely populated State in India. The population of theState in 1991 was 29.09 million with population density 749 persons per km2



compared to 273 persons per km2 of the country. The contribution of forestry andlogging to the net State domestic product has declined from 0.5% in 1990 -91 to 0.4%

in 1997-98. Forest lands including degraded forests constitute 24.3% of the totalgeographical area of the State (Kerala State Land Use Board, 1995). Of the total net

area cultivated, coconut accounted for 39%, rubber 20%, tea, coffee and cardamom

together 7% and rice 11%. Mixed cropping is the characteristics feature of land use inthe home-gardens of Kerala. It integrates agricultural crops with several tree copssuch as coconut, jack, mango, tamarind, cashew, etc., which provide timber, fuelwood,

fruits, green manure and fodder.

3.42 Forest Resources

Recorded forest area of the state is 1.12 m ha of which Reserved Forestsconstitute 1.10 m ha while protected and other forests account for 0.02 m ha.

Vegetation in the State varies with climatic, altitudinal and other edaphic factors. Thehilly zone contains the maximum forests while the midland has only little and the

coastal plains has almost no vegetat ion except for few very small discontinuous patches of mangrove vegetation. Major forest type and species are given below as per

Champion and Seth¶s classifications.1 The lowland, midland and highland regions are the three broad natural regions based on altitude. The land

lying below 7.6 m elevation is lowland, between 7.6 to 76 m midland and above 76 m highland.

43

Forest types Important species

Tropical wet evergreen Artocarpus hirsuta, Calophyllum tomentosa,and semi-evergreen forests Canarium strictum, Cinnamomum zelyancium,

Cullenia excelsa, Dipterocarpus spp., Dysoxylummalabaricum, Michelia champaca, Mesua ferrea,

Terminalia paniculata etc.Tropical moist Adina cordifolia, Bombax ceiba, Dalbergia latifolia,

deciduous forests Ficus glomerata, Kydia calicyna, Lagerstroemia

lanceolata, Pterocarpus marsupium, Tectona grandisTerminalia spp. etc.Tropical dry Acacia spp. Azadirachta indica, Butea frondosa,

deciduous forests Cassia fistula, Dalbergia paniculata, Sterculia urensetc.

Montane sub- Bischofia javonica, Calophyllum tomentosa,tropical and montane Cedrela toona, Eugenia spp., Ficus glomerata,

temperate forests Machilus macrantha, Mallotus spp., Rhododendronspp., Lauraceous trees.

Actual forest cover of Kerala as assessed by the Forest Survey of India is 1.03m ha which constitute 26.6% of the total geographical area of the State. Of the actual

forest cover, 0.8 m ha is under dense forests and 0.2 m ha is under open forests.Forest plantations started in Nilambur in the year 1842 with teak. Since then,

teak plantations were established in many accessible forest areas. Since 1960, the areaunder Eucalyptus plantations increased rapidly. The area under teak has also

increased. Further growth of forest plantations is likely to be marginal in future.

3.43 Social Forestry in Kerala

Several social forestry schemes have been launched in Kerala in order toincrease the supply of fuelwood and small timber, these are National Rural



Employment Programme, Rural Fuelwood Scheme, Rural Landless EmploymentGuarantee Programme, Drought Relief Scheme and the World Bank Scheme. Under

these schemes, plantations have been raised through block, strip and avenue plantingin forest areas, waste lands, etc. A large number of seedlings have also been raised in

nurseries under these schemes and distributed to farmers and social organisations to

raise in homesteads and around public buildings respectively. The total area at the endof 1987-88 was 27149 ha. The species planted and distributed area mainly Acacia44

auriculiformis, Eucalyptus tereticornis and Casuarina equisetifolia . The plantations

have not yet been harvested.

3.44 Need for the Study

The pattern of wood consumption by various sectors and the contribution of different sources of supply in Kerala was not studied until 1987-88. Supply of wood

from the forests of Kerala has declined during the 1980s. Homesteads appear to be animportant source of wood supply, but the available data on land use do not reveal the

composition of tree crops and the growing stock distribution in homesteads. In thiscontext, the present study on µDemand and supply of wood in Kerala and their furture

trends¶ was of great relevance in planning wood-resources development in the State.

3.45 Methodology adopted by KFRI

A survey was conducted during 1988-89 to estimate the volume of growingstock of trees in homesteads, the crop-mix and the preference for particular species.

Homesteads include house compounds and farm lands. Dry land area under agricultural use2 less area under estates is defined as the area under homesteads. A

survey on tree-felling in homesteads was also attempted to quantify the wood production from homesteads. There waas a lack of information regarding the

restrictions imposed by the government on felling of certain trees in private lands.The respondents were found to conceal actual tree-felling due to fear of bureaucratic

harassment later. Also the recall metho d adopted for the survey had several defects,the most important being the non-availability of exact dimensions of the already felled

trees. Due to unreliability in the data, it was not used for further analysis. Wood production from homesteads was therefore taken as the difference between the

demand for wood and the sum of wood production from forests and estates andimports.

A stratified three-stage sampling procedure was adopted for the selection of samples. For each revenue village in Kerala, the percentage of dryland (garden land)

area under agricultural use to the total area under agricultural and population densitywere calculated from the data available with the State Land-use Board and in the 1981

census report respectively. By forming 5 class es for the percentage of dryland areaunder agricultural use to total area under agricultural use and 3 classes for the2 It is assumed that the population living within forests fully depend on fuelwood collected directly. Further,the population in villages adjoining the forests area assumed to collect 5 to 20 percent of their requirement

from the forests. The population for 1987-88 is projected based on the 1981 census. The fuelwoodconsumption is estimated on the basis of the projected population of both the groups and the per capita

fuelwood consumption in the rural areas of Kerala, including the fuelwood equivalent of fuel from

coconut/palmyra trees and crop-residues.

45

population density, 15 strata were formed and the villages were classified in different

strata accordingly. Revenue villages in each stratum were treated as first-stage units



of sampling. Out of the total number of villages in Kerala according to 1981 census,2.5 per cent were distributed in different strata approximately in proportion to the

dryland area under agricultural use in each stratum ensuring that at least one villagewas included from each stratum. The villages in each stratum were chosen at random

and in all 30 villages were selected. Census villages were taken as second stage units

of sampling since several form a revenue village. One was randomly selected fromthe chosen revenue villages and all the households in the selected desom were visitedto collect information such as year of house construction, whether there was any

construction activity using timber in the year 1987-88, size of dryland holding etc.

3.46 Estimation of growing stock of trees in homesteads

The households in the selected were classified on the basis of size of dry landholding. The households with dry land holding formed the third stage units of

sampling. 25 households were allocated proportional to the number of households ineach class and households in each class were randomly and independently selected.

All dry land belonging to the sample households in the desom were surveyed. In thehomesteads of the selected households all trees by species coming under different

diameter classes (dbh) and coconut palms were enumerated. Other palms and plantations of rubber cardamom, coffee and tea were excluded from the definition of

trees.Total production of wood including fuelwood obtained from pruned and fallen

materials and coconut wood from homesteads during 1987-88 was estimated to rangefrom10.899 to 12.246 million m3 of which 80 to 90 percent was fuel. Pruned and

fallen materials from trees in ho mesteads used as fuelwood is worked out to be 0.330million m3. The number of coconut palms felled mainly for timber was worked out to

be 1.303 million which provided 0.693 million m3 of wood. The number of palmsfelled and used as fuel was taken to be 3 .909 million which provided 1.884 million m3

of fuelwood. The total production of coconut wood was estimated as 2.577 millionm3. Non-wood fuel from coconut used in households is arrived at about 5.05 million

m3 fuelwood equivalent. Non-wood fuel materials from coconut is also used in thetertiary sector which has not been estimated. Therefore, 5.05 million m3 can be taken

as minimum production of non-wood coconut fuel. However, the non-woodcomponent of fuel has not been included in the present analysis.

The upper limit of 12.246 million m3 of wood production represents 8.3 m3 per ha of homestead lands used exclusively for agriculture or 7 m3 per ha of homestead

lands plus area under non-agricultural uses within homesteads. The definition of wood us ed in this study is different from the conventional definition where, usually,

only wood above 60 cm girth is considered. Our definition of wood includes woody46

materials up to 10 cm girth in the case of fuelwood. Therefore 7 m3 per ha cannot be

considered to be a very high figure. No attempt has been made to assess thesustainability of wood production from considering the present level of production.

3.47 ESTIMATES OF THE INVENTORYTotal number of trees in homesteads excluding that in plantations and palms

other than coconut is estimated as 442 million in 1988 -89. Coconut palms constituted21.5% of the total number. Trees in the lowest diameter class accounted for 55% of

the total number of trees. Multiple use trees such as coconut, jack, mango, cashew andtamarind were the most preferred species for planting in homesteads. Anily, teak and



matty are the species preferred among trees grown exclusively for wood. However,the crop-mix and preference for particular species vary with respect to different

regions.Growing stock of trees in number and volume and the species preference In

homesteads of Kerala are analysed. Palms other than coconut are not included in the

growing stock of trees. Neither are trees in plantations of rubber, coffee, tea andcardamom.Tables 3.51 presents the number of trees in the growing stock in homesteads

during 1988-89. The estimated total number of trees is 442.2 million of which trees below 10 cm dbh account for 42.91 per cent. When coconut palms are excluded trees

in the lowest class comes to 54.63 per cent of the total number. While trees above 30cm dbh account for only 4.4 per cent of the total number, new plantings of trees (less

than 10 cm dbh) other than coconut palms account for 54.63 per cent The shows thatefforts are being made at the homestead level in planting of trees.47

Table 3.51 Number of trees in the growing stock in homesteads of Kerala during

1988-89

(number in '000)Diameter at breast beight (in cr.)

Trees <10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 >80 TotalCO3 - - 94920 - - - - - - 94920

(21.47)

M2 11550 8624 5837 3146 1699 938 195 67 50 32106

(7.26)

M3 19700 12856 5908 2497 1191 560 216 70 100 43098

(9.75)M4 87456 42322 12126 2652 937 208 116 28 0 145845

(32.98)

T1 14069 5607 1709 376 148 15 0 0 5 2192(4.96)

T2 9869 7901 3975 1347 588 423 114 7 12 23736(5.37)

T3 9242 8007 1870 242 84 24 4 5 0 19478

(4.40)

T4 29970 17877 3790 919 226 160 50 8 13 53013

(11.99)

ACE 7860 150 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 8040(1.82)

Total 189716

(42.91)*

103344

(23.37)

129665

(29.321)11179

(2.53)

4873

(1.10)

2328(0.53)

695

(0.16)

185



(0.04)

180

(0.04)

442165

(100.00)

CO stands for coconut palms, M2 for jack, M3 for mango, tamarind, gooseberry, etc., M4

for cashew, breadfruit, guava, etc., T1 for teak, rosewood and sandal, T2 for anjily,chadachy, irul , etc., T3 for kanjiram, manjakadambu, thanni, etc., T4 for matty, mullilavu,e z hilampala etc., ACE for Acacia auriculiformis, Casuarina and Eucalyptus. For complete

list see Appendix-1. The figures in parentheses are percentages to total.

The volume of growing stock of trees in total volume is estimated as 104.248

million m3 overbark including volume of branch wood above 10 cm girth. Thecommercial volume is estimated as 28.526 million m 3 underbark (see Tables 3.52 and

3.53). The commercial volume accounts for 27.4 per cent of the total volume. Theremaining 72.6 per cent is the growing stock of fuelwood. However, commercial

volume also includes volume of trees with only fuelwood value, when felled, such astamarind.3 Include only those coconut palms above 5 years old which have stem wood. The average diameter of coconut palms is assumed to be in 20-30 cm class.48

3.48 Species preference

Trees with multiple uses account for 71 per cent of the total number of trees,81 per cent of the total volume overbark of all trees and 83 per cent of the total

commercial volume. Also among trees above 60 cm dbh, trees providing multiple benefits constitute 74 per cent of the total number, 83 per cent of the total volume

overbark of all trees and 85 per cent of total.

Table 3.52

Total volume of growing stock of trees in homesteads of Kerala(volume in '000 m3 overbark including branch wood of 10 cm and above girth)

Diameter at breast height (in cm)Trees <10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 >80 TotalCO - - 34171 - - - - - - 34171

(32.78)M2 46 1509 2422 3072 3484 3126 968 447 489 15563

(14. 93)

M3 79 2250 2576 2469 2417 1834 1060 455 908 14048

(13.48)M4 350 7406 6801 2845 1784 609 529 164 0 20488

(19.66)

T1 56 981 767 372 266 45 0 0 38 2525

(2.42)

T2 39 1383 1568 1290 986 1061 407 33 98 6865

(6.58)

T3 37 1401 951 248 164 73 17 27 0 2918

(2.80)T4 120 3129 1974 1009 450 513 242 51 107 7595

(7.28)

ACE 31 26 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 75(0.07)

Total 758

(0.73)*

18085



(17.34)

51248

(49.16)

11305

(10.84)

9551

(9.16)

7261

96.97)

3223

(3.09)

1177

(1.23)

1640

(1.57)

104248

(100.00)

* The figures in par entheses are percentages to total.49

Table3.53 Commercial volume of growing stock of trees in homesteads of Kerala

(volume in '000 m3 underbark)Diameter at breast height (in cm.)

Trees 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 >80 Total (%)CO 6834 0 0 0 0 0 0 6834 23.96

M2 817 1605 1767 1586 477 222 236 6710 23.52

M3 844 1274 1220 921 512 219 440 5430 19 02

M4 1941 1352 863 284 216 67 0 4723 16.55T1 406 144 112 18 0 0 20 700 2.45

T2 475 390 318 367 157 14 39 1760 6.17

T3 285 122 80 34 7 11 0 539 1.90

T4 616 519 232 280 114 25 40 1826 6.41

ACE 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0.02Total 12222 5406 4592 3490 1483 558 775 28526

(%) 42.85 18.95 16.10 12.23 5.20 1.95 2.72 100.00

Commercial volume: The commercial volume is estimated to be 28.526 million m3

constituting 27.4.% of the total volume. Coconut palms, jack, mango,

tamarind,cashew, breadfruit, guava constitute more than 80% of the total volume. Acacia auriculiformis, Casuarina equisetifolia and Eucalyptus account for only 0.02

per cent of the total comme rcial volume. Timber and multiple-use trees in the highvalue classes contribute to the timber supply and those in the low value classes

contribute to both timber and fuelwood supply.

3.49 Pattern of Growing Stock Distribution

The pattern of growing stock distribution of trees in the homesteads of Kerala

gives a very interesting picture of the preference for different trees in homesteads (seeTable 3.54, 3.55, 3.56 and 3.57). Just 10 species account for 74 per cent of totalnumber equivalent to 85 per cent of total wood volume. Coconut provides about 28

per cent of total timber consumption and about 16 per cent of the total fuelwoodconsumption. When non-wood fuel from coconut is also considered, the contribution

of coconut is 69.8% of the total consumption of fuelwood and charcoal from all other trees and all sources put together. After a pre-bearing stage of about 6 years, there is

continuous production of nut and fuel in the form of leaf, sheath, husk, shell, etc: for



over 60 years. Coconut provides the benefits of an agricultural crop as well as a tree.50

Table 3.54

Pattern of growing stock distribution of trees in homesteads of KeralaTrees Percentage of growing stock to total growing stock in

Number Volume Commercial volume

Coconut (CO) 21.47 32.78 23.96Jack (M2) 7.26 14.92 23.52

Mango (M3) 7.29 10.90 15.78Cashew (M4) 9.30 11.65 12.54

Anjily (T2) 2.28 4.00 3.86

Tamarind (M3) 1.54 1.66 2.12

Teak (T1) 4.11 1.91 2.04

Murikku (M4) 10.38 3.90 1.99

Vatta (M4) 5.96 1.92 0.72Matty (T4) 4.17 1.24 0.67

Other trees 26.24 15.12 12.80

Total 100.00 100.00 100.00

Erythrina stricta and Macaranga peltata are the other trees most integrated

with agriculture. They provide support for pepper vine, a high return crop, and produce excellent lead manure. However, they do not contribute much to the total

commercial volume of wood. Jack and mango are planted for fruits and shade. Theleaf of jack is a very good fodder. Jack produces premium timber for construction and

furniture. The timber of mango, though not as valuable, is used as industrial wood andfor construction. Cashew has a very short pre-bearing stage and provides a high

annual return from nuts. Its wood is used as fuel and in packing case industry. Anjily,which provides a long straight bole, is used for construction, boat building, etc.

Tamarind produces fruit which is a condiment in daily use. Tamarind wood is anexcellent fuel and the tree has the capability to establish and grow in dry areas and

adverse conditions. Teak is the traditional high quality, high value timber of Kerala

which can be used for any purpose. It has also high export demand. Matty, a fastgrowing tree, has been popularized in the recent past due to demand from matchindustry.

The data show that trees with multiple benefits are preferred to single-usetrees. Even among multiple-use trees, trees which provide for home consumption

have prefernce. The potential for recurring annual income generation is an importantconsideration. Trees which are complementary to agricultural crops for providing

support or manure are also preferred. Coconut followed by jack, mango, cashew,anjily, tamarind, teak, murikku, vatta and matty are the most preferred species for

planting and maintaining in homesteads. Howeve r, the crop-mix and preference for particular species vary with respect to different regions in Kerala. Fuelwood and very

low value trees with single use have very low preference in homesteads. Even amongfuel producing trees, coconut is the most preferred tree.51

Table 3.55

Number of Trees Growing in Homesteads in different diameter classes(number in µ000)Trees Diameter at breast height (in cm)<10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 >80

Total



(%)Coconut - - 94920 - - - - - - 94920

(21.47)

Murikku 30434 13034 2053 287 58 30 0 0 0 45896(10.38)

Cashew 14700 15109 8207 1959 857 155 116 21 0 41124(9.30)Mango 13641 10168 4672 1983 961 445 190 56 98 32214

(7.29)

Jack 11549 8624 5837 3146 1699 939 195 67 50 32106

(7.29)

Vatta 17999 7362 899 89 12 5 0 0 0 26366

(5.96)

Tamarind 4040 1454 730 314 155 71 26 14 1 6805

(1.54)

Teak 11776 4638 1368 262 112 4 0 0 0 18160(4.11)

Matty 13240 4658 356 114 25 17 11 0 0 18421(4.17)

Anjily 4132 2415 1672 892 480 369 109 14 0 10083

(2.28)Other trees 68205 35882 8951 2133 514 293 48 13 31 116070

(26.25)

Total

(%)

189716

(42.91)

103344

(23.37)

129665

(29.32)

11179

(2.53)

4873 (1.10)

2328

(0.53)

695

(0.16)

185

(0.04)

180

(0.04)

442165

(100.00)52

Table No. 3.56Total Volume of Important Trees In The Growing Stock In homesteads(Volume in µ000 m3 overbark including branchwood of 10 cm and above girth)Trees Diameter at breast height (in cm)

<10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 >80

Total

(%)Coconut - - 34171 - - - - - - 34171

(32.78)



Jack 46 1509 2422 3071 3483 3126 968 446 489 15560

(14.92)

Cashew 59 2644 4604 2103 1630 455 529 122 0 12146

(11.65)Mango 55 1779 1939 1935 1970 1483 943 372 893 11369

(10.901)Murikku 122 2281 1152 308 110 88 0 0 0 4061(3.90)

Vatta 72 1288 504 95 24 14 0 0 0 1997

(1.92)

Tamarind 16 254 410 337 294 209 118 82 15 1735

(1.66)

Anjily 16 423 776 816 772 900 391 33 48 4175

(4.00)

Teak 47 812 667 256 195 9 0 0 0 1986

(1.91)Matty 53 815 148 111 52 56 55 0 0 1290

(1.24)Other trees 272 6280 4455 2273 1021 921 219 122 195 15758

(15.12)

Total(%)

758

(0.73)

18085

(17.34)

51248

(49.16)

11305

(10.84)

9551

(9.16)

7261

(6.97)3223

(3.09)

1177

(1.23)

1640

(1.57)

104248

(100.00)53

Table No. 3.57

Commercial Volume of Important Trees in the Growing Stock in Homesteads of

Kerala

(volume in µ000 m3 underbark)Trees Diameter at brest height (in cm)

20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 >80

Total (%)Coconut (CO) 6834 - - - - - - 6834 23.96Jack (M2) 817 1605 1767 1586 477 222 236 6710 23.52

Mango (M3) 654 1011 1000 752 464 185 435 4501 15.78

Cashew (M4) 1313 999 788 212 216 50 0 3578 12.54

Tamarind (M3) 117 160 142 97 48 34 6 604 2.12



Murikku (M4) 329 146 53 41 0 0 0 569 1.99

Vatta (M4) 144 45 12 6 0 0 0 207 0.72

Anjily (T2) 200 187 221 306 150 14 22 1100 3.86

Teak (T1) 369 118 91 5 0 0 0 583 2.04Matty (T4) 50 58 26 29 27 0 0 190 0.67

Other trees 1395 1077 492 456 101 53 76 3650 12.80

Total

(%)

12222

(42.85)

5406

(18.95)

4592

(16.10)

3490

(12.23)

1483

(5.20)558

(1.95)

775(2.72)

28526

100.0054

4.CONCLUSIONSWith the increasing emphasis on the conservation of the natural forest and their bio-diversity, the responsibility to supply wood and other forest products will shift on

trees outside forest. Concerned with the depletion of the forest resource the SupremeCourt of India has also issued directions and imposed restrictions on felling of trees

from natural forests without proper management/working plans.

In India, though forestry falls under the concurrent list of the Constitution, themanagement and ownership of the forest rests with the States (Provinces). In the StateForestry Action Programmes prepared by State Governments, the role of trees

growing outside forests has been greatly emphasized. The states have drawn their plans of growing trees for production of wood and other products from outside forests.

In most of the states major portion of the area where trees are to be planted fall in thefarm lands. In Haryana State about 35% to 40% of the total projection of land where

trees are to be planted outside forests has to come from the farmlands. Other potentialareas which have been identified for growing trees, are vacant land in the institutions

(schools, colleges, offices, industrial complexes, religious places etc.) and parcels of land along roads, canals, railway lines and water coarses. Plantations in homesteads

and farmhouses have been proposed mainly in Kerala and West Bengal. National Forest Policy 1988 has emphasized that wood based industries have

to generate their own resource for meeting their raw material needs. This is to beachieved by growing trees outside forests and a major portion of which has to come

from the agro forestry practices. The industries are also expected to raise captive plantations and motivate farmers to plant tree species to meet their industrial needs.

Since trees growing outside forests will be the major source of wood and other forest products in the near future, it is imperative that such resource is accurately



assessed periodically and methodo logy is developed to monitor them regularly. TheForest Survey of India is the only organisation in India, which has undertaken the

responsibility of assessment of this resource with limited manpower and infrastructure.The present methodology even after refinement is based on the ground inventory.

With the increasing resolution of the space satellite it may be possible to get proper

signature registered of the trees growing in sporadic form outside forests. The latestsatellite of SPACE IMAGING -IKONOS launched for commercial purposes byU.S.A.has a resolution of one-meter. It is possible to discern most of the trees

growing in isolation and in scattered way. Appropriate methodology, therefore, can bedeveloped to make quick assessment of the trees growing outside forests by

combining space technology with ground inventory.55

APPENDIX I

Names of Trees in Homesteads of KeralaLocal Name (Trade Name) Class Botanical Name* Aatha M4 Annona reticulata Linn.

Akil T2 Dysoxylum malabaricum Bedd.ex Hiern

Albi

z ia T2

Albi

z ia falcataria (Linn.) Fosberg.

Anba z ham (Indian Hogplum) M4 Spondias pinnata (Linn.f.) Kurz

Anjily (Ayani) T2 Artocarpus hirsutus Lamk.

Annakara T4 Garuga pinnata Roxb.

Aranamaram M4 Polyalthia longifolia (Sonner.) Thw

Aryaveppu (Neem) M3 Az adirachta indica A. Juss.

Athi T3 Ficus racemosa Linn.

Badam (Indian almound) M3 Terminalia catappa Linn.

Chadachi (Dhaman) T2 Grewia tiliifolia Vahl.

Chandanam (Sandal) T1 Santalum album Linn.Chembakam (Chembak) M4 Michelia champaca Linn.

Cheru T3 Holigarna arnottiana Hk.f.

Choolamaram ACE Casuarina equisetifolia J.R. & G.Forst.

Edana T3 Cinnamomum sp.

Elanji (Bulletwood) T2 Mimusops elenji Linn. Eucaly (Eucalypt) ACE Eucalyptus sp.

E z hilampala (Shaitan wood) T4 Alstonia scholaris (Linn.) R. Br.

I rul T2 Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub.

Kadaplavu (Breadfruit) M4 Artocarpus cummunis J.R. & G. Forst.

Kalash T3 Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr.

Kambily T4 Euodia lunu-ankenda (Gaertn.) Merr. Kanakamaram M4 Cananga odoratta Hk.f. & Thoms.

Kanikonna (Indian laburnum) T2 Cassia fistula Linn.

Kanjiram T3 Strychnos nux-vomica Linn.

Kara T3 Elaeocarpus tectorius (Lour.) Poir.

Kasumavu (Cashew) M4 Anacardium occidentale Linn.

Koovalam M3 Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Corr.

Kudappuli M3 Garcinia gummi-gutta (Linn.) Robs. Kumi z hu (Gamari) T3 Gmelina arborea Roxb.

Kunnivaka T2 Albi z ia odoratissima (Linn.f.) Benth.

Mahagony T2 Sweitenia mahagony (Linn.) Jacq.

Manchady T3 Adenanthera pavonia Linn. Manjakadambu (Haldu) T3 Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsd.

Manjapavatta T3 Morinda pubescens J.E. Sm.

Marotty M3 Hydnocarpus pentandra (Buch-Ham.) Oken.

Matty T4 Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alston



Mavu (Mango) M3 Mangifera indica Linn.

Mullankainy (Kasi) T2 Bridelia roxburghiana (Muell.-Arg) Gehm.

Mul leelam T3 Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC.

Mullilavu (Semul) T4 Bombax ceiba Linn.

Nelly (Gooseberry) M3 Emblica officinalis Gaertn.

Njaval T2 Sy z ygium cumini (Linn.) Skeels.Othalam T4 Cerbera odollam Gaertn.

Panjipoola (Kapok) T4 Ceiba pentandra (Linn.) Gaertn.

56

Parakam T3 Ficus hispida Linn.f.

Pathiri (Padri) T3 Stereospermum colais (Buch-Ham.ex Dillw.)

Mabber.

Payyani T4 Oroxylum indicum (Linn.) Vent.

Pera (Guava) M4 Psidium guajava Linn.

Peral (Banyan) T3 Ficus benghalensis Linn.

Pe z hu (Kumbi) T4 Careya arborea Roxb. Plavu (Jack) M2 Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.

Poovam T2 Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken Poovarasu T2 Thespesia populnea (Linn.) Soland.ex. Correa

Pottami T4 Trema orientalis (Linn.) Bl.

Pulimaram (Tamarind) M3 Tamarindus indica Linn. Pulla Maruthu (Kindal) T2 Terminalia paniculata Roth.

Punna (Alexandrian laurel) T2 Calophyllum inophyllum Linn.

Silver oak M4 Grevillea robusta A. Cunn.

Sinduram M3 Mallotus philippensis (Lamk.) Muell.-Arg

Thanni T3 Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.

Thekku (Teak) T1 Tectona grandis Linn.f.

Thembavu T2 Terminalia crenulata RothThengu (Coconut) CO Cocos nucifera Linn.Therakam T3 Ficus exaperata Vahl.Ungu (Indian beech) T4 Pongania pinnata (Linn.) Pierre.

Vaka T2 Albi z ia sp.

Varangu T4 Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr.

Vatta M4 Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) Muell-Arg.Veeti (Rosewood) T1 Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.

Vempu T3 Toona ciliata Roemer

Venga (Bijasal) T2 Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.

Venthekku (Venteak) T2 Lagerstroemia microcarpa Wt.

Vetty T3 A porusa lindleyana (Wt.) Baill.* Botanical names are taken from Sasidharan, 1987.

57

APPENDIX 2.1

HaryanaSl.No NAME OF SPECIES USES

1 Acacia catechu Katha, industrial2 Acacia nilotica Firewood, charcoal, poles, small timber, utensils/ furniture/carying, fodder in the form of leaves and pods, Nitrogen

fixation, Soil conservation/improvement and windbreak

3 Acacia spp. Small timber and fuelwood4 Acacia tortilis Firewood, charcoal, erosion control, fibre and nitrogenfixation

5 Albizia spp. Timber, fuel, fodder, fruits and shade6 Azadirachta indica Fuelwood, charcoal, timber, furniture, poles, medicine(leaves, bark, roots) fodder (foilage, oil seed cake), bee



forage, shade, fertilizer, erosion control, soil conservation,windbreaks, ornamental, oil, insecticides (azadirachtin), soap

manufacturing, leaves used to deworm livestock 7 Dalbergia sissoo Timber, fuel, fodder, fruits, shade, nitrogen fixation, soilconservation, soil improvement and windbreak

8 Eucalyptus spp. Timber, fuel, fodder, fruits, shade, nitrogen fixation, soil

conservation, soil improvement and windbreak 9 Ficus spp. Nitrogen fixation, soil conservation10 Mangifera indica Fuelwood, food (fruit, juice), fodder (leaves), bee-forage,windbreaks, mulch, green leaf manure, ornamental, shade,

soil conservation, gum, dug-out canoes (coast) and timber 11 Melia azedarach Windbreak, poles, firewood, and shade12 Morus spp. Timber, fuel, fodder, fruits, shade and wood for manufacturing hockey sticks and ot her sports goods

13 Populus spp. Matchwood14 Prosopis cineraria Charcoal, fodder (leaf/flower), fodder for bees58

15 Prosopis juliflora Fuelwood charcoal, timber, poles, posts, carvings, fruit,vegetable, fodder (leaves and pods), bee-forage, medicine,

nitrogen fixation, shade, soil conservation, dune fixation,windbreak and live fence16 Psidium guyava Fuelwood, tool handles, granary construction, stakingmaterial, fruit (jam, jelly, juice), medicine, erosion control

and live fence17 Salvadora spp. Soil conservation18 Syzygium cumini Timber, fuel, fodder, fruits and shade19 Tamarix aphylla Erosion control, mulch, soil improvement, windbreak, river

bank/ sand stabilisation, small timber and fuelwood

20 Zizyphus spp. Fruits, firewood, fodder and shade

59APPENDIX 2.2

West Bengal

Sl. No Name of Species Uses

1 Acacia arabica Windbreak, firewood and shade2 Acacia auriculliformis Fuelwood3 Albizzia species Timber, fuel, fodder, fruits and shade

4 Alnus nepalensis Firewood, timber an d erosion control5 Artocarpus species Timber 6 Azadirachta indica Fuelwood, charcoal, timber, furniture, poles, medicine

(leaves, bark, roots) fodder (foilage, oil seed cake), beeforage, shade, fertilizer, erosion control, soil

conservation, windbreaks, ornamental, oil, insecticides(azadirachtin), soap manufacturing, leaves used todeworm livestock

7 Bombax ceiba Timber, veneer, matchwood8 Cassia species Mulch, soil conservation, windbreak, firewood and shade9 Casurina equisetifolia Soil reclamation (degraded sites), windbreaks, sand(dune) stabilizer, erosion control, fuelwood, charcoal,

poles, timber, handles, masts for shows, construction



wood, pulp, fodder, mulch, green manure, nitrogenfixation, ornamental, dye, tannin and soil improvement

10 Cocos nucifera Firewood, pole, furniture11 Dalbargia sissoo Timber, fuel, fodder, fruits, shade, nitrogen fixation, soilconservation, soil improvement and windbreak

12 Enterolonbium saman Soil conservation and shade

13 Eucalyptus hybrid Timber, fuel, fodder, fruits, shade, nitrogen fixation, soilconservation, soil improvement and windbreak 14 Eucalyptus species Timber, fuel, fodder, fruits, shade, nitrogen fixation, soilconservation, soil improvement and windbreak 60

15 Ficus species Mulch, soil conservation and improvement16 Gmelina arborea Firewood, timber, fodder, poles and windbreak 17 Leucacna leucocephala Firewood, poles, browse, mulch, nitrogen fixation, soilconservation/ improvement

18 Mangifera indica Fuelwood, food (fruit, juice), fodder (leaves), bee-forage,windbreaks, mulch, green leaf manure, ornamental,

shade, soil conservation, gum, dug-out canoes (coast) andtimber

19 Melia azadirachta Windbreak, poles, firewood, and shade20 Michelia champaca Fuel wood and timber 21 Phoenix sylvestris Soil conservation and windbreak 22 Pridian guava Firewood

23 Shorea robusta Timber 24 Syzygium cumini Timber, fuel, fodder, fruits and shade25 Tectona grandis Timber 26 Terminalia arjuna Timber, fuelwood

27 Zizyphus species Fruits61

APPENDIX 2.3 Karnataka

Sl.No Species Uses

1 Acacia spp. Small timber and fuelwood

2 Albizzia spp. Timber, fuel, fodder, fruits and shade3 Anacardium occidentale Fuelwood, charcoal, posts, nuts, fruits (juice, liquor wine, jam), medicine, ornamental, shade, soil conservation,

dune fixation, windbreaks, nutshell oil (varnish, inks,tiles, brake lining), gum (book binding)4 Areca catechu Katha, industrial purpose

5 Azadirachta indica Fuelwood, charcoal, timber, furniture, po les, medicine(leaves, bark, roots) fodder (foilage, oil seed cake), bee

forage, shade, fertilizer, erosion control, soilconservation, windbreaks, ornamental, oil, insecticides(azadirachtin), soap manufacturing, leaves used to

deworm livestock 6 Casuarina equisetifolia Soil eclamation (degraded sites), windbreaks, sand (dune)stabilizer, erosion control, fuelwood, charcoal, poles,timber, handles, masts for shows, construction wood,

pulp, fodder, mulch, green manure, nitrogen fixation,



ornamental, dye, tannin and soil improvement7 Citrus spp. Fruits, firewood

8 Cocus nucifera Firewood, pole and furniture9 Eucalyptus spp. Timber, fuel, fodder, fruits, shade, nitrogen fixation, soilconservation, soil improvement and windbreak

10 Ficus spp. Mulc h, soil conservation and improvement

11 Mangifera indica Fuelwood, food (fruit, juice), fodder (leaves), bee-forage,windbreaks, mulch, green leaf manure, ornamental,shade, soil conservation, gum, dug-out canoes (coast) andtimber

12 Pongamia pinnata Soil conservation and small wood62

13 Prosopis juliflora Fuelwood charcoal, timber, poles, posts, carvings, fruit,vegetable, fodder (leaves and pods), bee-forage,medicine, nitrogen fixation, shade, soil conservation,

dune fixation, windbreak and live fence14 Santalum album Ornamental sandal wood and oil

15 Syzigium spp. Timber, fuelwood, fodder and shade16 Tamarindus indica Fuelwood, charcoal, timber, utensils/ furniture/ carrying,

boat -building, pestles, mortars, poles, carts, posts, food(fruit, pulp, seasoning/drink), flavouring, medicine(twigs, bark, roots), ornamental, shade, mulch, nitrogenfixing, fodder (leaf/ flower, fodder for bees), shade,

mulch, nitrogen fixation, windbreak, soil conservation/improvement, river bank/ sand stabilisation and thatch/roofing17 Tectona grandis Timber

18 Terminalia arjuna Timber and fuelwood

19 Zizyphus maurastiana Soil conservation, firewood, charcoal, poles, timber, food

(fruit), medicine, fodder (fruit/pod, fodder for bees) andshade63

APPENDIX 2.4

Western U.P.

Sl.No NAME OF SPECIES USES

1 Acacia catechu Katha, industrial

2 Acacia nilotica Firewood, charcoal, poles, small timber, utensils/furniture/ carying, fodder in the form of leaves and pods, Nitrogen fixation, Soil conservation/improve ment and

windbreak 3 Acacia spp. Small timber and fuelwood

4 Albizia spp. Timber, fuel, fodder, fruits and shade5 Artocarpus integeriflius Timber 6 Azadirachta indica Fuelwood, charcoal, timber, furniture, poles, medicine

(leaves, bark, roots) fodder (foilage, oil seed cake), beeforage, shade, fertilizer, erosion control, soilconservation, windbreaks, ornamental, oil, insecticides(azadirachtin), soap manufacturing, leaves used to

deworm livestock



7 Bombax cieba Timber, veneer and matchwood8 Casia fistula Mulch, Soil conservation, windbreak, firewood and shade

9 Cassia simea Mulch, Soil conservation, windbreak, firewood and shade10 Cassia spp. Mulch, Soil conservation, windbreak, firewood and shade11 Dalbergia sissoo Timber, fuel, fodder, fruits, shade, nitrogen fixation, soil

conservation, soil improvement and windbreak

12 Emblica officinalis Fruit fuelwood and fodder 13 Eucalyptus spp. Timber, fuel, fodder, fruits, shade and paper pulpwood14 Ficus spp. Mulch, soil conserva tion and improvement15 Gmelina arborea Firewood, timber, fodder for bees, poles and windbreak

16 Mangifera indica Fuelwood, food (fruit, juice), fodder (leaves), bee-forage,windbreaks, mulch, green leaf manure, ornamental,64

windbreaks, mulch, green leaf manure, ornamental,shade, soil conservation, gum, dug-out canoes (coast) and

timber 17 Melia azedarach Windbreak, poles, firewood, and shade

18 Morus spp. Timber, fuel, fodder, fruits, shade and wood for manufacturing hockey sticks and other sports goods

19 Populus spp. Matchwood, paper pulp, poles and timber 20 Prosopis juliflora Fuelwood charcoal, timber, poles, posts, carvings, fruit,vegetable, fodder (leaves and pods), bee-forage,medicine, nitrogen fixation, shade, soil conservation,

dune fixation, windbreak and live fence21 Psidium guyava Fuelwood, tool handles, granary construction, stakingmaterial, fruit (jam, jelly, juice), medicine, erosioncontrol and live fence

22 Shorea robusta Timber

23 Syzygium cumini Timber, fuel, fodder, fruits and shade

24 Tamarix aphylla Erosion control, mulch, soil improvement, windbreak,river bank/ sand stabilisation, small timber and fuelwood

25 Tectona grandis Timber 26 Termilinia arjuna Timber, fuelwood27 Zizyphus mauratiana Soil conservation, firewood, charcoal, poles, timber, food(fruit), medicine, fodder (fruit/pod, fodder for bees) and

shade28 Zizyphus spp. Soil conservation, firewood, charcoal, poles, timber, food(fruit), medicine, fodder (fruit/pod, fodder for bees) and

shade65

APPENDIX3

.0DEFINITIONS

Block plantation - Compact tree plantations covering an area of more than 0.1 ha on private /Govt. land except village community land.

Canopy -The cover of branches and foliage formed by the crowns of trees in a wood.

Dense forest - All lands with a forest cover of trees with canopy density of 40 per cent

and above.Farm Forestry- Trees growing naturally or planted along farm bunds or in small



patches upto 0.1 ha on private lands.

Forest Cover- All lands with a tree canopy density of more than 10 per cent though

they may not be statutorily notified as forest.Forest inventory - The measuring and describing the quantity and quality of forest

crop and many of the characteristics of the land area upon which forest crop is

growing.Growing Stock - The sum of all the trees (by number or volume) growing in theForest or a specified part of it.

Homesteads - Includes house compounds and farmlads.Mangrove - Mangroves are salt tolerant forest ecosystem found mainly in tropical and

sub-tropical inter-tidal regions.Open forest - All lands with a forest cover of trees with canopy density between 10 to

40 per cent.Recorded forest area - All lands statutorily notified as forest though they may not

necessarily bear tree cover.Regeneration - The renewal of a forest crop by natural or artificial means, also

the new crop so obtained.Scrub- All lands with poor tree growth chiefly of small or stunted trees with canopy

density less than 10 per cent.66

Shifting Cultivation - A method of cyclical cultivation in vogue where cultivators

cut the tree crop burn it and raise agricultural crop for one or more years beforemoving on to another site and repeating the process.

Unclassed Forest - Forest land owned by government but not constituted into areserve or protected forest.

Village woodlot- Naturally growing/planted trees on village community land.Working Plan - A written scheme of management aiming at continuity of policy and

action and controlling the treatment of a forest.67

REFERENCES

Anon. 1997 Monthly Abstract of Statistics and Statistical Abstract India 1997 (Vol. I& II), Central Statistical Organisation, Department of Statistics and

Programme Implementation, Ministry of Planning and ProgrammeImplementation, Government of India, New Delhi.

Anon. Indian Live Stock Census (Vol I) 1992 Directorate of Economics and Statistics,Department of Agriculture and Co -operation Ministry of Agriculture,

Government of India.Anon. 1992 Agro-ecological Regions of India, Technical bulettine by National

Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning ICAR, Nagpur

Anon. 1999 India 1999 a reference annual. Ministry of Information and BroadCasting, Government of India.FSI. 1995. Extent, Composition, density, growing and annual increment of India,s

forests, Forest Survey of India, Dehradun.FSI 1999. Trees outsides forest resource of Haryan, Forest Survey of India, Northern

Zone, Shimla.FSI. 1997. A report on Inventory of Trees in Non Forest Area of Wester UP (Pilot

study), Forest Survey of India, Northern Zone, Shimla.



FSI. 1997. A Report on Inventory of Trees in Non-Forest Areas of West Bengal(Pilot study) Forest Survey of India, Eastern Zone, Calcutta.

MoEF 1997 State of Forest Report 1997, Forest Survey of India, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Dehradun.

Dr. Krishnakutty C.N. ³A study on Demand and Supply of Wood in Kerala and their

Future Trend´ Kerala Forest Research Institute, KeralaChampion, H.G. and Seth, S.K. 1968. Forest types in India.Anon. 1999. Census of India 1991 Final Population Totals: Paper I & II Registrar

General & Census Commissioner, India.Anon. 1999. National Forestry Action Programme-India Ministry of Environment &

Forests, Government of IndiaAnon. 1999 India 1999 a reference annual. Ministry of Information and BroadCasting, Government of India.

forest tree information

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