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Jump placement can be coordinated to vary the takeoff and landing points atdifferent events held at the same venue.

fine sands may result in the equivalentof concrete. A high degree of silt or claycomponents may infiltrate enough ofthe sand-created voids to severely reduceinfiltration and percolation rates. Organicor man-made fibrous materials also actin this manner, impeding the voids andchannels that are necessary for turfsurvival. The key is to achieve stabilitywithout using anything that will ham-per percolation or infiltration.

Race tracks require a softer surfacethan athletic fields. Jumping areas haveto be firmer than race tracks. The CleggImpact Soil Tester (Clegg Hammer) isused to measure the surface absorptionof impact energy (hardness). Studiesby Dr. Sam Sifers and Dr. James Beardat Texas A&M have established therating in gravities suitable for varioussports venues. (See chart below for turfrace track characteristics.)

These findings have later beenstudied and accepted by many leadingsports turf institutions. A new stan-dard test method developed by theAmerican Society ofTesting and Materials

also has confirmed the use of the CleggHammer for measuring shock-attenua-tion characteristics of natural playing sur-face systems. The grounds manager canassess conditions during and after con-struction with Clegg Hammer readings.

Moisture CharacteristicsMoisture characteristics of the final

material will affect turf growing condi-tions and site usability. Density, poros-ity, hydraulic conductivity and plant-avail-able water retention must be analyzed.In other words, how quickly does watermove through the soil profile and howmuch water will be available to turf

.roots before it passes beyond their reach?In addition, general climatic conditions

of the site must be known. What effectwill heat, humidity and winds have onthe evapotranspiration rate of the desiredturf? What is the anticipated rainfall orsnowfall for the season, and when wouldit normally occur? What are the tem-perature variations during each por-tion of the turf-growing season? How willthese factors affect the turf growth and

Surface absorption ofimpact energy* (hardness)

in gravities

Less than 3030 - 5050 -70

70 - 9090 - 110

More than 110

Turf race track character

Too soft, slow, more injury potentialAcceptableGood, fast, low injury potential

Good, most speed low injuryAcceptableFirm, more injury potential

• Measured by a Clegg Impact Soil Tester with a 0.5 kg hammer weight

the competitive surface during periodsof minimal or extremely heavy use?

Irrigation must be closely monitored.Moisture content impacts relative soft-ness or hardness. Inconsistent mois-

. ture can produce problems.A sand-based track or arena - even

a turfed one - that is kept too dry willbe overly soft. The horses' hooves will sinkin, throwing sand behind the horses.Watering and rolling the area willincrease the relative hardness andreduce flying sand at least temporarily.

Initial construction must be keyednot only to providing a safe, uniform, sta-ble site, but also to providing an area thatcan be maintained at that high standardover the long term in an efficient and cost-effective manner. Higher initial costs canbe justified if the benefits will payoff incost savings and improved conditions overthe following years.

Turf SelectionProper selection of the turf type and

cultivars is essential for success. Inhorse events on turf, top green growthmight not be as important as the roots.When roots are not deep and well-developed, and the soil lacks stability, athousand-pound animal driving in withthree-inch hooves can produce divotsup to 12 inches across and ten inches deep.The root system should extend fourto six inches or more for sufficientholding power .

The turfgrass selection must besuited for the climate during the periodin which the facility will be used - theprime racing or performance months. Alsothe lay of the track, the slope, and anyshadows or shade that might createdifferent conditions for the turf mustbe considered.

Once the best grass type or typeshave been selected and established,height of cut becomes a factor. Trainersand jockeys have the perception thattall grass softens the track, but if grassis so long that it lays down, and turf den-sity is reduced, it becomes hard.

Bermudagrass maintained at a heightof two to three inches forms a good run-ning base but requires an intense main-tenance program because it starts tothin at heights over 11/2 inches. A four-inch height is too tall to maintain vigorin bermudagrass. Roots and top growthboth decline.

Cool-season grasses, such as peren-nial ryegrass, bluegrass and turf-type fes-cue, can be maintained at heights between

continued on page 12

August 1995 11

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Turf Trackscontinued from page 11

four and six inches and remain dense andvigorous. Increased top growth willencourage deeper rooting up to a point.Owners, trainers and facility person-nel often specify that these grassesreach a height often inches or greaterfor certain races. Though the weight ofthe grass does help hold down the sandand cuts back on some divoting, lengthsover six inches become difficult to mow,and thinning is inevitable.

Turf maintenance practices, includ-ing aeration and fertilization, must be pre-cisely manipulated to reach the pre-scribed height at the proper time withoutsacrificing root development and plantvigor. After a sustained period of four orfive weeks at extremely long heights, turfthins and root development slows.

Areas ofwear can be managed to a lim-ited degree by adjusting heavy use loca-tions. For example, jump placement canbe coordinated to vary the takeoff andlanding points at different events heldwithin the same arena. Some race tracksare wide enough to allow moving the posi-tion of the inner rail.

As with any high-maintenance turffield, problems with the grass often sig-nal problems in underlying conditions.

Because Poa annua thrives in wet areas,invasions of this weed generally warrantinspection of the subsurface moisture forinconsistencies in the irrigation pat-tern or problems with compaction, per-colation and drainage. Thinning turf ordiscoloration may indicate dry condi-tions but have similar underlying prob-lem sources.

The grounds supervisor is often placedin a difficult position. Different people con-nected with a track or other equestrianfacility will want different things. Trackstewards may want a firm surface withlittle or no divoting. Trainers say thatthose conditions lead to ''hot foot" for thehorses caused by the friction between thehoof and the firm track. A "hard" trackhas injury-causing potential thattrainers want to avoid but may be favoredby racing promoters and fans who wantto see "fast" horses. Because 1/16 of aninch can determine whether the track issoft or hard, last-minute preparations mayinclude running a grooming harrowover the surface with the depthadjusted to cut into the turf base.

Ultimately, a track will be appreciatedby all if it is free of characteristics thatfavor one type of horse over another.Certain surfaces and conditions mayfavor the horses that lead wire to wireor the horses that come from deep in the

field for a fast finish. If both types ofhorses win races on the same day, thereis no track bias.

One sign of a good turf course is thenumber ofphoto finishes. Horses that tra-ditionally lead wire to wire and theclosers end up all together at the homestretch. If a track is determined to be fairto all types of horses, the field (numberof competing horses) is larger, and thebetting handle (the dollar total of allbets placed) is greater.

Hong Kong Turf TracksIn Hong Kong turf racing rules.

Racing generally takes place two days aweek, but up to ten races are run eachday. Racing is big business; the averagefamily bets $6,000 a year.

Tracks are subject to tropical monsoonand typhoon rainfall, as well as the nor-mal wear of the natural turf. In 1983, 17race meetings were transferred fromthe Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club turftracks to alternative all-weather tracks,resulting in less exciting racing andlower revenue from the tote. Followingthat season, track stewards embarkedon a research and development pro-gram to find a natural turf track with all-weather characteristics.

The existing silt and clay compo-nents were removed, and a combina-

Jockey Julie Krone has not had thedream season of Gary Stevens. Ahairline fracture of her pinkie kept heroff the horses for nearly 30 days, butshe returned with a vengeance, giv-ing Stevens a run for the money in theBelmont, where she placed second. LikeStevens, Krone has multiple-trackexperience on soil and turfboth in theU.S. and overseas. She, too, praisesthe turf tracks of Hong Kong. "TheHappy Valley Course is the best I'veever ridden on," she admits.

Jockeys quickly learn that track con-ditions affect the outcome of the race.Jockey Dodie Duys says, "The biggestcomplaint from jockeys comes whentracks are used beyond their capabilityto recover and become soft and filledwith divots. If conditions are erratic,your horse will be tentative, unsureof his footing, and you'll be unsure ofyour horse."

From the Jockey's Mouth: What Makes a Good Turf Track

A great jockey forms a teamwith his or her horse, sensingthe animal's current disposi-

tion, gauging its abilities and readingits reaction to the field, the action ofthe race and the track. Jockey ChrisMcCarren says he can feel differ-ences in track conditions "telegraphed"from the racing surface through thehorse's legs. He once alerted a groundscrew to a drainage system clog bytelling them about a soft area in onesmall section of the course.

Superior track conditions allowthe jockey to concentrate on the horseand the field. Jockey Gary Stevensspent the spring and early summercommuting from Hong Kong to theU.S. to lead the field in such highprofile races as the Kentucky Derbyand Belmont Stakes, two legs of theTriple Crown. Stevens had contract-ed to ride for trainer Steve Leung inHong Kong at the turf tracks ofSha

Tin and Happy Valley in multipleraces every Wednesday and Sunday.

Stevens says, "A good turf courseis one that has a good root system, hassome cushioning and doesn't get tornup easily from traffic. As far as turfheight, I think a good course needsthree to four inches to give it some pro-tection. It also helps if the course iswide enough so they can put theinside rail in different settings tosave the turf from wear."

Just how good did Stevens con-sider the Sha Tin turf conditions?Just look at his results. Stevensplaced first on 23 percent of his ridesand finished in the money (first, sec-ond or third) 85 percent of the time.

"Sha Tin is one of the best cours-es I've ridden on," says Stevens."Ninety percent of the races in HongKong are run on turf. The drainage isexcellent, and despite getting lots ofrain, the turf still held up great."

12 sporlsTURF

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tion of sand and N etlon mesh elementswere installed at the Sha Tin and HappyValley race courses beginning in 1986.Total installations on both courses werecompleted in 1990.

Rainfall now moves quickly throughthe profile, and the track remains ingood condition, virtually eliminatingthe transfer of races to the non-turfedtrack. In addition, the tracks have showna marked reduction in divoting, withmaximum divot size of four inches acrossand three inches deep. Grass roots growdown through the mesh, and this com-bination supplies the cohesion normallyprovided by silt and clay.

USGAGreenProfile Used on Track

Initial reports have been very goodfrom the E.P. Taylor grass track whichopened in the early fall of 1994 as partof a three-track Woodbine Racetrackcomplex of the Ontario Jockey Club.The inner oval, a limestone track, accom-modates standard-bred racing, the nextoval is a dirt track for thoroughbredracing, and the outer oval is the turf track.

This track is constructed on a modifiedUSGA greens profile with underlyingdrainage in a four-inch layer of coarsestone covered by a layer of finer stone inlieu of a choker layer. The stone sizes weredesigned to prevent infiltration of the root-zone material yet allow easy passage ofair and water. This was topped with a 12-inch rootzone layer consisting of a three-to-one blend of a precisely graded sandand a high sand content, loamy topsoil.

As the Kentucky bluegrass sodmatures, some roots are anticipated toextend the full 12 inches of the sand-soilprofile, with the majority of active rootsconcentrated in the upper six inches.

Equestrian RequirementsThe Grand Ring Equestrian Arena of

England's Stoneleigh Royal AgriculturalShowground is a showcase for premiumjumpers. Following the installation ofa sandand mesh profile there, Harvey Smith, notedshow jumping champion, said, 'The surfacewas so good, John McEnroe could haveplayed tennis on it last week, and he wouldn'thave complained!"

Not all equestrian area constructionshave been as successful. In the 1994English hurdle racing season on all-weather, sand-based tracks, somehorses suffered injuries and death. Theconstruction and maintenance of theparticular tracks provided surfaces thattended to be less forgiving, stamina-sapping to run on and unyielding to fallon. Hurdles on such tracks increase thestress factor and the injury potential.

All racing and jumping events puttremendous stress on horses. Equestriansite grounds managers have noless responsibility for the safety oftheir athletes than any other sportsturf managers.

Stephen Guise is president of Guise& Associates, Fullerton, CA, a turfgrassconsulting company specializing inthe construction and managementof high-traffic sports turf He istreasurer of the national Sports TurfManagers Association and a foundingmember of the Southern CaliforniaChapter of STMA.

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The racing schedule at Retama Parkcalls for 139days of live racing per yearwith 17weeks of thoroughbred racingand ten weeks of quarterhorse racing.

Bladerunner Farms provided rollsof zoysia sod for installation atRetama Park.

South TexasRacetrack Bets on Zoysia

By Kathy Smith

Traffic along Interstate 35 justnorth of San Antonio slows notice-ably as it approaches Selma,

Texas. Travelers still brake reflexivelyas they cross the city limits of the tinyburg which once held a considerablereputation as a hungry speed trap.

Today the Selma City Hall policestation is the site of a roadside restau-rant. Locals still pass through the townat a sedate 54 mph, but Selma isbanking on making money in a newspeed-related enterprise. Thoroughbredhorse racing has come to Selma.

Retama Park, a Class One racingfacility, already has boosted the econo-my with construction jobs, new staff,purchase of building materials and more.Open since the first week of April, thetrack is destined to bring long-termbenefits in the form of an expandedhorse-racing industry, which, in turn,

14 sports TURF

translates into enhanced opportu-nities for suppliers, growers, breeders,trainers and others.

The turf track is considered one of themost important elements of the facility.Racing on turf produces fewer injuriesto horses, appeals more strongly to thepublic and generates more entries frombreeders and trainers.

A new variety of turfgrass is being usedfor the first time in a racing setting atRetama Park. Bender Wells ClarkDesign, a firm devoted to urban design,landscape architecture and environ-mental graphic design, selected ZoyBoy,a recently developed form of zoysia-grass, for the turf track. After carefulstudy zoysia was chosen over several othervarieties of grass because it fulfilled allof the characteristics considered criticalfor the turf on the track. The ZoyBoyvari-ety is fine-textured and deep-green incolor. ZoyBoy grows vigorously, estab-

lishing itself quickly. ZoyBoyrecovers eas-ily from damage, divots, traffic andmore, so the track designers expect thatit will stand up to the thundering hoovesof the horses.

Low Maintenance TurfZoyBoy is an excellent turfgrass for

this part of South Texas, where summertemperatures stay in the high 90s, andrainfall is rare. Developed and grown byDavid Doguet of Bladerunner Farmsin Poteet, TX, the grass requires lesswater, fertilizer, chemicals and generalmaintenance than other, better knownvarieties.

"It really takes to heat," says JavierBarajas, track superintendent for RetamaPark. "ZoyBoy likes that 95-degreeweather." Currently, the turf is beingwatered for about five minutes, threetimes a day, he adds. By comparison, theturf track at Arlington InternationalRacecourse, where Barajas worked for

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18 years, required frequent watering- about ten minutes to 15 minuteseach night.

Larry Clark, AS LA, of Bender WellsClark Design oversaw the installation of550,000 square feet of ZoyBoy lastNovember. Twelve acres of the sod wereunrolled to cover the track, which mea-sures 11/8 miles by 90 feet. The turf wascut into segments 42 inches wide by112 feet long. Nylon net was placedover the rootzones to protect the roots andmake the rolls easier to handle. Thesegments were rolled onto lengths ofPVC pipe. Three light-duty tractorsunfurled the rolls of grass in five days,roughly 1/6 of the time it would havetaken had the track been sodded byconventional means.

Soil SpecificationsBender Wells Clark Design specified

that a ten-inch soil layer be placed overa gravel drainage layer to establish a sep-aration from subsoil moisture. Proper pro-cedure for establishing a high-trafficturf on horse racetracks involves theuse of a high-sand rootzone construction,with an underdrain layer. The highsand content of the rootzone allows deeproot growth, rapid draining of the soil aftera rain and good footing for racing.

Turfgrass experts recognize andunderstand the need to avoid placing alayer of finer-textured soil at the rootzonethat differs from the soil found below therootzone. The finer-textured soil attachedto a sod being transplanted onto a high-sand soil will typically form a layerknown as a "perched hydration zone" ofexcess water above the interface with theunderlying high-sand rootzone. In otherwords, surface water will not penetratebeyond the "depth of the fine-soil layer untilthat layer reaches full saturation. Onlythen will water begin leaching into thehigh-sand zone below. A perched hydra-tion zone can lead to excessive divotingand a general deterioration in the sur-face quality of the turf.

Given this possibility, the landscapearchitect chose a sod that was propagatedand grown off-site in a soil mediumspecified to be as close as possible to thesame soil-particle distribution as thesoil used in the rootzone layer at the con-struction site. The root structure of theZoyBoy zoysiagrass allowed the sod to beharvested with as little as 1/8-inch of soilsubstrate attached.

Dr. Milt Engelke, an agronomist and pro-fessor ofturfgrass breeding, genetics andmanagement at Texas A&M University whohas worked with the zoysia genus for 15years, is consulting with Retama Park todevelop the best management practices fora firstclass turltrack. Although he has neverworked with ZoyBoy previously, Engelkesays, "Zoysia as a species offers an oppor-tunity to provide a racetrack that's secondto none."

Preliminary reports on the perfor-mance of the grass on the turf trackhave been favorable, and the tracksuperintendent expects the fully estab-lished grass to be even better. "I thinkit's going to be a very strong turf course,"Barajas says. "It's going to handle a lotof races."

Kathy Smith is a freelance writer inSan Antonio, TX.

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Overseeding

Owen Field at the University of Oklahoma has a carpetof SR4300 perennial ryegrass overseeded on bermuda-grass. The university switched to natural turf twoyears ago. Photo courtesy: Don Hatcher, Universityof Oklahoma.

Two side-by-side soccer fields provide a graphic displayof untreated vs, fungicide-treated seed on overseededbermudagrass. Photo courtesy: Gustafson, Inc.

Making the TransitionBy Robert E. Reaves

When fall arrives in the South,overseeding bermudagrass be-comes the predominant topic of

discussion among sports turf managers.Oversee ding may seem to be only a sea-sonal matter, but it actually involves agreat deal of planning throughout theyear. Oversee ding too early or late in thefall may mean a poor cool-season turf onthe athletic field. Bad timing at over-seeding may also result in a poor tran-sition back to bermudagrass in the latespring and early summer.

Factors to be considered before ini-tiating an oversee ding program includeseed selection, seeding date, preparationof the seed bed, control of annual blue-grass and disease.

Seed Selection: Depending on bud-get, most athletic fields in the Southare overseeded with perennial ryegrass.Today's perennial ryegrass varietiesare stellar performers. Eric Nelson,director of research and product devel-opment at Medalist America in Albany,OR, does not recommend unimproved"common" varieties of any grasses for ath-letic turf. Nelson says, "Seed is the leastexpensive component needed for a suc-cessful athletic field. Choosing the rightvarieties and mixtures can make thedifference between success and failure.There is nothing more frustrating andexpensive than having to do ajob twice,especially when time is short."

16 sports TURF

Thomas Koske, extension horticulturistat Louisiana State University in BatonRouge, says, "Transition early or late inthe spring will be based on the cultivaror blend selection. Baseball fields maychoose a later transition. An example maybe the need for a very green turf for a Junebaseball tournament or a green foot-ball field for graduation ceremonies. Tolengthen an oversee ding, you may wishto blend tall fescue with a heat- anddrought-tolerant perennial ryegrass.Perennial ryegrass is a tough grass; it laststhrough May at LSU."

A short transition period in the springis desirable on football fields, since playon the field is limited during that time.Don Hatcher, athletic maintenancesupervisor at the University of Oklahomadesires a perennial ryegrass with ashort transition period. Hatcher inten-tionally selected a variety that does nottolerate heat. Unfortunately, this year'slate spring and early summer was wet-ter and cooler than normal. This enabledthe perennial ryegrass to linger throughJuly, making it difficult for the bermuda-grass to compete.

Seeding Date: General guidelines forselecting seeding dates come from aUSDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map, plussoil and air temperatures. Turfgrass inzone ten should be overseeded betweenNovember 15 and December 15, zone ninebetween October 15 and November 15,

zone eight between October 1 and October15, and zone seven between September15 and October 1.

Burke McCarty, associate professorin the Department of EnvironmentalHorticulture at the University of Floridain Gainesville, offers some advice onusing temperatures for overseedingdates. "A general indicator of optimumoverseeding time is when fall night tem-peratures consistently are within the 50-degree range," he explains. "Other tim-ing indicators include oversee ding whensoil temperatures at a four-inch depth arein the middle 70s. Oversee ding shouldbe timed at least 20 to 30 days before thefirst expected killing frost."

Use of a fungicide-treated seed mayprove especially beneficial where earli-er overseeding must take place. Oneproduct for seed treatment is Apron TM,

manufactured by Gustafson Inc., ofPlano, TX.

Preparing the SeedbedPreparation of the seedbed for fall over-

seeding actually begins during the sum-mer. "Coring, light topdressing and lightvertical mowing during the summerwill promote upright growth [of thebermudagrassJ and discourage exces-sive thatch development," says McCarty.Thatch accumulation over 1/2-inch build-up discourages good soil-to-seed con-tact, resulting in a spotty overseed stand.

continued on page 21

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BALLPARK-6Groomer

The Ballpark-6 is the original,all-purpose groomer. Itcombines five essential andindividually adjustablegrooming tools as illustratedbelowHundreds of ball diamondsin North America are nowbeing groomed regularlywith the Ballpark-6.Talk to those who know.They'll tell you how it savesmanpower, saves time andkeeps their diamondssparkling.

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1.RIPPER BLADE - Tomove large amounts ofmaterial or break downridges as required.

3.DOUBLE BLADELEVELLINGDEVICE - floating,parallel linkage.

2.SPRINGTOOTH RAKEAdjustable from light toheavy raking or severescarification.

7.Your groomer is designedfor 3 pt-hitch mounting onany tractor from 17 h.p. andup. Photos (a) and (b) showoptional 2-way hydraulic ramwhich enables the operator toadjust the top-link withoutdismounting. The top-linkcontrols the pitch of yourgroomer in relation to thegrooming surface.

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We've told you about theBallpark-6 and how itsaves time and manpower.Well the Diamond-Mastercarries the same tools, anddoes basically the samejob, but we've made it mucheasier. Individual tooladjustments can now bemade with simple screwjacks. (See photo'C'below)That's a big help whenyou have 5, 10or 25diamonds to do in a hurry.

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4. HOLLOW STEELROLLER - Designed togive firmness withoutcompacti ng top layer.

5.THE BRUSH - Addsthat well-groomedprofessional look.

8. Depending on the condition ofthe diamond, surface materialused, etc. grooming tools mayneed adjustments.(Illustration from DiamondMaster) (c)

9.This 50 gal. water tank (d) withpump and broad spray nozzlekeeps dust down whenworking and can be used tofirm up areas of loosematerial.

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