For Radio Communications

The ARRL Handbook

Eighty-Ninth Edition

Published by:ARRLthe national association for Amateur Radio™Newington, CT 06111 USA

EditorH. Ward Silver, NØAX

Contributing EditorsSteven R. Ford, WB8IMYMark J. Wilson, K1RO

Editorial AssistantMaty Weinberg, KB1EIB

Technical ConsultantsBob Allison, WB1GCMMichael E. Gruber, W1MGEdward F. Hare, Jr, W1RFIZachary H.J. Lau, W1VT

Cover DesignSue Fagan, KB1OKWBob Inderbitzen, NQ1R

ProductionMichelle Bloom, WB1ENTNancy G. Hallas, W1NCYElaine LengylCarol Michaud, KB1QAWJodi Morin, KA1JPADavid F. Pingree, N1NAS

Additional Contributors to the 2012 EditionAlan Bloom, N1ALDoug Grant, K1DGJoel R. Hallas, W1ZRCarl Leutzelschwab, K9LAMark Steffka, WW8MSJim Tonne, W4ENEPaul Wade, W1GHZ

Cover Info: Top to bottom: The impedance transformer designed by Phil Salas, AD5X, for matcing vertical antennas on 160 and 80 meters. (see Chapter 24) Joe Carcia, NJ1Q designed and built the automatic antenna relay control and display unit. (Also in Chapter 24) Amateurs with stacked HF Yagis can use this remote-switched matching transformer designed by George Cutsogeorge, W2VJN. (See Chapter 20)

2012

Copyright © 2011 by The American Radio Relay League, Inc.

Copyright secured under the Pan-American Convention

International Copyright secured

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form except by written permission of the publisher. All rights of translation are reserved.

Printed in the USA

Quedan reservados todos los derechos

ISBN: 978-0-87259-667-2 Softcover

ISBN: 978-0-87259-663-4 Hardcover

Eighty-Ninth Edition

Contents

A more detailed Table of Contents is included at the beginning of each chapter.

InTroduCTIon1 What is Amateur (Ham) radio? 1.1Do-It-YourselfWireless 1.2JoiningtheHamRadioCommunity 1.3AssemblingYourStation 1.4Hello, World!—GettingontheAir 1.5YourHamRadio“Lifestyle” 1.6PublicService 1.7HamRadiointheClassroom 1.8Resources 1.9Glossary

FundAmenTAl THeory2 electrical Fundamentals 2.1IntroductiontoElectricity 2.2ResistanceandConductance 2.3BasicCircuitPrinciples 2.4PowerandEnergy 2.5CircuitControlComponents 2.6ACTheoryandWaveforms 2.7CapacitanceandCapacitors 2.8InductanceandInductors 2.9WorkingwithReactance 2.10Impedance 2.11QualityFactor(Q)ofComponents 2.12PracticalInductors 2.13ResonantCircuits 2.14Transformers 2.15HeatManagement 2.16RadioMathematics 2.17ReferencesandBibliography

3 Analog Basics 3.1AnalogSignalProcessing 3.2AnalogDevices 3.3PracticalSemiconductors 3.4AnalogSystems 3.5Amplifiers 3.6OperationalAmplifiers 3.7Analog-DigitalConversion 3.8MiscellaneousAnalogICs 3.9AnalogGlossary 3.10ReferencesandBibliography

4 digital Basics 4.1DigitalvsAnalog 4.2NumberSystems 4.3PhysicalRepresentationofBinaryStates 4.4CombinationalLogic 4.5SequentialLogic 4.6DigitalIntegratedCircuits 4.7Microcontrollers 4.8PersonalComputerInterfacing 4.9GlossaryofDigitalElectronicsTerms 4.10ReferencesandBibliography

PrACTICAl desIgn And PrInCIPles5 rF Techniques 5.1Introduction 5.2Lumped-ElementversusDistributed Characteristics 5.3EffectsofParasiticCharacteristics 5.4FerriteMaterials 5.5SemiconductorCircuitsatRF 5.6ImpedanceMatchingNetworks 5.7RFTransformers 5.8Noise 5.9Two-PortNetworks 5.10RFTechniquesGlossary 5.11ReferencesandBibliography

6 Computer-Aided Circuit design 6.1CircuitSimulationOverview 6.2Computer-AidedDesignExamples 6.3LimitationsofSimulationatRF 6.4CADforPCBDesign 6.5ReferencesandBibliography

7 Power supplies 7.1TheNeedforPowerProcessing

7.2AC-ACPowerConversion 7.3PowerTransformers 7.4AC-DCPowerConversion 7.5VoltageMultipliers 7.6CurrentMultipliers 7.7RectifierTypes 7.8PowerFiltering 7.9PowerSupplyRegulation 7.10“Crowbar”ProtectiveCircuits 7.11DC-DCSwitchmodePowerConversion 7.12High-VoltageTechniques 7.13Batteries 7.14GlossaryofPowerSupplyTerms 7.15ReferenceandBibliography 7.16PowerSupplyProjects

8 modulation 8.1Introduction 8.2AnalogModulation 8.3DigitalModulation 8.4ImageModulation 8.5ModulationImpairments 8.6ModulationGlossary 8.7ReferencesandBibliography

9 oscillators and synthesizers 9.1HowOscillatorsWork 9.2PhaseNoise 9.3OscillatorCircuitsandConstruction 9.4DesigninganOscillator 9.5QuartzCrystalsinOscillators 9.6OscillatorsatUHFandAbove 9.7FrequencySynthesizers 9.8PresentandFutureTrendsin OscillatorApplication 9.9GlossaryofOscillatorand SynthesizerTerms 9.10ReferencesandBibliography

10 mixers, modulators and demodulators 10.1TheMechanismofMixersandMixing 10.2MixersandAmplitudeModulation 10.3MixersandAngleModulation 10.4PuttingMixers,Modulatorsand DemodulatorstoWork 10.5ASurveyofCommonMixerTypes 10.6ReferencesandBibliography

11 rF and AF Filters 11.1Introduction 11.2FilterBasics 11.3Lumped-ElementFilters 11.4FilterDesignExamples 11.5ActiveAudioFilters 11.6QuartzCrystalFilters 11.7SAWFilters

11.8TransmissionLineFilters 11.9HelicalResonators 11.10UseofFiltersatVHFandUHF 11.11FilterProjects 11.12FilterGlossary 11.13ReferencesandBibliography

12 receivers 12.1Introduction 12.2BasicsofHeterodyneReceivers 12.3TheSuperheterodyneReceiver 12.4SuperhetReceiverDesignDetails 12.5ControlandProcessingOutsidethe PrimarySignalPath 12.6PulseNoiseReduction 12.7VHFandUHFReceivers 12.8UHFTechniques 12.9ReferencesandBibliography

13 Transmitters 13.1Introduction 13.2EarlyTransmitterArchitectures 13.3ModulationTypesandMethods AppliedtoTransmitterDesign 13.4ModernBasebandProcessing 13.5IncreasingTransmitterPower 13.6TransmitterPerformanceand Measurement 13.7ReferencesandBibliography

14 Transceivers 14.1TheTransceiverAppears 14.2EarlySSBTransceiverArchitectures 14.3ModernTransceiverArchitectureand Capabilities 14.4TransceiverControlandInterconnection 14.5TransceiverProjects 14.6References

15 dsP and software radio design 15.1Introduction 15.2TypicalDSPSystemBlockDiagram 15.3DigitalSignals 15.4DigitalFilters 15.5MiscellaneousDSPAlgorithms 15.6AnalyticSignalsandModulation 15.7Software-DefinedRadios(SDR) 15.8Glossary 15.9ReferencesandBibliography

16 digital modes 16.1Digital“Modes” 16.2UnstructuredDigitalModes 16.3FuzzyModes 16.4StructuredDigitalModes 16.5NetworkingModes 16.6Glossary 16.7ReferencesandBibliography

17 rF Power Amplifiers 17.1HighPower,WhoNeedsIt? 17.2TypesofPowerAmplifiers 17.3VacuumTubeBasics 17.4TankCircuits 17.5TransmittingDeviceRatings 17.6SourcesofOperatingVoltages 17.7TubeAmplifierCooling 17.8AmplifierStabilization 17.9DesignExample:AHighPower VacuumTubeHFAmplifier 17.10Solid-StateAmplifiers 17.11ANew250-WBroadband LinearAmplifier 17.12TubeAmplifierProjects 17.13ReferencesandBibliography

18 repeaters 18.1ABriefHistory 18.2RepeaterOverview 18.3FMVoiceRepeaters 18.4D-STARRepeaterSystems 18.5GlossaryofFMandRepeater Terminology 18.6ReferencesandBibliography

AnTennA sysTems And rAdIo ProPAgATIon19 Propagation of radio signals 19.1FundamentalsofRadioWaves 19.2Sky-WavePropagationandtheSun 19.3MUFPredictions 19.4PropagationintheTroposphere 19.5VHF/UHFMobilePropagation 19.6PropagationforSpaceCommunications 19.7NoiseandPropagation 19.8GlossaryofRadioPropagationTerms 19.9ReferencesandBibliography

20 Transmission lines 20.1TransmissionLineBasics 20.2ChoosingaTransmissionLine 20.3TheTransmissionLineasImpedance Transformer 20.4MatchingImpedancesinthe AntennaSystem 20.5BalunsandTransmission-Line Transformers 20.6UsingTransmissionLinesin DigitalCircuits 20.7Waveguides 20.8GlossaryofTransmissionLineTerms 20.9ReferencesandBibliography

21 Antennas 21.1AntennaBasics 21.2DipolesandtheHalf-WaveAntenna 21.3Vertical(Ground-Plane)Antennas

21.4TandInverted-LAntennas 21.5SlopersandVerticalDipoles 21.6YagiAntennas 21.7QuadandLoopAntennas 21.8HFMobileAntennas 21.9VHF/UHFMobileAntennas 21.10VHF/UHFAntennas 21.11VHF/UHFYagis 21.12RadioDirectionFindingAntennas 21.13Glossary 21.14ReferencesandBibliography

equIPmenT ConsTruCTIon And mAInTenAnCe22 Component data and references 22.1ComponentData 22.2Resistors 22.3Capacitors 22.4Inductors 22.5Transformers 22.6Semiconductors 22.7Tubes,Wire,Materials,Attenuators, Miscellaneous 22.8ComputerConnectors 22.9RFConnectorsandTransmissionLines 22.10ReferenceTables

23 Construction Techniques 23.1ElectronicShopSafety 23.2ToolsandTheirUse 23.3SolderingToolsandTechniques 23.4SurfaceMountTechnology(SMT) 23.5ElectronicCircuits 23.6MechanicalFabrication

24 station Accessories 24.1 A 100-W Compact Z-Match Antenna

Tuner24.2 A Microprocessor Controlled SWR

Monitor24.3 A 160- and 80-M Matching Network for

Your 43-Foot Vertical24.4 Switching the Matching Network for

Your 43-Foot Vertical24.5 An External Automatic Antenna Switch

for Use With Yaesu or ICOM Radios24.6 A Low-Cost Remote Antenna Switch24.7 Audible Antenna Bridge24.8 A Trio of Transceiver/Computer Interfaces24.9 A Simple Serial Interface24.10 USB Interfaces For Your Ham Gear24.11 The Universal Keying Adapter24.12 The TiCK-4 — A Tiny CMOS Keyer24.13 The ID-O-Matic Station Identification

Time24.14 An Audio Intelligibility Enhancer24.15 An Audio Interface Unit for Field Day

and Contesting

25 Test equipment and measurements 25.1 Introduction 25.2 DC Measurements 25.3 AC Measurements 25.4 RF Measurements 25.5 Receiver Measurements 25.6 Transmitter Measurements 25.7 Miscellaneous Measurements 25.8 Construction Projects 25.9 References and Further Reading 25.10 Test and Measurement Glossary

26 Troubleshooting and maintenance 26.1 Test Equipment 26.2 Where to Begin 26.3 Testing Within a Stage 26.4 Typical Symptoms and Faults 26.5 Troubleshooting Hints 26.6 Components 26.7 After the Repairs 26.8 Professional Repairs 26.9 Repair and Restoration of Vintage Equipment 26.10 References and Bibliography

27 rF Interference 27.1 Managing Radio Frequency Interference 27.2 FCC Rules and Regulations 27.3 Elements of RFI 27.4 Identifying the Type of RFI Source 27.5 Locating Sources of RFI 27.6 Power-line Noise 27.7 Elements of RFI Control 27.8 Troubleshooting RFI 27.9 Automotive RFI 27.10 RFI Projects 27.11 RFI Glossary 27.12 References and Bibliography

sTATIon AssemBly And mAnAgemenT28 safety 28.1ElectricalSafety 28.2AntennaandTowerSafety 28.3RFSafety

29 Assembling a station 29.1FixedStations 29.2MobileInstallations 29.3PortableInstallations 29.4RemoteStations 29.5ReferencesandBibliography operating supplement (Cd-rom only) SpaceCommunications DigitalCommunications ImageCommunications 2012HFTransceiverSurvey

Advertiser’s Index

Index

Project Index

Author Index

Foreword

TechnologyisatthecoreofAmateurRadiowhetherappliedtoemergencycommunications,ex-perimentationanddevelopment,competitiveeventsandawards,orcasualoperating.Thepaceoftechnologicalchangeaccelerateseveryyearandthenumberoftopicsinvolvedcontinuestoexpand.Thechallengeofprovidingacomprehensivetechnicalreferencefortheamateurinasinglebookisgrowing,too.

The2012 ARRL Handbookisaddressingthatchallengebycontinuingtoprovideupdatedmaterialandsupplementstopreviousmaterial.Simultaneously,itisnecessarytoapplyeditorialdiscretionlestthephysicalsizeofthebookbecomeexcessive.Tothatend,youwillfindanincreasedamountofmaterialonthebook’saccompanyingCD-ROM,includinganewOperatingSupplementthatcontainsthespace Communications,digital Communications,andImage Communicationschaptersofpreviouseditions.Theeditorsanticipatetheexpansionofoperatinginformationinthiselectronicformatinfutureeditions.TheannualHFtransceiversurveyhasalsobeenupdatedandreworkedtobecomeafeatureoftheCD-ROM.

Thisedition’slargestchangeisabrandnewchapteronTest equipment and measurementbyAlanBloom,N1ALwhopreviouslyupdatedthemodulationanddsP and softwareradio designchapters.Thebasicsreceiveafreshnewtreatmentandseveralnewtopicsareincludedforthefirsttime.Awholenewsetoftestequipmentconstructionprojectsisincluded,aswell.

Inaddition,anewintegratedtreatmentofNoisebyPaulWade,W1GHZreplacesthepreviousedition’streatmentofnoisethatwasdistributedacrossseveraldifferentchapters.ThematerialonBackgroundNoisebyJoeTaylor,K1JTisincludedinthiscomprehensivetreatmentofthesubjectandisalsoretainedintheOperatingSupplement'smaterialonEarth-Moon-Earthcommunications.

Thesoftwareprovidedwiththebookcontinuestobeupdated—thiseditionincludestheverylatestversionof JimTonne,W4ENE’sprofessional-qualityELSIEfilter-design software andhisbrand-newPDFmanualforMeterBasic,agraphicsprogramfordesigningjusttherightfaceandscaleforanalogmeters.

Inthethirdyearofthecurrentcycleofrenewalandupdates,the2012 ARRL Handbookrisestothechallengeoftechnologicalchangebycontinuingtodrawontheexpertiseoftheamateurcommunity.TheseauthorsandreviewersrepresentandcontinueAmateurRadio’sbesttraditionsofself-helpandtutoring.Theeditorsareexpandingtheuseofelectronicmedia,supplementingtheprintedmate-rialanddevelopingnewmeansofprovidinginformationtothereader.WhiletheFCC’sBasisandPurposefortheAmateurServicehasnotchanged,The ARRL Handbook—nowinitseighty-ninthedition—continuestoevolvealongwithtechnologyandAmateurRadio.

DavidSumner,K1ZZ ChiefExecutiveOfficer Newington,Connecticut September2011

The Amateur’s CodeThe Radio Amateur is:

CONSIDERATE…never knowingly operates in such a way as to lessen the pleasure of others.

LOYAL…offers loyalty, encouragement and support to other amateurs, local clubs, and the American Radio Relay League, through which Amateur Radio in the United States is represented nationally and internationally.

PROGRESSIVE…with knowledge abreast of science, a well-built and efficient station and operation above reproach.

FRIENDLY…slow and patient operating when requested; friendly advice and counsel to the beginner; kindly assistance, cooperation and consideration for the interests of others. These are the hallmarks of the amateur spirit.

BALANCED…radio is an avocation, never interfering with duties owed to family, job, school or community.

PATRIOTIC…station and skill always ready for service to country and community.

—The original Amateur’s Code was written by Paul M. Segal, W9EEA, in 1928.

News CenterARRLWeb: www.arrl.org ARRL Letter: www.arrl.org/arrlletter

Public Relations/AdvocacyGovernment Relations and Spectrum Protection: www.arrl.org/regulatory-advocacy e-mail: govrelations@arrl.orgPublic and Media Relations: www.arrl.org/media-and-public-relations

Membership BenefitsMembership Benefits (all): www.arrl.org/membershipAwards: www.arrl.org/awardsContests: www.arrl.org/contests FCC License Renewal / Modification: www.arrl.org/fcc-license-info-and-forms QSL Service: www.arrl.org/qsl-bureau Regulatory Information www.arrl.org/nationalTechnical Information Service www.arrl.org/technology e-mail: tis@arrl.org tel. 860-594-0214

Contributions, Grants and ScholarshipsARRL Development Office: www.arrl.org/donate-to-arrl e-mail: mhobart@arrl.org tel. 860-594-0397 ■ ARRL Diamond Club/Diamond Terrace ■ Spectrum Defense Fund ■ Education & Technology Fund ■ Planned Giving/Legacy Circle ■ Maxim SocietyARRL Foundation Grants and Scholarships: www.arrl.org/the-arrl-foundation

The American Radio Relay League, Inc.

Public ServicePublic Service Programs: www.arrl.org/public-serviceAmateur Radio Emergency Service® (ARES®): www.arrl.org/aresARRL Field Organization: www.arrl.org/field-organization

Clubs, Exams, Licensing and TeachersFind an Affiliated Club: www.arrl.org/find-a-clubMentor Program: www.arrl.org/mentoring-online-coursesFind a Licensing Class: www.arrl.org/find-a-classSupport to Instructors: www.arrl.org/volunteer-instructors-mentorsFind an Exam Session: www.arrl.org/finding-an-exam-sessionVolunteer Examiner Coordinator (VEC): www.arrl.org/volunteer-examiners

Publications & EducationQST — Official Journal of ARRL: www.arrl.org/qst e-mail: qst@arrl.org QEX — Forum for Communications Experimenters: www.arrl.org/qex e-mail: qex@arrl.org NCJ — National Contest Journal: www.arrl.org/ncj e-mail: ncj@arrl.org Books, Software and Operating Resources: tel. 1-888-277-5289 (toll-free in the US); www.arrl.org/shop Advertising: www.arrl.org/business-opportunities-sales e-mail: ads@arrl.orgContinuing Education / Online Courses: www.arrl.org/online-courses

Advocacy

Membership

Public Service

Education

JOIN or RENEW or ORDER Publicationstel. Toll Free 1-888-277-5289 (US)

International callers tel. +1 (860) 594-0355

VISITING ARRL HEADQUARTERS AND W1AWTours Mon-Fri at 9, 10, 11 AM; 1, 2, 3 PMW1AW guest operating 10 AM to noon, and 1 to 3:45 PM (bring your license).

The American Radio Relay League, Inc. is a noncommercial association of radio amateurs, organized for the promotion of interest in Amateur Radio communication and experimentation, for the establishment of networks to provide communication in the event of disasters or other emergencies, for the advancement of the radio art and of the public welfare, for the representation of the radio amateur in legisla-tive matters, and for the maintenance of fraternalism and a high standard of conduct.ARRL is an incorporated association without capital stock chartered under the laws of the State of Connecticut, and is an exempt organization under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. Its affairs are governed by a Board of Directors, whose voting members are elected every three years by the general membership. The officers are elected or appointed by the directors. The League is noncommercial, and no one who could gain financially from the shaping of its affairs is eligible for membership on its Board.“Of, by, and for the radio amateur,” the ARRL numbers within its ranks the vast majority of active amateurs in the nation and has a proud history of achievement as the standard-bearer in amateur affairs.A bona fide interest in Amateur Radio is the only essential qualification of membership; an Amateur Radio license is not a prerequisite, although full voting membership is granted only to licensed amateurs in the US.Membership inquiries and general correspondence should be addressed to the administrative headquarters: ARRL, 225 Main Street, Newington, Connecticut 06111-1494.

ARRL, 225 Main Street t Newington, Connecticut 06111-1494, USA

Guide to ARRL Member Services

INTERESTED IN BECOMING A HAM?

www.hello-radio.orge-mail: newham@arrl.org

tel. 1-800-326-3942

Tel: 860-594-0200, Mon-Fri 8 AM to 5 PM ET (except holidays)

FAX: 860-594-0303e-mail: hqinfo@arrl.orgARRLWeb: www.arrl.org

Technology

14 September 2010

TheseedforAmateurRadiowasplantedinthe1890s,whenGuglielmoMarconibeganhisexperimentsinwirelesstelegraphy.Soonhewasjoinedbydozens,thenhundreds,ofotherswhowereenthusiasticaboutsendingandreceivingmessagesthroughtheair—somewithacommercialinterest,butotherssolelyoutofaloveforthisnewcommunicationsmedium.TheUnitedStatesgovernmentbeganlicensingAmateurRadiooperatorsin1912.

By1914,therewerethousandsofAmateurRadiooperators—hams—intheUnitedStates.HiramPercyMaxim,aleadingHartford,Connecticutinventorandindustrialist,sawtheneedforanorganizationtobandtogetherthisfledglinggroupofradioexperimenters.InMay1914hefoundedtheAmericanRadioRelayLeague(ARRL)tomeetthatneed.

TodayARRL,withapproximately155,000members,isthelargestorganizationofradioamateursintheUnitedStates.TheARRLisanot-for-profitorganizationthat:•promotesinterestinAmateurRadiocommunicationsandexperimentation•representsUSradioamateursinlegislativematters,and•maintainsfraternalismandahighstandardofconductamongAmateurRadiooperators.

AtARRLheadquartersintheHartfordsuburbofNewington,thestaffhelpsservetheneedsofmembers.ARRLisalsoInternationalSecretariatfortheInternationalAmateurRadioUnion,whichismadeupofsimi-larsocietiesin150countriesaroundtheworld.

ARRLpublishesthemonthlyjournalQST,aswellasnewslettersandmanypublicationscoveringallaspectsofAmateurRadio.Itsheadquartersstation,W1AW,transmitsbulletinsofinteresttoradioamateursandMorsecodepracticesessions.TheARRLalsocoordinatesanextensivefieldorganization,whichincludesvolunteerswhoprovidetechnicalinformationandothersupportservicesforradioamateursaswellascommunicationsforpublic-serviceactivities.Inaddition,ARRLrepresentsUSamateurswiththeFederalCommunicationsCommissionandothergovernmentagenciesintheUSandabroad.

MembershipinARRLmeansmuchmorethanreceivingQSTeachmonth.Inadditiontotheservicesalreadydescribed,ARRLoffersmembershipservicesonapersonallevel,suchastheTechnicalInformationService—wherememberscangetanswersbyphone,emailortheARRLwebsite,toalltheirtechnicalandoperatingquestions.

FullARRLmembership(availableonlytolicensedradioamateurs)givesyouavoiceinhowtheaffairsoftheorganizationaregoverned.ARRLpolicyissetbyaBoardofDirectors(onefromeachof15Divisions).Eachyear,one-thirdoftheARRLBoardofDirectorsstandsforelectionbythefullmemberstheyrepresent.Theday-to-dayoperationofARRLHQismanagedbyanExecutiveVicePresidentandhisstaff.

NomatterwhataspectofAmateurRadioattractsyou,ARRLmembershipisrelevantandimportant.TherewouldbenoAmateurRadioasweknowittodaywereitnotfortheARRL.Wewouldbehappytowelcomeyouasamember!(AnAmateurRadiolicenseisnotrequiredforAssociateMembership.)Formoreinforma-tionaboutARRLandanswerstoanyquestionsyoumayhaveaboutAmateurRadio,writeorcall:

ARRL—ThenationalassociationforAmateurRadio225MainStreetNewingtonCT06111-1494Voice:860-594-0200Fax:860-594-0259E-mail:hq@arrl.orgInternet: www.arrl.org/

Prospectivenewamateurscall(toll-free):800-32-neW HAm(800-326-3942)Youcanalsocontactusviae-mailatnewham@arrl.orgorcheckoutARRLWebatwww.arrl.org/

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Hz)

14.0

00

14.0

2514

.15014

.175 14

.225

14.3

50 M

Hz

E A G

14.1

50

33 c

m (9

02 M

Hz)

902.

092

8.0

MH

z

E,A

,G,T

*

70 c

m (4

20 M

Hz)

420.

045

0.0E

,A,G

,TM

Hz

*

6 M

eter

s (5

0 M

Hz)

50.050

.1

54.0E

,A,G

,TM

Hz

2 M

eter

s (1

44 M

Hz)

144.

0

144.

1

148.

0E,A

,G,T

MH

z

23 c

m (1

240

MH

z)12

40

1270

129513

00

N (5

W )

E,A

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MH

z

1.25

Met

ers

(222

MH

z)

219.

022

0.0

222.

022

5.0E

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,T

MH

z

30 M

eter

s (1

0.1

MH

z)

10.1

0010

.150

MH

z

E,A

,G

Avoi

d in

terfe

renc

e to

fixe

d se

rvic

es o

utsi

de th

e U

S.

Avoi

d in

terfe

renc

e to

radi

oloc

atio

n op

erat

ions

fro

m 1

.900

to 2

.000

MH

z

12 M

eter

s (2

4 M

Hz)

24.8

9024

.930

24.9

90 M

Hz

E,A

,G

10 M

eter

s (2

8 M

Hz)

28.0

00

28.0

00

28.3

00

28.5

00

29.7

00 M

Hz

E,A

,G

Gen

eral

, Adv

ance

d, a

nd A

mat

eur E

xtra

lice

nsee

s m

ay u

se

the

follo

win

g fiv

e ch

anne

ls o

n a

seco

ndar

y ba

sis

with

a

max

imum

effe

ctiv

e ra

diat

ed p

ower

of 5

0 W

PE

P re

lativ

e to

a

half

wav

e di

pole

. Onl

y up

per s

ideb

and

supp

ress

ed c

arrie

r vo

ice

trans

mis

sion

s m

ay b

e us

ed. T

he fr

eque

ncie

s ar

e 53

30.5

, 534

6.5,

536

6.5,

537

1.5

and

5403

.5 k

Hz.

The

oc

cupi

ed b

andw

idth

is li

mite

d to

2.8

kH

z ce

nter

ed o

n 53

32,

5348

, 536

8, 5

373,

and

540

5 kH

z re

spec

tivel

y.

60 M

eter

s (5

.3 M

Hz)

*

80 M

eter

s (3

.5 M

Hz)

3.50

0

3.52

53.60

03.

700

3.80

0

4.00

0

N,T

(200

W )

N,T

(200

W )

N,T

(200

W )

N,T

(200

W )

GAE

MH

z

3.60

0

5330

.5

US

B o

nly

2.8

kHz

5346

.553

66.5

5371

.554

03.5

kHz

E,A

,G(5

0 W

)

40 M

eter

s (7

MH

z)7.

000

7.02

5

7.12

5

7175

7.30

0 E

MH

z

A G

7.12

5

15 M

eter

s (2

1 M

Hz)

21.0

00

21.0

25

21.2

00 21.2

25 21.2

75

21.4

50 M

Hz

E A G

21.2

00

N (2

5 W

)

All

licen

sees

exc

ept N

ovic

es a

re a

utho

rized

all

mod

es

on th

e fo

llow

ing

frequ

enci

es:

2300

-231

0 M

Hz

2390

-245

0 M

Hz

3300

-350

0 M

Hz

5650

-592

5 M

Hz

10.0

-10.

5 G

Hz

24.0

-24.

25 G

Hz

47.0

-47.

2 G

Hz

76.0

-81.

0 G

Hz

122.

25-1

23.0

GH

z13

4-14

1 G

Hz

241-

250

GH

zA

ll ab

ove

275

GH

z

*Geo

grap

hica

l and

pow

er re

stric

tions

may

app

ly to

all

band

s

abo

ve 4

20 M

Hz.

See

The

AR

RL

Ope

ratin

g M

anua

l for

i

nfor

mat

ion

abou

t you

r are

a.

®