food and agriculture organization of united nations, agricultural arable land

Title Definition Sources

Activity data Data on the magnitude of a human activity resulting in emissions or removals taking place

during a given period of time. Data on energy use, metal production, land areas, management

systems, lime and fertilizer use and waste arisings are examples of activity data.

IPCC. 2006. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme,

Eggleston H.S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T. and Tanabe K. (Eds), IGES, Hayama, Japan.

Age group share in total

population

Proportion of population in age groups to total population (total and by sex). - FAO Statistics Division - UN Population Division

Agricultural area Agricultural area, this category is the sum of areas under a) arable land - land under temporary

agricultural crops (multiple-cropped areas are counted only once), temporary meadows for

mowing or pasture, land under market and kitchen gardens and land temporarily fallow (less

than five years). The abandoned land resulting from shifting cultivation is not included in this

category. Data for Arable land are not meant to indicate the amount of land that is potentially cultivable; (b) permanent crops - land cultivated with long-term crops which do not have to be

replanted for several years (such as cocoa and coffee); land under trees and shrubs producing

flowers, such as roses and jasmine; and nurseries (except those for forest trees, which should be

classified under "forest"); and (c) permanent meadows and pastures - land used permanently

(five years or more) to grow herbaceous forage crops, either cultivated or growing wild (wild

prairie or grazing land). Data are expressed in 1000 hectares.

FAO Statistics Division

Agricultural area certified

organic

Land area exclusively dedicated to organic agriculture and managed by applying organic

agriculture methods. It refers to the land area fully converted to organic agriculture. It is the

portion of land area (including arable lands, pastures or wild areas) managed (cultivated) or wild

harvested in accordance with specific organic standards or technical regulations and that has

been inspected and approved by a certification body.


Agricultural area in

conversion to organic

Land area which is going through the organic conversion process, usually two years period of

conversion to organic land.


Agricultural area irrigated The total agricultural area that is irrigated in a given year. Data are expressed in 1000 hectares. FAO Statistics Division

Agricultural area organic,

total

Sum of areas under Agricultural area certified organic and "Agricultural area in conversion to organic.


Agricultural census Agricultural census or census of agriculture can be defined as a large-scale, periodic, statistical

operation for the collection of quantitative information on the structure of agriculture. The word

"census" implies a complete enumeration of all agricultural holdings. However, by extension it

can be conducted by a sample enumeration, provided the sample is large enough to generate sub-

national data.

FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome.

Agricultural export quantity

index

Quantity indices for the aggregate agricultural and aggregate food products represent the

changes in the price-weighted sum of quantities of products traded between countries. The

weights are the unit value averages of 1989-1991. The formulas used are of the Laspeyres type.

Indices for food products include commodities that are considered edible and contain nutrients,

except for animal feed products and alcoholic beverages. Coffee and tea are also excluded

because, although edible, they have practically no nutritive value.


Agricultural export unit value

index

Unit value indices for the aggregate agricultural and aggregate food products represent the

changes in the quantity-weighted unit values of products traded between countries. The weights

are the quantity averages of 1989-1991. The formulas used are of the Laspeyres type. Indices for

food products include commodities that are considered edible and contain nutrients, except for

animal feed products and alcoholic beverages. Coffee and tea are also excluded because,

although edible, they have practically no nutritive value.


Agricultural export value

index

Value indices represent the change in the current values of Export f.o.b (free on board) all

expressed in US dollars.


Agricultural holding Agricultural holding or holding is an economic unit of agricultural production under single

management comprising all livestock kept and all land used wholly or partly for agricultural

production purposes, without regard to title, legal form, or size. Single management may be

exercised by an individual or household, jointly by two or more individuals or households, by a

clan or tribe, or by a juridical person such as a corporation, cooperative or government agency.

The holding's land may consist of one or more parcels, located in one or more separate areas or

in one or more territorial or administrative divisions, providing the parcels share the same

production means utilized by the holding, such as labour, farm buildings, machinery or draught

animals. The requirement of sharing the same production means utilized by the holding, such as

labour, farm buildings, machinery or draught animals should be fulfilled to a degree to justify

the consideration of various parcels as components of one economic unit.


Agricultural import quantity

index

Quantity indices for the aggregate agricultural and aggregate food products represent the

changes in the price-weighted sum of quantities of products traded between countries. The

weights are the unit value averages of 1989-1991. The formulas used are of the Laspeyres type.

Indices for food products include commodities that are considered edible and contain nutrients,

except for animal feed products and alcoholic beverages. Coffee and tea are also excluded

because, although edible, they have practically no nutritive value.


Agricultural import unit

value index

Unit value indices represent the changes in the quantity-weighted unit values of products traded

between countries. The weights are the quantity averages of 1989-1991. The formulas used are

of the Laspeyres type.


Agricultural import value

index

Value indices represent the change in the current values of Import c.i.f. (cost, insurance and

freight) all expressed in US dollars. For countries which report import values on an f.o.b. (free

on board) basis, these are adjusted to approximate c.i.f. values (by a standard factor of 112

percent).


Agricultural machinery n.e.s.

(trade)

Agricultural machinery not else specified (n.e.s.) refer to total Agricultural machines as

described by the Harmonised Coding System (HS) codes 8435-8436. Data refer to the value of

the trade expressed in 1000 USD


Agricultural production index Cf. Agricultural production indices under Methodologies. FAO. 2003. FAO Production Yearbook. Vol. 56. Rome.

Agricultural requisites Data refer to trade values of the agricultural inputs: fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural

machinery.


Agricultural tractors Agricultural tractors generally refer to wheel and crawler or track-laying type tractors (excluding

garden tractors) used in agriculture. Data are expressed in numbers in use in the agricultural

sector.

FAO Statistics Division, http://www.fao.org/es/ess/compendium_2004/concepts.asp

Agricultural tractors, total Agricultural tractors, total generally refer to total wheel, crawler or track-laying type tractors and

pedestrian tractors used in agriculture. Data are available for numbers in use in the agricultural

sector as of 2000. Data on import and export in value and number are also available as of 1961.


Agricultural trade Refers to imports and exports of food and agriculture products, excluding fishery and forestry

products. The aggregated item Agriculture products, Total (FAOSTAT item code 1882) includes only the food and agriculture products.


Agriculture producer price

index (APPI)

The FAO indices of agricultural producer prices measure the average annual change over time in

the selling prices received by farmers (prices at the farm-gate or at the first point of sale). The

indices are constructed using the Laspeyres formula with price data in Standardised Local


Currency (SLC). This is an aggregate index for primary crops and livestock products. For a

country, the aggregate would include primary crops and livestock products that are produced in

that country, and for which both production and producer price data are available.

Agriculture, value added Agriculture corresponds to the divisions 1-5 of the International Standard Industrial

Classification (ISIC, revision 3) and includes forestry, hunting, and fishing, as well as cultivation

of crops and livestock production. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all

outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for

depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of

value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision

3. Data are in current or constant US dollars.

World Bank, World Development Indicators

Agri-environment:

Agricultural area

Indicator still not presented in official EUROSTAT or OECD documents. This indicator focuses

on the importance of agriculture compared to other land uses and is strictly connected with the

indicator on agricultural land area change.

EUROSTAT

Agri-environment:

Agricultural area use change

In most countries agriculture is the main user of land resources, and changes in agricultural land

use is one of the major driving forces in global as well as local environmental change.

Conversion of agricultural land to artificial surfaces (soil sealing) can have several

environmental impacts on soil, water and biodiversity resources.

A general decrease in agricultural areas has been observed in the last decades in industrialized

countries as a consequence of growing demand for nature conservation areas, urban, industrial

and infrastructural areas, amenity areas, and also as a consequence of land abandonment.

Many land development activities result in land use change from agricultural land to artificial

surfaces: transport infrastructure (motorways, railways, etc.), urban sprawl (housing and

industrial developments), tourism and recreation facilities. Increased land development often

results in higher prices for land and has an important impact on the environment and on

agricultural landscapes. The impact is obviously very diversified in the case of a change to urban

land compared to the case of land abandonment.

EUROSTAT

Agri-environment: Ammonia

emissions

Ammonia (NH3) emissions are strongly related with animal farms and are associated, as a

driving force, with acidification and eutrophication. Agriculture is the main source of ammonia

emissions, with shares ranging on average between 80% to 99%. Ammonia with sulphur dioxide

(SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) contribute to acidification of soil and water when it combines

with water in the atmosphere or after deposition. Deposition of ammonia can also raise nitrogen

levels in soil and water, which may contribute to eutrophication in receiving aquatic ecosystems.

Deposited ammonia can also contribute to the emissions of nitrous oxide, which is a GHG.

Ammonia in the atmosphere can also combine with industrial and transport pollution generating

secondary particulate pollution.

EUROSTAT

Agri-environment: Area

equipped for irrigation

The agricultural sector uses a considerable share of the available water resources. An increase of

irrigated area in a country or region could imply an increase of water use for agriculture.

Knowing that a certain area is equipped to be irrigated does not mean that it has been irrigated in

a specific year. The indicator Agricultural Water Withdrawal assesses the total amount of water

used for irrigation.

EUROSTAT

Agri-environment: Bioenergy

production

Bioenergy refers to energy derived from the biological carbon fixation of plants or from

biological tissues. Examples are biodiesel, derived from vegetable oils and animal fats, and

bioethanol, produced by the fermentation of carbohydrates of crops like corn.

The production of biomass for energy production has important effects on rural development,

international policy and economy, and on the environment: it supports the rural economy

creating jobs and gives farmers a source of income complementary to food production. Biofuels

have also an impact on economy and trade, since they reduce the dependence on oil-producing

countries. Being derived from plants, their production contributes to carbon sequestration.

EUROSTAT

Biofuels production presents also some issues, such as the increased pressure on water resources,

deforestation (to clear land to cultivate fuel crops), and the change in use of land originally

intended for food production.

Agri-environment: Carbon in

topsoil

Soil quality can be defined as the capacity of a specific kind of soil to function, within natural or managed ecosystem boundaries, to sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain or enhance

water and air quality, and support human health and habitation" (Karlen et al., 1997).

Soil quality is defined according to the soil functions (e.g. bearing function, production function,

habitat function, resources function, reactor function) and cannot be measured by a single

parameter. However, soil organic carbon has been defined by EUROSTAT as the more

appropriate indicator for soil quality. High organic carbon content corresponds to good

conditions from an agro-environmental point of view. Soils with organic carbon content less

than 1% in weight are generally affected by soil degradation processes and erosion. On the other

hand, soils with 1-10% organic carbon content have high agricultural value.

The data used for the production of this indicator are geo-spatial raster data contained in the

Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD) released by FAO, IIASA, ISRIC, ISSCAS, and JRC

in 2008 with a spatial resolution of 30 by 30 arc seconds (approximately 1 Km). Spatial data

were extracted through appropriate queries from the geo-database and then spatial statistics were

calculated at the country level.

EUROSTAT

Agri-environment:

Conservation agriculture

Conservation Agriculture (CA) is a concept for resource-saving agricultural crop production that

strives to achieve acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while

concurrently conserving the environment. Conservation Agriculture follows three key principles:

practicing minimum mechanical soil disturbance (essential to maintaining minerals within the

soil, stopping erosion, and preventing water loss), managing the top soil to create a permanent

organic soil cover (allowing the growth of organisms within the soil structure), and practicing

crop rotation with more than two crop species. Tillage practice is an important indicator because

any disturbance of soils may enhance turnover of nutrients and thereby increase the potential risk

of loss of, for example, nitrogenous compounds and phosphorus through surface runoff and soil

erosion.

EUROSTAT

Agri-environment: Cropping

patterns

Cropping patterns provide insight into the trends in farming in terms of cultivated crops and land

use intensity, with the related differentiated impacts and the positive as well as negative

influences on the environment and on habitat diversity. Permanent grassland is generally

considered the most important from a landscape and nature conservation perspective.

This indicator does not take account of the rotation systems that are often used for arable crops.

EUROSTAT

Agri-environment: Energy

use in Agriculture and

Forestry

Agriculture consumes energy directly for crop and livestock production (machinery, etc) but also

indirectly through fertilizers and pesticides. Agriculture also produces energy as biofuels and

biomass production. As an energy user, Agriculture contributes to global warming (mainly

through CO2 emissions, but also CH4 and N2O emissions), air pollution (mainly through NOx

and SO2 emissions) and to the depletion of fossil energy resources. Important energy users are

glasshouse horticulture, floriculture and dairy production. Agriculture can make a contribution to

the mitigation of climate change and air pollution effects through more efficient energy use and

through the production of renewable energy (bio-energy production).

EUROSTAT

Agri-environment: Fertilizers

consumption

Mineral fertilizers made their appearance with the Industrial revolution and had an important

role in sustaining the growing population of earth: half the population of earth are now estimated

to be fed with crops grown using synthetic fertilizers (Erisman et al. 2008).

Fertilizers can have a negative impact on the environment, leading to eutrophication and

poisoning of water, and pollution of soil (e.g. heavy metals, soil acidification, POP-Persistent

Organic Pollutants). Also, the production of fertilizers is energy intensive and mineable

phosphorus reserves are finite.

EUROSTAT

Agri-environment: Livestock

Density

Livestock density is important mainly because it gives an indication of manure excretion (and

the subsequent emission of nutrients to the atmosphere and aquatic environment), of greenhouse

gases emissions from digestion, and of the pressure on the agricultural land available.

The type of livestock determines the impact on the environment, according to the animal fodder,

water requirements, and farming practices (e.g. grazing), with different effects on water

consumptions, GHG emissions, soil consumption, etc.).

EUROSTAT

Agri-environment: Organic

agricultural area

According to the definition developed in 2008 by the International Federation of Organic

Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), the worldwide umbrella organization for the organic

agriculture movement, Organic agriculture is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and people. It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to

local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects. Organic agriculture combines

tradition, innovation and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair

relationships and a good quality of life for all involved. Organic farming excludes or strictly limits the use of artificial pesticides, fertilizers, plant growth regulators, antibiotics, genetic

modified organisms (GMO) and other artificial additives, and relies on farming techniques (e.g.

crop rotation, mechanical weed control such as plough), nitrogen fixation from leguminous

crops, green manure crops, compost or manure fertilization, and biological pest control. High

emphasis is put on environmental and wildlife protection, and animal welfare considerations.

Although no unique standards have yet been defined for Organic Agriculture, IFOAM developed

basic standards since 1980, and FAO/WHO defined standards in the Codex Alimentarius.

EUROSTAT

Agri-environment: Pesticides

use

Pesticides include insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and others (such as growth regulators).

The active ingredient is the chemical element or the micro-organism that kills or eliminates the

pest, fungus or weed. Values of this indicator are reported in terms of active ingredient and they

do not include the other components of the final preparation. Application rates are expressed per

hectare of agricultural land.

Pesticides reduce the adverse effects of weeds, diseases and pests on crop yield and quality, and

therefore play an important role in agricultural production. However their use can have negative

impacts on groundwater and surface water quality, terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity

(persistence and toxic effects on non-target species, Persistent Organic Pollutants-POP, etc.),

while pesticide residues in food are a risk for human health. The risk vary from one pesticide to

another according to the pesticides active principle (which may have different persistence and toxicity), management (applied volumes, application methods), and environmental conditions

(soil and crop type, etc.).

EUROSTAT

Agri-environment: Protected

land area

Terrestrial protected areas are defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature

(IUCN) as a clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation nature with associated

ecosystem services and cultural values (Dudley, 2008). Protected areas are monitored as indicator 7.6 in the U.N. Millennium Indicators Frameworks (Proportion of terrestrial and

marine areas protected). The extent of the protected areas is an indicator of Governments will to protect biodiversity, however, it does not furnish information on how well the areas are managed

or that protection measures are effectively enforced. The indicator does not provide information

on non-designated or internationally designated protected areas that may also be important for

conserving biodiversity.

EUROSTAT

Agri-environment: Soil

erosion/degradation

Erosion is the process by which soil is removed from a certain region due to the action of natural

factors (wind, water, ice), of living organisms, and of gravity. Erosion is a natural process, but

human activities can greatly influence its rate, especially through agriculture and deforestation.

According to the U.N. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, approximately 40% of the world's

agricultural land is seriously degraded. In natural conditions, only very severe meteorological

events will cause erosion, as the vegetation cover, the leaf litter and the organic matter will

protect the soil absorbing rain impacts and preventing soil removal. Removal of the natural

EUROSTAT

vegetation cover due to practices such as: deforestation; overgrazing; or industrial farming

practices (e.g. tillage), leaves the soil exposed to the action of climatic factors, such as rain and

wind.

The global survey on human-induced soil degradation is the GLASOD (Global Assessment of

Human-Induced Soil Degradation), prepared jointly by ISRIC and UNEP during the 1980s. The GLASOD database is the only global dataset available on soil degradation. However, there

are issues related to its quality, which is not homogeneous, and therefore statistics obtained from

these maps are not always reliable (Sonneveld and Dent 2007). Better statistics on soil

degradation will be possible with the new version of the FAO GLADIS dataset which should be

released shortly.

Agri-environment: Water use

in agriculture

Irrigation represents the main use of water in agriculture and one of the main uses of water

resources in general. Trends in water abstraction may depend on several factors, such as crop

type, irrigation technology, water prices, and climatic conditions.

Agricultural water withdrawal is a serious concern especially in arid and semi-arid areas, where

water is scarce and highly variable from year to year. In dry regions it is necessary to irrigate

certain crops to obtain reasonable yields. In addition to lower income for the farmer, low yields

will also mean that less fertilizer nitrogen is removed from the fields with harvested crops, and

thereby leaving excess nitrogen (N) in the soil resulting in potentially higher risk for leaching

during the following period. Furthermore, increased water abstraction may also cause

salinisation and contamination of water with other pollutants.

EUROSTAT

Ammonia, anhydrous (NH3) is a material mostly produced by the synthetic process and at standard temperature and

pressure is a gas. Fertilizer grade anhydrous ammonia contains about 82% of nitrogen.


Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), is produced by neutralizing nitric acid (HNO3) with ammonia (NH3). Ammonium

nitrate may be in white or off-white granular or prilled form and coated with a suitable material

to prevent absorption of moisture and caking in storage. Pure ammonium nitrate may have a total

nitrogen content of about 35%, of which one-half is present as ammoniac nitrogen and the other

half as nitrate nitrogen.


Ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4, is produced by reacting ammonia with sulphuric acid (H2SO4). It is produced as fine

white granules or crystals and contains not less than 20.6% nitrogen in ammoniac form.


Arable and Permanent Crops Arable land and Permanent crops, this land category is the sum of areas under Arable land and "Permanent crops. Data are expressed in 1000 hectares.


Arable land Arable land is the land under temporary agricultural crops (multiple-cropped areas are counted

only once), temporary meadows for mowing or pasture, land under market and kitchen gardens

and land temporarily fallow (less than five years). The abandoned land resulting from shifting

cultivation is not included in this category. Data for Arable land are not meant to indicate the amount of land that is potentially cultivable. Data are expressed in 1000 hectares.


Arable land area certified

organic

Part of the area of the "Arable land" exclusively dedicated to organic agriculture and managed

by applying organic agriculture methods. It is the portion of land area managed (cultivated) or

wild harvested in accordance with specific organic standards or technical regulations and that

has been inspected and approved by a certification body.


Arable land area in

conversion to organic

Part of the area of the "Arable land" which is going through the organic conversion process,

usually two years period of conversion to organic land.


Arable land organic, total Sum of areas under Agricultural area certified organic and "Arable land area in conversion to organic.


Area frame A sampling frame wherein the sampling units are portions of land, called segments. FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome.

Area harvested Data refer to the area from which a crop is gathered. Area harvested, therefore, excludes the area

from which, although sown or planted, there was no harvest due to damage, failure, etc. It is

usually net for temporary crops and some times gross for permanent crops. Net area differs from

gross area insofar as the latter includes uncultivated patches, footpaths, ditches, headlands,

shoulders, shelterbelts, etc. If the crop under consideration is harvested more than once during

the year as a consequence of successive cropping (i.e. the same crop is sown or planted more

than once in the same field during the year), the area is counted as many times as harvested. On

the contrary, area harvested will be recorded only once in the case of successive gathering of the

crop during the year from the same standing crops. With regard to mixed and associated crops,

the area sown relating to each crop should be reported separately. When the mixture refers to

particular crops, generally grains, it is recommended to treat the mixture as if it were a single

crop; therefore, area sown is recorded only for the crop reported.


Area measurement Refers to the operation of measuring the size of fields (i) on the ground, using measuring tapes

and other instruments such as compass, clinometer, etc. or (ii) using remote sensing (aerial or

satellite) images.


Area sown Refers to the area on which sowing or planting has been carried out, for the crop under

consideration, on the soil prepared for that purpose. The area is usually reported net of

uncultivated patches, footpaths, ditches, headlands, shoulders, shelterbelts, etc. For tree crops,

the gross concept may be applied. With regard to mixed and associated crops, countries are

requested to report the area sown for each crop separately. When the mixture refers to particular

crops, generally grains, it is recommended to treat the mixture as if it were a single crop. Data

are recorded in hectares (ha). The information on area sown allows for a particular application of

the SUA system where the quantity allotted for next years sowing, which enters the account of this year, is calculated as a seeding rate times the area sown of the next year.


Associated or mixed cropping Associated crops are those sown interplanted with other temporary or permanent crops, for

example, beans and maize. This way of cultivation is widely used in many African countries,

particularly for food crops.

FAO. 2001. Food balance sheets. A handbook. Rome.

Balers Balers (including pickup balers) are machines that collect grass, hay or straw after it has been

cut. They form a round or square bale by compressing the material or tying it with twine wire, or

a plastic wrap. Data are expressed in numbers in use in the agricultural sector.


Base year The starting year for the inventory. Currently this is typically 1990. IPCC. 2006. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme,


Biological production Biological production is production still on the plants. It is one of the three main concepts of

production (and yield) used by countries when reporting to FAO.


Body mass index (BMI) The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to height of older children, adolescents and adults.

It is calculated as weight (kilograms) divided by height (metres), squared. The acceptable range

for adults is 18.5 to 24.9 , and for children it varies with age.

Human energy requirement (Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation), 2001

Budgetary Central

Government

The budgetary central government is often a single unit of the central government that

encompasses the fundamental activities of the national executive, legislative, and judiciary

powers. This component of general government is usually covered by the main (or general)

budget. This budgetary central governments revenue, as well as its expense, are normally regulated and controlled by a Ministry of Finance, or its functional equivalent, by means of a

budget approved by the legislature.

Calcium ammonium nitrate NH4NO3+CaCO3, is produced from ammonium nitrate and finely pulverized calcium carbonate

(CACO3). It contains not less than 20.5% and up to 28% of nitrogen, half of which is in the form


of ammoniac nitrogen and the other half in the form of nitrate nitrogen. It is produced as white,

off-white or grey granules or prills.

Capital stock in agriculture

and investment in agriculture

The estimate of capital stock in agriculture refers to a value that is attached to the total physical

capital capacity available for repeated use in the production of other goods, in existence at

specific point in time in the economy of agriculture sector. The estimates of investment in

agriculture have indirectly been derived by the FAO Statistics Division using physical data on

livestock, tractors, irrigated land and land under permanent crops etc., and the average prices for

the year 1995. These data enabled the derivation of the capital stock in agriculture which is the

gross, and the annual change in the latter is taken to reflect investment in agriculture.


Carbon dioxide equivalent A measure used to compare different greenhouse gases based on their contribution to radiative

forcing. The UNFCCC currently (2005) uses global warming potentials (GWPs) as factors to

calculate carbon dioxide equivalent (see below).



Census committee An inter-ministerial or inter-agency committee consisting of high-level personnel with main

responsibilities consisting of the overall planning and direction of the census, in cooperation

with and/or subject to the review of the census coordinator.


Census pre-tests Usually small-scale exercises for evaluating specific aspects of the census during the preparatory

phase.


Central Government

Subsector

The central government subsector consists of the institutional unit(s) of the central

government plus those nonmarket NPIs that are controlled by the central government. The

political authority of central government extends over the entire territory of the country. It is

generally composed of a budgetary central government, extrabudgetary units, and social security

funds (unless a separate subsector is used for social security funds).

Cereal food aid shipments Food aid shipments represent a transfer of food commodities from donor to recipient countries

on a total-grant basis. Processed and blended cereals are converted into their grain equivalent by

applying the conversion factors included in the Rule of Procedures under the 1999 Food Aid

Convention to facilitate comparisons between deliveries of different commodities.

From 1970/71 to 1990/91, data on food aid shipments was compiled by FAO from the information provided by donor countries, and complemented by

data provided by the FAO Consultative Sub-Committee on Surplus Disposal, the World Food Programme (WFP), the International Wheat Council,

OECD, and other international organizations. From 1990/91 to date, the information on food aid shipments has been provided to FAO exclusively by

WFP.

Child mortality rate (infant

mortality rate)

The infant mortality rate is the probability (expressed as a rate per 1 000 live births) of a child

born in a specified year dying before reaching the age of one if subject to current age-specific

mortality rates.

World Development Indicators

Child mortality rate (under-

five mortality rate)

The under-five mortality rate is the probability (expressed as a rate per 1 000 live births) of a

child born in a specified year dying before reaching the age of five if subject to current age-

specific mortality rates.

World Development Indicators

CIF Cost-Insurance-Freight. CIF-trade values include the transaction value of the goods, the value of

services performed to deliver goods to the border of the exporting country and the value of the

services performed to deliver the goods from the border of the exporting country to the border of

the importing country. Import values are mostly reported as CIF.

UNSD. 2004. International Merchandise Trade Statistics: Compilers Manual. New York.

Combine harvesters threshers

Combine harvesters - threshers are self-propelled machines that collect and thresh in one

operation. Data are expressed in numbers in use in the agricultural sector.


Commodity code Trade statistics are usually reported according to the Harmonized Commodity Description and

Coding System (HS), which is an international commodity classification developed under the

auspices of the Customs Cooperation Council. The standard HS codes contain six digits, but can

be extended to eight, ten or twelve digits according to national tariff and statistical needs. The

conversion of the HS codes into FAOSTAT codes is based on a specific conversion table used

during trade data processing.

- UNSD. 2004. International Merchandise Trade Statistics: Compilers Manual. New York. - FAO Statistics Division

Confidentiality Refers to the legal obligation of the census staff not to reveal the individual holding data to

anyone, neither in the form of raw data nor in the form of tables which may permit disclosure of

data for individual holdings. Obligation to respond is often linked to and legitimized by

confidentiality as a guarantee for the respondent.


Consumer price index (CPI) The CPI measures changes over time in the general level of prices of consumer goods and

services that households acquire, use or pay for consumption. This is done by measuring the cost

of purchasing a fixed basket of consumer goods and services of constant quality and similar

characteristics, with the products in the basket being selected to be representative of households expenditure during a specified period.

International Labour Organization (ILO)

Continuous harvesting Refers to crops which are harvested continuously throughout the season, such as carrots

radishes, sweet potatoes, etc., or crops which are standing in the field more than a year, like

sugar cane. The estimation of their production has to include all the harvest during the year.


Country area Country area, area of the country including area under inland water bodies, but excluding

offshore territorial waters. Possible variations in the data may be due to updating and revisions

of the country data and not necessarily to any change of area. Data are expressed in 1000

hectares.


Coverage Describes the universe of units to be enumerated; it can include rural and urban areas. Under

predefined thresholds, in physical terms or in value, very small holdings may be excluded from

the census.


Crop area Crop area is a surface of land on which a crop is grown. In general, the area measured for

cadastral purposes includes, in addition to the area cultivated, headlands, ditches and other non-

cultivated areas. Such an area can be called gross area as against the net area which includes

only the portion of the gross area actually cultivated. For various reasons, e.g. natural calamities

or economic considerations, certain areas planted or sown with a given crop are not harvested or

are harvested before the crop reaches maturity. Hence the need for the concept of area to be sub-

divided into sown or planted area and harvested area. Sown area data are necessary to estimate

quantities used for seeding purposes; harvested area, to provide reliable and accurate yield and

production data. A peculiarity of permanent crops is that number of trees or plants is reported in

addition to or, instead of, the area planted. This is particularly so as regards plants growing

outside of compact plantations, which are either interplanted with other crops or are scattered.

Both area and number of trees are also divided into productive or bearing and non-productive or

non-bearing areas or trees. In most cases, non-bearing refers to young plants that are not yet

bearing.


Crop production Crop production data refer to the actual harvested production from the field or orchard and

gardens, excluding harvesting and threshing losses and that part of crop not harvested for any

reason. Production therefore includes the quantities of the commodity sold in the market

(marketed production) and the quantities consumed or used by the producers (auto-

consumption). When the production data available refers to a production period falling into two

successive calendar years and it is not possible to allocate the relative production to each of

them, it is usual to refer production data to that year into which the bulk of the production falls.

Crop production data are recorded in tonnes (t). In many countries, crop production data are

obtained as a function of the estimated yield and the total area. If such a compilation method of

production statistics is enforced by the country, it must be ensured that the total area does not

refer to sown or planted area, which would give then the biological production, but to the actually harvested area during the year.


Crop yield Harvested production per unit of harvested area for crop products. In most of the cases yield data

are not recorded but obtained by dividing the production data by the data on area harvested. Data


on yields of permanent crops are not as reliable as those for temporary crops either because most

of the area information may correspond to planted area, as for grapes, or because of the scarcity

and unreliability of the area figures reported by the countries, as for example for cocoa and

coffee.

Crops cultivated

simultaneously

Refers to the practice of cultivating two or more different crops simultaneously on the same field

or plot. If crops grown simultaneously are temporary and permanent crops together, they are

called crops grown in association. Otherwise they are referred to as mixed crops.


Customs value The definition of the customs value of goods normally covers the transaction value plus the

value of the services performed to deliver goods to the border of the importing/exporting

country. Whenever this is the case, the customs value should be accepted as the statistical value;

in all other cases the compiler should make the necessary adjustments to available customs

values or independently estimate statistical value.


Data coding Refers to the operation where original information from the questionnaire, as recorded by

enumerators, is replaced by a numeric code required for processing. Typical examples are when

names of crops, livestock, farm machinery, activities etc. are replaced by a unique number

(code) or when data expressed in local units are converted to a standard unit. The modern trend

is either to enter the complete answer or to use precoded questionnaires and leave the problem of

local units to enumerators who are expected to enter in the questionnaires data ready for

processing.


Data editing Refers to checking (manually or by computer) the general credibility of the data with respect to

(i) missing data, (ii) range tests, and (iii) logical and/or numerical consistency. Examples could

be: (i) non-response (e.g. age of the holder not reported); (ii) improbable or impossible entries

(e.g. yield is hundred times higher than normal, etc.).


Diammonium phosphate

(DAP)

(NH4)2HPO4, is produced by evaporating a solution of phosphoric acid with excess of ammonia. FAO Statistics Division

Dietary energy consumption

per person

Dietary energy consumption per person refers to the amount of food, expressed in kilocalories

(kcal) per day, available for each individual in the total population during the reference period.

Caloric content is derived by applying the appropriate food composition factors to the quantities

of the commodities. Per person supplies are derived from the total amount of food available for

human consumption by dividing total calories by total population actually partaking of the food

supplies during the reference period. However, per person figures represent only the average

supply available for the population as a whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actually

consumed by individuals. The actual food consumption may be lower than the quantity shown as

food availability depending on the magnitude of wastage and losses of food in the household,

e.g. during storage, in preparation and cooking, as plate-waste or quantities fed to domestic

animals and pets, thrown or given away.


Dietary energy deficit The difference between the average daily dietary energy intake of an undernourished population

and its average minimum energy requirement.

FAO 1996 - The Sixth World Food Survey

Dietary energy excess The difference between the average daily dietary energy intake of an overnourished population

and its average maximum energy requirement.

FAO 1996 - The Sixth World Food Survey

Dietary energy requirement Energy requirement is the amount of food energy needed to balance energy expenditure in order

to maintain body size, body composition and to allow optimal growth and development of

children, deposition of tissues during pregnancy and secretion of milk during lactation,

consistent with long-term good health.

Human energy requirement (Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation), 2001

Dietary fat consumption per Dietary fat consumption per person refers to the amount of fat in food, expressed in grams per FAO Statistics Division

person day, available for each individual in the total population during the reference period. Fat content

is derived by applying the appropriate food composition factors to the quantities of the

commodities. Per person consumption is derived from the total amount of food available for

human consumption by dividing total fat by total population actually partaking of the food

supplies during the reference period. However, per person figures represent only the average

supply available for the population as a whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actually

consumed by individuals. The actual food consumption may be lower than the quantity shown as

food availability depending on the magnitude of wastage and losses of food in the household,

e.g. during storage, in preparation and cooking, as plate-waste or quantities fed to domestic

animals and pets, thrown or given away.

Dietary protein consumption

per person

Dietary protein consumption per person refers to the amount of protein in food, expressed in

grams per day, available for each individual in the total population during the reference period.

Protein content is derived by applying the appropriate food composition factors to the quantities

of the commodities. Per person consumption is derived from the total amount of food available

for human consumption by dividing total protein by total population actually partaking of the

food supplies during the reference period. However, per person figures represent only the

average supply available for the population as a whole and do not necessarily indicate what is

actually consumed by individuals. The actual food consumption may be lower than the quantity

shown as food availability depending on the magnitude of wastage and losses of food in the

household, e.g. during storage, in preparation and cooking, as plate-waste or quantities fed to

domestic animals and pets, thrown or given away.


Domestic goods Domestic goods are goods originating in the economic territory of a country, while foreign

goods are goods which originate from the rest of the world. Determination of the origin of goods

in each compiling country is made in accordance with national rules. It is recognized that these

rules may lead to different attributions of origin and to incompatibilities in partner statistics. The

harmonization of rules of origin is, therefore, one of the important challenges to customs and

statistical authorities.


Domestic supply Production + imports - exports + changes in stocks (decrease or increase) = supply for domestic

utilization. There are various ways of defining supply and, in fact, various concepts are in use.

The elements involved are production, imports, exports and changes in stocks (increase or

decrease). There is no doubt that production, imports and stock changes (either decrease or

increase in stocks) are genuine supply elements.


Economic territory Economic territory of a country consists of the geographic territory administered by a

government within which persons, goods and capital circulate freely and includes: (a) airspace,

territorial waters, and continental shelf lying in international waters over which the country

enjoys exclusive rights or over which it has, or claims to have, jurisdiction in respect of the right

to fish or to exploit fuels or minerals below the seabed; (b) territorial enclaves in the rest of the

world (clearly demarcated areas of land which are located in other countries and which are used

by the government which owns or rents them for diplomatic, military, scientific or other

purposes - embassies, consulates, military bases, scientific stations, information or immigration

offices, aid agencies, etc. - with the formal political agreement of the government of the country

in which they are physically located). Goods or persons may move freely between a country and

its territorial enclaves abroad, but become subject to control by the government of the country in

which they are located if they move out of the enclave; (c) any free zones, or bonded warehouses

or factories operated by offshore enterprises under customs control (these form part of the

economic territory of the country in which they are physically located). In the case of maritime

countries, their economic territory includes any islands belonging to that country which are

subject to exactly the same fiscal and monetary authorities as the mainland, so that goods and

persons may move freely to and from such islands without any kind of customs or immigration

formalities. The economic territory of a country does not include the territorial enclaves used by

- UNSD. 2004. International Merchandise Trade Statistics: Compilers Manual. New York. - 1993 System of National Accounts, paragraph 14.9.

foreign governments or international organizations that are physically located within the

geographical boundaries of that country.

Economically active female

population

This refers to the number of all employed and unemployed female persons (including those

seeking work for the first time). It covers female employers; self-employed workers; salaried

employees; wage earners; unpaid workers assisting in a family, farm or business operation;

members of producers' cooperatives; and members of the armed forces. The economically active

female population is also called the female labour force.

International Labour Organisation (ILO)

Economically active female

population in agriculture

Economically active female population in agriculture is that part of the economically active

female population engaged in or seeking work in agriculture, hunting, fishing or forestry.


Economically active male

population

This refers to the number of all employed and unemployed male persons (including those

seeking work for the first time). It covers male employers; self-employed workers; salaried

employees; wage earners; unpaid workers assisting in a family, farm or business operation;

members of producers' cooperatives; and members of the armed forces. The economically active

male population is also called the male labour force.


Economically active male


Economically active male population in agriculture is that part of the economically active male

population engaged in or seeking work in agriculture, hunting, fishing or forestry.


Economically active

population

This refers to the number of all employed and unemployed persons (including those seeking

work for the first time). It covers employers; self-employed workers; salaried employees; wage

earners; unpaid workers assisting in a family, farm or business operation; members of producers'

cooperatives; and members of the armed forces. The economically active population is also

called the labour force.


Economically active


Economically active population in agriculture (agricultural labour force) is that part of the

economically active population engaged in or seeking work in agriculture, hunting, fishing or

forestry.


Edible offal These are edible parts or organs of the animals, other than fats, which are usually separated in

the course of the preparation of the carcass at the slaughterhouses.

Egg production Covers all domestic birds which have contributed to egg production during the year, wherever

they lay and the corresponding total production, including eggs intended to be used for hatching

but excluding waste on farms.


Emission factor A coefficient that quantifies the emissions or removals of a gas per unit activity. Emission

factors are often based on a sample of measurement data, averaged to develop a representative

rate of emission for a given activity level under a given set of operating conditions.



Emissions The release of greenhouse gases and/or their precursors into the atmosphere over a specified area

and period of time.



Emissions - Agriculture:

Agriculture Total

Agriculture Total contains all the emissions produced in the different agricultural emissions sub-

domains, providing a picture of the contribution to the total amount of GHG emissions from

agriculture. GHG emissions from agriculture consist of non-CO2 gases, namely methane (CH4)

and nitrous oxide (N2O), produced by crop and livestock production and management activities.

Computed at Tier 1 following IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories; available by

country, with global coverage and relative to the period 1990- present, with annual updates, and

projections for 2030 and 2050.




Burning - crop residues

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from burning crop residues consist of methane and nitrous

oxide gases produced by the combustion of a percentage of the crop residues burnt on-site.



Computed at Tier 1 following the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories (IPCC,

2006); available by country, with global coverage and relative to the period 1961-present, with

annual updates, and projections for 2030 and 2050.


Burning - Savanna

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from burning of savanna consist of methane and nitrous

oxide gases from biomass combustion. Emissions are computed at Tier 1 following the 2006

IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories (IPCC, 2006); they are available by country,

with global coverage and relative to the period 1990-present, with annual updates, and




Emissions - Agriculture: Crop

residues

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from crop residues consist of nitrous oxide gas from

decomposition of nitrogen in crop residues left on managed soils. Computed at Tier 1 following

the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories (IPCC, 2006); available by country,

with global coverage and relative to the period 1961 to present, with annual updates, and





Cultivation of Organic soils

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions data from cultivation of organic soils are those associated

with nitrous oxide gas emissions from drained histosols under cropland and grassland. Data is

computed at Tier 1 and complemented by geo-spatial data, following the 2006 IPCC Guidelines

for National GHG Inventories (IPCC, 2006). Available by country, with global coverage and

relative to the period 1990-present and projections for 2030 and 2050.




Energy Use

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from direct energy use consist of carbon dioxide, methane and

nitrous oxide gases associated with fuel burning and electricity generation in agriculture

(including fisheries). Data is computed at Tier 1 following the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for

National GHG Inventories (IPCC, 2006). Available by country, with global coverage and

relative to the period 1970-present, with annual updates.




Enteric Fermentation

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from enteric fermentation consist of methane gas produced in

digestive systems of ruminants and to a lesser extent of non-ruminants. Computed at Tier 1

following the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories (IPCC, 2006); available by

country, with global coverage and relative to the period 1961 to present, with annual updates,

and projections for 2030 and 2050.




Manure applied to soils

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from manure applied to soils consist of nitrous oxide gas from

nitrogen additions to managed soils from treated manure. Computed at Tier 1 following the 2006

IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC,2006); available by country,

with global coverage and relative to the period 1961 to present, with annual updates, and





Manure left on pastures

Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions data from manure left on pasture consist of nitrous oxide

gas from nitrogen additions to managed soils from grazing livestock. Computed at Tier 1

following the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories, Vol. 4 (IPCC, 2006);

available by country, with global coverage and relative to the period 1961 to present, with annual

updates, and projections for 2030 and 2050.




Manure management

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from manure management consist of methane and nitrous

oxide gases from aerobic and anaerobic manure decomposition processes. Computed at Tier 1

following the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories (IPCC, 2006); available by

country, with global coverage and relative to the period 1961 to present, with annual updates,

and projections for 2030 and 2050.



Emissions - Agriculture: Rice

cultivation

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from rice cultivation consist of methane gas from the

anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in paddy fields. Computed at Tier 1 following the



Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories (IPCC, 1997) and the IPCC 2000

Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National GHG Inventories (IPCC,

2000); available by country, with global coverage and relative to the period 1961-present, with

annual updates, and projections for 2030 and 2050.


Synthetic Fertilizers

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from synthetic fertilizers consist of nitrous oxide gas from

synthetic nitrogen additions to managed soils. Computed at Tier 1 following the 2006 IPCC

Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC, 2006); available by country, with

global coverage and relative to the period 1961-present, with annual updates, and projections for

2030 and 2050.



Emissions - Land Use:

Burning - Biomass

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from burning of biomass consist of methane and nitrous

oxide gases from biomass combustion of forest land cover classes 'Humid and Tropical Forest'

and 'Other Forests', and of methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide gases from combustion of

organic soils. Emissions are computed at Tier 1 following the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for

National GHG Inventories (IPCC, 2006); they are available by country, with global coverage

and relative to the period 1990-present, with annual updates.



Emissions - Land Use:

Cropland

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions data from cropland are currently limited to emissions from

cropland organic soils. They are those associated with carbon losses from drained histosols

under cropland. Data is computed at Tier 1 and complemented by use of geo-spatial data,

following the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories (IPCC, 2006). Available by

country, with global coverage and relative to the period 1990 to present.



Emissions - Land Use: Forest

land

Annual net CO2 emission/removal from Forest Land consist of net carbon stock gain/loss in the

living biomass pool (aboveground and belowground biomass) associated with Forest and Net

Forest Conversion. Computed at Tier 1 and Approach 1, with the stock difference method,

following the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories (IPCC, 2006) and using area

and carbon stocks data compiled by countries in the FAO Global Forest Resource Assessment of

2010 (FRA, 2010); available by country, with global coverage and relative to the period 1990-

present, with periodic updates in line with FRA.



Emissions - Land Use: Land

Use Total

Land Use Total contains all GHG emissions and removals produced in the different Land Use

sub-domains, representing the six IPCC Land Use categories: cropland, forest land, grassland,

wetlands, settlements, and other land, also collectively referred to as emissions/removals from

the Forestry and Other Land Use (FOLU) sector. FOLU emissions consist of CO2 (carbon

dioxide), CH4(methane) and N2O (nitrous oxide) associated with land management activities.

CO2 emissions/removals are derived from estimated net carbon stock changes in above and

below-ground biomass pools of forest land, including forest land converted to other land uses.

CH4 and N2O, and additional CO2 emissions are estimated for fires and drainage of organic soils.

Based on FAOSTAT and FRA activity data as well as on geospatial information analysis, they

are computed at Tier 1 and Approach 1 of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG

Inventories. Estimates are available by country, with global coverage and relative to the period

1990-present, with annual updates.



Fallow land Fallow land (temporary) is the cultivated land that is not seeded for one or more growing

seasons. The maximum idle period is usually less than five years. Land remaining fallow for two

long may acquire characteristics requiring to be reclassified, such as "permanent meadows and

pastures" (if used for grazing), "forest or wooded land" (if overgrown with trees), or "other land"

(if it becomes wasteland). Data are expressed in 1000 hectares.


Feed Data refer to the quantity of the commodity in question available for feeding to the livestock and

poultry during the reference period, whether domestically produced or imported.

FAO. 1986. The ICS users' manual. Interlinked computer strorage and processing system of food and agricultural commodity data. Rome.

Female population Refers to the present-in-area (de facto) population which includes all female persons physically

present within the present geographical boundaries of countries at the mid-point of the reference

period.

United Nations, World Population Prospects

Fertilizer prices Price of fertilizers expressed in local currency per metric tonne (t) of plant nutrient. FAO Statistics Division

FOB Free-On-Board. FOB-trade values include the transaction value of the goods and the value of

services performed to deliver goods to the border of the exporting country. Export values are

mostly reported as FOB.


Food Data refer to the total amount of the commodity available as human food during the reference

period. Data include the commodity in question, as well as any commodity derived therefrom as

a result of further processing. Food from maize, for example, comprises the amount of maize,

maize meal and any other products derived therefrom available for human consumption. Food

from milk relates to the amounts of milk as such, as well as the fresh milk equivalent of dairy

products.

FAO. 1986. The ICS users' manual. Interlinked computer strorage and processing system of food and agricultural commodity data. Rome.

Food aid Food aid represent a transfer of food commodities from donor to recipient countries on a total-

grant basis or on highly concessional terms.

From 1970/71 to 1990/91, data on food aid shipments was compiled by FAO from the information provided by donor countries, and complemented by


OECD, and other international organizations. From 1990/91 to date, the information on food aid shipments has been provided to FAO exclusively by

WFP.

Food aid received Refers to food aid shipments which represent a transfer of food commodities from donor to

recipient countries on a total-grant basis or on highly concessional terms. A food aid shipment

record contains information on the year of shipment, donor, recipient, commodity and quantity

in terms of thousand tonnes (t). Cereal food aid shipments are reported on a global trade year

basis (July/June). The series starts from 1970/71. Processed and blended cereals are converted

into their grain equivalent by applying the conversion factors included in the Rule of Procedures

under the 1999 Food Aid Convention to facilitate comparisons between deliveries of different

commodities.

From 1970/71 to 1990/91, data on food aid shipments were compiled by FAO from the information provided by donor countries and complemented by


OECD and other international organizations. From 1990/91 to date, the information on food aid shipments has been provided to FAO exclusively by

WFP.

Food Balance Sheets Food Balance Sheets (FBS) are compiled every year by FAO, mainly with country-level data on

the production and trade of food commodities. Using these data and the available information on

seed rates, waste coefficients, stock changes and types of utilization (feed, food, processing and

other utilization), a supply/utilization account is prepared for each commodity in weight terms.

The food component of the commodity account, which is usually derived as a balancing item,

refers to the total amount of the commodity available for human consumption during the year.

Besides commodity-by-commodity information, the FAO FBS also provide total food

availability estimates by aggregating the food component of all commodities including fishery

products. From these values and the available population estimates, the per person dietary energy

and protein and fat supplies are derived and expressed on a daily basis. In the FBS production

data refer only to primary products while data for all other elements also include processed

products derived there from, expressed in primary commodity equivalent.

FAO Statistics Division, http://www.fao.org/es/ess/compendium_2004/technotes.asp

Food Consumer Price Index

(Food CPI)

The Food CPI measures the change over time in the general level of prices of food and non-

alcoholic beverage items that households acquire, use or pay for consumption. This is done by

measuring the cost of purchasing a fixed basket of consumer food and beverage of constant

quality and similar characteristics, with the products in the basket being selected to be

representative of households expenditure during a specified period.

International Labour Organization (ILO)

Food consumption per person

by food group

Food consumption per person is the amount of food, in terms of quantity, of each commodity

and it's derived products for each individual in the total population. Figures are shown for food

groups.

FAO Statistics Division, http://www.fao.org/faostat/foodsecurity/FSSDMetadata_en.htm

Food consumption per person

by food item

Food consumption per person is the amount of food, in terms of quantity, of each commodity

and it's derived products for each individual in the total population. Figures are shown for food

items.

FAO Statistics Division, http://www.fao.org/faostat/foodsecurity/FSSDMetadata_en.htm

Food insecurity A situation that exists when people lack secure access to sufficient amounts of safe and

nutritious food for normal growth and development and an active and healthy life. It may be

caused by the unavailability of food, insufficient purchasing power, inappropriate distribution, or

inadequate use of food at the household level. Food insecurity, poor conditions of health and

sanitation, and inappropriate care and feeding practices are the major causes of poor nutritional

status. Food insecurity may be chronic, seasonal or transitory.

FAO. 2000. The state of food insecurity in the world - SOFI 2000. Rome.

Food production For primary commodities, production relates to the total domestic production whether inside or

outside the agricultural sector, i.e. including non-commercial production and production in

kitchen gardens. Unless otherwise indicated, production is reported at the farm level for primary

crops (i.e. excluding harvesting losses for crops) and livestock items and in terms of live weight

(i.e. the actual ex-water weight of the catch at the time of capture) for primary fish items.

Production of processed commodities relates to the total output of the commodity at the

manufacture level (i.e. it comprises output from domestic and imported raw materials of

originating products). Reporting units are chosen accordingly, e.g. cereals are reported in terms

of grains and paddy rice. As a general rule, all data on meat are expressed in terms of carcass

weight. Usually the data on production relate to that which takes place during the reference

period. However, production of certain crops may relate to the harvest of the year preceding the

utilization period if harvesting takes place late in the year. In such instances, the production of a

given year largely moves into consumption in the subsequent year. In the Food Balance Sheets a

distinction is made between "output" and "input". The production of primary as well as of

derived products is reported under "output". For derived commodities, the amounts of the

originating commodity that are required for obtaining the output of the derived product are

indicated under "input", and are expressed in terms of the originating commodity. The various

factors used, i.e. milling rates, extraction rates, conversion or processing factors, carcass weights,

milk yield, egg weights etc., should indicate the average national rate at which these

commodities are generally converted.


Food production index Cf. Agricultural production indices under Methodologies FAO Statistics Division

Food security A situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to

sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an

active and healthy life.

FAO. 2000. The state of food insecurity in the world - SOFI 2000

Food: total calories Refers to the total amount of food available for human consumption expressed in kilocalories

(kcal). Caloric content is derived by applying the appropriate food composition factors to the

quantities of the commodities and shown in million units.


Food: total fats Refers to the total amount of fat available for human consumption resulting from the

multiplication of the quantity of food available. Fat content is derived by applying the

appropriate food composition factors to the quantities of the commodities and are expressed in

grams.


Food: total protein Refers to the total amount of protein available for human consumption resulting from the

multiplication of the quantity of food available. Protein content is derived by applying the

appropriate food composition factors to the quantities of the commodities and are expressed in

grams.


Forest area Forest area is the land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 metres and a

canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. It does not

Forest Resource Assessment (FRA)

include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use. Forest is determined

both by the presence of trees and the absence of other predominant land uses. The trees should

be able to reach a minimum height of 5 metres (m) in situ. Areas under reforestation that have

not yet reached but are expected to reach a canopy cover of 10 percent and a tree height of 5 m

are included, as are temporarily unstocked areas, resulting from human intervention or natural

causes, which are expected to regenerate. Includes: areas with bamboo and palms provided that

height and canopy cover criteria are met; forest roads, firebreaks and other small open areas;

forest in national parks, nature reserves and other protected areas such as those of specific

scientific, historical, cultural or spiritual interest; windbreaks, shelterbelts and corridors of trees

with an area of more than 0.5 ha and width of more than 20 m; plantations primarily used for

forestry or protective purposes, such as: rubber-wood plantations and cork, oak stands. Excludes:

tree stands in agricultural production systems, for example in fruit plantations and agroforestry

systems. The term also excludes trees in urban parks and gardens. Data are expressed in 1000

hectares.

Frame The universe, or a list, of all units or elements for which data are to be collected. For the purpose

of agricultural censuses and surveys the frame may be defined as a list of all agricultural

holdings.


GDP Gross domestic product

General Government Sector The general government sector consists of resident institutional units that fulfill the functions

of government as their primary activity. This sector includes all government units and all

nonmarket NPIs that are controlled by government units. For analytic purposes, it is often

necessary or desirable to disaggregate the general government sector into subsectors, including:

Central Government Subsector and Budgetary Central Government

General trade The general trade system is in use when statistical territory of a country coincides with its

economic territory. Consequently, under the general trade system, imports include all goods

entering the economic territory of a compiling country and exports include all goods leaving the

economic territory of a compiling country, including re-exports and imports into and exports

from customs warehouses and free zones or ports.


Gini index Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases,

consumption expenditure, food dietary energy consumption) among individuals or households

within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the

cumulative percentages of total income received against the cumulative number of recipients,

starting with the poorest individual or household. The Gini index measures the area between the

Lorenz curve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality, expressed as a percentage of the

maximum area under the line. Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index

of 100 implies perfect inequality.

WDI 2004

Global warming potential Global Warming Potentials (GWP) are calculated as the ratio of the radiative forcing of one

kilogramme greenhouse gas emitted to the atmosphere to that from one kilogramme CO2 over a

period of time (e.g., 100 years).



GNP Gross National Product

Good Practice Good Practice is a set of procedures intended to ensure that greenhouse gas inventories are

accurate in the sense that they are systematically neither over- nor underestimates so far as can

be judged, and that uncertainties are reduced so far as possible. Good Practice covers choice of

estimation methods appropriate to national circumstances, quality assurance and quality control

at the national level, quantification of uncertainties and data archiving and reporting to promote

transparency.



Government expenditure

allocated to agricultural and

rural development

Data on government expenditure on agriculture refers to all non-repayable payments, whether

capital or current, requited or not by government for the agricultural and rural development

sector.


Government Expenditure:

Cash basis

In the cash basis of recording, flows are recorded when cash is received or disbursed.

Government Expenditure:

Noncash (accrual) basis

In the accrual basis of recording, flows are recorded at the time economic value is created,

transformed, exchanged, transferred, or extinguished. In other words, the effects of economic

events are recorded in the period in which they occur, irrespective of whether cash was received

or paid or was due to be received or paid.

Gross production index

number

Cf. Agricultural production indices under Methodologies FAO Statistics Division

Gross production index

number per capita

Cf. Agricultural production indices under Methodologies. Per caput index obtained by dividing

Production Index numbers by index of population, or directly from per caput production.


Gross production value Cf. Agricultural production indices under Methodologies FAO Statistics Division

Gross weight The gross weight of

food and agriculture organization of united nations, agricultural arable land

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