hey to arable plants

8/6/2019 Hey to Arable Plants

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I d e n t i f i c a t i o n k e y

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Identification key to arable plants

The following section is an identification key to the arable plants featured in

this book, along with any species with which they may be confused.

How to use the keyThe key starts with an introduction to plant familes and provides informationon the important features in the identification of species from that family.

The key is ordered by flower characteristics (number of petals, shape, size andcolour). The information realting to each species is presented as shown below:

In each of the flower categories details of the key identification features of each

plant are given along with, in the case of plants featured in the book, therelevant page number where a full description of the plant can be found.

DESCRIPTION

Known for stinging hairs; male and female flowers on different plants.

Flowers small and greenish; leaves flat and mealy looking; plants formerly usedas food-plants. Genera include: Chenopodium.

4–5 petals which may be un-notched, notched or dissected; leaves nearly alwaysopposite at right-angles to the adjacent ones. Genera include: Agrostemma,Ceratstium, Silene, Spergula, Spergularia.

Leaves alternate with flowers in small cluster. Genera include: Fallopia,Polygonum.

Woody plants; leaves are palmately-lobed and very soft. Pink/mauve showyflowers have five petals. Genera include: Lavatera.

Flowers pansy-shaped; five sepals and petals plus spur. Genera include: Viola .

4 white or yellow petals arranged in the shape of a cross; many plants in thisfamily taste of mustard. Some species have unequal petals e.g. Wild Candytuft.Genera inlcude: Alyssum, Arabis, Capsella, Coronopus, Diplotaxis, Iberis, Raphanus,Teesdalia, Thlaspi.

5-petalled flowers; narrow pointed sepals.

Flowers pea-shaped comprising upper petals and wings and the lower two fusedto form keel; leaves pinnate, terminating in a tendril.

Simple leaves; 6 pink petals and 4–6 stamens which do not protrude.

Plants contain white milky substance (latex); leaves are simple. The herbalistGerard compared the flower-head to that of a juggler’s hands.

Leaves deeply lobed – hand-like in Geranium and pinnate in Erodium ; flowers5-petalled with prominent stamens.

Heads of flowers resemble an umbrella and originally provided many of ourvegetables and herbs. NB Some members of this family are poisonous. Flowersvary and can be white, tinged pink or yellow-green. Genera include: Aethusa,Anthriscus, Apium, Bunium, Bupleurum, Petroselinum, Scandix, Torilis.

Twining plant, flowers greenish-white, leaves heart shaped.

Twining plants with heart-shaped leaves and white or pink funnel-shapedflowers.

Flowers often unfurl on one side, changing colour from pink to blue; bristlystems and leaves. Genera include: Anchusa, Buglossoides, Cynoglossum Echium,Lithospermum, Myosoti s.

Characteristic plants which have square stems, paired leaves and lipped flowers.Mostly scented. Genera: Lamium, Mentha, Stachys.

Stems often square; flowers often have a two-lipped corolla; leaves opposite oralternate. Genera: Antirrhinum, Chaenorrhinum, Kickxia, Misopates, Veronica .

Bell-shaped flowers.

Scrambling plants with square stem with leaves in whorls around it; 4-petalledflowers in whorls.

Small flowers borne in clusters. Genera: Valeriana, Valerianella.

A large group in which the flower is composed of an inflorescence which mayhave disc florets, ray florets (Dandelion) or both (e.g. Daisy). Genera: Anthemis,Bellis, Centaurea, Chamomilla, Chrysanthemum, Cynara, Filago, Hypochaeris .

FAMILY

UrticaceaeNETTLE

ChenopodiaceaeGOOSEFOOT

CaryophyllaceaePINK

PolygonaceaeKNOTWEED

MalvaceaeMALLOW

ViolaceaeVIOLET

BrassicaceaeCABBAGE

PrimulaceaePRIMROSE

FabaceaePEA

LythraceaeLOOSESTRIFE

EuphorbiaceaeSPURGE

GeranaceaeCRANE’S-BILL

ApiaceaeCARROT

SolanaceaePOTATO

ConvolvulaceaeBINDWEED

BoraginaceaeBORAGE

LamiaceaeDEAD-NETTLE

ScrophulariaceaeFIGWORT

CampanulaceaeBELLFLOWER

RubiaceaeBEDSTRAW

ValerianaceaeVALERIAN

AsteraceaeDAISY

IMPORTANT IDENTIFICATION FEATURES

Distinctive and well-known plant.

Leaf shape.

Different genera within this group can be told bylooking at the styles which number from 2–5.

Sheath at base of leaves is an ochrea (pl. ochreae).The size, shape and colour of these are diagnostic.

Fruit and sepal characteristics.

Flower characteristics, leaf shape and spur.

Fruit shape diagnostic - either long and thin (siliqua)or broad and short (silicula).

Flower colour and sepal length.

Flower colour; shape of seed pod and number of seeds.

Distinctive.

The distinctive, specialised flower head found inspurges whih is made up of glands and cyathium.

Fruit resembles bill of stork.

Leaves, fruits, presence or absence of bracts and timeof appearance of the plant.

Inconspicuous flower; seed characteristics; twining.

Large flowers; leaf shape; twining.

Leaf and flower characteristics.

Shape of leaf, flower details – colour,spots orposition on plant.

Variable group; the important features depend on thegenus.

Flower and fruit characteristics.

Shape and location of seed.

Fruits are diagnostic.

Variable group; the important features depend on thegenus and include: flower shape and size; position of leaves; and whether or not the plant contains latex.

AN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT FAMILIES

DESCRIPTION

Recognised by warm, shiny 5-petalled yellow flowers;leaves generally dissected – wedge-shaped or 3-lobed; hairs variable. Genera include:Adonis , Consolida ,Myosurus , Ranunculus .

Scarlet/orange, 4-petalled single flowers with slightly crumpled appearance.

Plants of cultivated or disturbed ground which gained their name from theFrench for burnt earth, Fume terre, as they look scorched in appearance; thinstems, hairless and 2-lipped flowers form short racemes; alternate leaves whichare much-divided.

FAMILY

RanuculaceaeBUTTERCUP

PapaveraceaePOPPY

FumariaceaeFUMITORY

IMPORTANT IDENTIFICATION FEATURES

Flower size, fruit or position of sepals.

Fruit capsules diagnostic.

Rounded fruit, flower size and position and shape of sepals.

AN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT FAMILIES

229

GERANIACEAE 204 Musk Stork's-bill

Common Stork's-bill

Erodium moschatum

Erodium cicutarium

LEAF: pinnate with toothed or lobedsegments divided halfway to midrib;musky scent when bruised.

LEAF: pinnate with toothed or lobedsegments divided fully to midrib;no musky scent when bruised.

FROM COMMON STORK’S-BILL:leaf shape; musk smell

FROM MUSK STORK’S-BILL: leaf shape

Flowers with 5 equal petals: 10-15mm diameter KEY DIFFERENCES

General description

Family name

Simplifedrepresentationof flowershape andcolour

Flower colourPage numberof speciesaccountwhererelevant

English name Scientific name Description of aspecies’ key features – with those thatare important toidentification in boldtext

The keydifferencesbetweensimilar species




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PAPAVERACEAE 174

176

178

180

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RUBACEAE 80

152

Corn Cleavers

Cleavers

False Cleavers

Field Madder

Galium tricornutum

Galium aparine

Galium spurium

Sherardia arvensis

PLANT:pale green; scrambling;stems sharply4-angled; up to 80cm long. LEAVES: narrow,arranged in whorls of 6–8; up to 50mmlong by 5mm wide. FLOWER: greenish-white;in groups of 3; 1·0–1·5mm wide.FRUIT: spherical; covered in papillae; onstrongly recurved stalks;3 mm wide.

PLANT: dark green;scrambling; stems sharply4-angled; up to 120cm long.LEAVES: narrow, arranged in whorls of 6–8;

up to 50mm long by 2–3mm wide.FLOWER: greenish white; in groups of 2–5;4–8 leaf-like bracts; 2mm wide.FRUIT: spherical; green or purplish; covered inhooked bristles on straight stalk; 4–6mmwide.

PLANT:dark green; scrambling;stems sharply4-angled; up to 60cm long. LEAVES: narrow,arranged in whorls of 6–8;5–18 mm long.FLOWER: greenish; in groups of 3–9;2–3 leaf-like bracts; 1mm wide.FRUIT: spherical; blackish; covered in hookedbristles on straight stalk; 1·5–3mm wide.

PLANT: prostrate, mat forming;5–40 cm.LEAVES: lower leaves broadly spear-shaped inwhorls of 4; upper leaves narrow; prickly-

edged in whorlsof 6. FLOWER: lilac;in denseshort-stalked clusters of 4–10; 2–3mm wide.

FROM CLEAVERS AND FALSECLEAVERS: seed stalksrecurved; seeds coveredin papillae

seed stalks straight; seedswith hooked bristles

seed stalks straight; seedswith hooked bristles

FROM OTHER CLEAVERS:flower colour and four-leavedwhorl of lower leaves

diagnostic

Babbington’s Poppy

Common Poppy

Long-headed Poppy

Prickly Poppy

Rough Poppy

Papaver dubium ssp. lecoquii

Papaver rhoeas

Papaver dubium

Papaver argemone

Papaver hybridum

HEIGHT: up to 60cm. FLOWER: pinkish-red,unblotched; persist usually only for a singleday;anthers yellow to brown; 50mm wide.SEED CAPSULE: elongated; without prickles;20–25mm long.

HEIGHT: up to 80cm. FLOWER: brightscarlet often blotched black at base; anthersblue-black; 80mm wide.SEED CAPSULE: seed capsule spherical withflattened top; without prickles; 10–20mmlong.

HEIGHT: up to 80cm. FLOWER: pinkish-red,unblotched; persist usually only for a singleday;anthers brown to blue-black; 50mmwide. SEED CAPSULE: elongated;withoutprickles; 20–25mm long.

HEIGHT: up to 50cm. FLOWER: orange-red,unblotched; persist usually only for a singleday;50 mm wide.SEED CAPSULE: seed capsule long andnarrow; with prickles; 20–25mm long.

HEIGHT: up to 50cm. FLOWER: scarlet, blackblotches at base; persist usually only for asingle day. SEED CAPSULE: spherical; withprickles; 10–15mm wide.

seed capsule bristle-free (left );FROM LONG-HEADED POPPY:latex exuded from stem turnsyellow on contact with theair

seed capsule distinctive (left )

seed capsule bristle-free (left );FROM BABBINGTON’S POPPY:latex exuded from stem turnswhite on contact with theair



Flowers with 4 ±equal petals: >10mm diameter KEY DIFFERENCES

Flowers with 4 equal petals: <10mm diameter KEY DIFFERENCES

Broad-leaved Spurge

Petty Spurge

Dwarf Spurge

Sun Spurge

Black-bindweed

EUPHORBIACEAE

POLYGONACEAE

Euphorbia platyphyllos

Euphorbia peplus

Euphorbia exigua

Euphorbia helioscopia

Fallopia convolvulus

LEAF: narrowly oblong; pointed at tip;serrated edge; arranged alternately up stem.FRUIT:seed capsule nearly spherical; coveredin small warts; 3mm wide.

HEIGHT: 10–30cm.LEAF: oval, broader towards tip; 5–30mmlong, arranged alternately on stem.FRUIT:seed capsule rounded, triangular;2mm wide.

LEAF: narrow, parallel-sided.FRUIT:seed capsule nearly spherical;smooth;2mm wide.

LEAF: wedge-shaped,broader towards tip;whorl of leaf-like bracts below umbel.FRUIT: seed capsule seed capsule nearlyspherical; smooth;3–5mm wide.

LEAF: green,heart-shaped; 2–6cm long.SEED: triangular and black 5mm long.

FROM PETTY SPURGE ANDSUN SPURGE: serrated leavesand warty fruits

much-branched

small size

FROM BROAD-LEAVED SPURGEAND DWARF SPURGE: whorlof leaf-like bracts; wartlessfruits

flowers very inconspicuous incomparison withCONVOLVULACEAE (page 234);twines anti-clockwise

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198

200

58

Thale Cress

Shepherd’s-purse

Shepherd's Cress

Perfoliate Penny-cress

Field Penny-cress

Wild Candytuft

Small Alison

Flixweed

BRASSICACEAE Arabidopsis thaliana

Capsella bursa-pastoris

Teesdalia nudicaulis

Thlaspi perfoliatum

Thlaspi arvense

Iberis amara

Alyssum alyssoides

Decurania sophia

STEM LEAVES: small and very narrow.SEED POD:long, thin and curved slightly

upwards; 10–18mm long.HEIGHT: 3–40cm; from basal rosette.STEM LEAVES: spear-shaped.SEED POD: inverted, notched triangle shape;6–9mm wide.

HEIGHT: 8–45cm; from basal rosette.STEM LEAVES: absent from central stem.SEED POD: spoon-shaped; 4mm wide.

STEM LEAVES: oval with basal lobes claspingstem. FLOWER: 2·0–2·5mm wide.FRUIT:heart-shaped; central part entirelycircled by broad wings; on stalks parallel tothe ground; 5mm long by 4mm wide.

STEM LEAVES: oblong with auricles claspingstem. FLOWER: 4–6mm wide.FRUIT:circular; central part entirely circled

by broad wings; on upwardly curving stalks;12–20mm wide.

LEAVES: lower spoon-shaped, upper spear-shaped.FLOWER: petals of unequal size.FRUIT: round with triangular projectingwings; 4–5mm wide.

LEAVES: spear-shaped with star-like hairsgiving a grey appearance. FLOWER: fades towhite over time. FRUIT:spherical; 3mm wide.

HEIGHT: 30–80cm.STEM LEAVES: pinnately divided.SEED POD:long, thin and curved slightlyupwards; 15–25mm long.

shape of seed pod distinctive



FROM FIELD PENNY-CRESS:fruit shape distinctive (left )

FROMPERFOLIATE PENNY-CRESS:fruit shape distinctive (left )

characteristic flower and fruitshape

combination of yellow flowersand star-shaped hairsdiagnostic

tall plant; yellow flowers;pinnate leaves

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166

164

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54

Flowers with 0 petals: <10mm diameter KEY DIFFERENCES

Flowers with 4 ±equal petals: <10mm diameter KEY DIFFERENCES

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POLYGONACEAE

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

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Cornfield Knotgrass

Knotgrass

Northern Knotgrass

Equal-leaved Knotgrass

Four-leaved Allseed

Corn Spurrey

Polygonum rurivagum

Polygonum aviculare

Polygonum boreale

Polygonum arenastrum

Polycarpon tetraphyllum

Spergula arvensis

PLANT: scrambling-erect, branched; to 30 cm.LEAVES: long and thin;grey-green; ochreaebrownish-red below; leaf stalks enclosed inochreae; 15–35mm long by 2–4mm wide;ochreae 10mm long.FLOWER: pinkish; 1–2 clustered.FRUIT: projects slightly from flower;3·0mm× 1·5mm.

PLANT: erect-spreading;to 200cm.LEAVES: long oval; green; ochreae silvery-white,

brownish at base; leaf stalks enclosed inochreae; 25–50mm long by 5–15mm wide;ochreae 5mm long.FLOWER: pink to greenish-white;1–2 clustered.FRUIT: enclosed within flower; 3-sided,all equal; 3·0mm× 1·5mm.

PLANT: erect-spreading;to 100cm.LEAVES: spoon-shaped;green; ochreae silvery orbrownish; leaf stalks project from ochreae;30–50mm long by 5–18mm wide;ochreae 5mm long.FLOWER: white with pinkish edges;1–2 clustered.FRUIT: enclosed within flower; 3-sided,all broad; 4·0mm× 2·5mm.

PLANT: prostrate, mat-forming; to 30cm.LEAVES: round-oval; hairless; green; ochreaereddish-brown; leaf stalks enclosed in ochreae;20mm long by 5mm wide;ochreae 5mm long.FLOWER: greenish-white or pink; 2–3 clusteredFRUIT: enclosed within flower; 3-sided, twobroad and one narrow; 1·5mm × 2·5mm.

PLANT: prostrate;to 15 cm.LEAVES: oval,arranged in whorls.FLOWER: white; 2–3mm wide.

PLANT: scrambling, slender; stem branchingfrom the base; to 60cm.LEAVES: narrow, parallel-sided;in whorls of 4.FLOWER: white; not notched; in loose,

branched clusters.

Leaf shape and size; longochreae; fruit projection

leaf shape and size; fruitshape

leaf shape and size; leaf stalkprojecting from ochreae; fruitshape

leaf shape and size; flowerclusters; fruit shape

whorled arrangement of leaves diagnostic. The similarchickweeds, and mouse-earsdo not have whorled leaves.

unmistakable

Flowers with 5 equal petals: 2– 8mm diameter KEY DIFFERENCES

PRIMULACEAE 172

172

172

Blue Pimpernel

Scarlet Pimpernel(blue-flowered form)

Scarlet Pimpernel

Anagallis arvensis ssp.foemina

Anagallis arvensis

Anagallis arvensis

FLOWER: blue;narrow petalsdonot overlap;stalks shorter than leaves;sepals longer than petals.

FLOWER: blue or lilac; petalsoverlap;stalks longer than leaves;sepals shorter than petals.

FLOWER: orange-red or pink; stalks longerthan leaves;sepals shorter than petals.LEAF: underside covered in black dots.

petals do not overlap;sepallength;flower stalk length

petals overlap; sepal length;flower stalk length

flower colour

Flowers with 5 equal petals: 10–12mm diameter KEY DIFFERENCES

Breckland Speedwell

Fingered Speedwell

Spring Speedwell

Wall Speedwell

GreenField-speedwell

GreyField-speedwell

CommonField-speedwell

SCROPHULARIACEAE Veronica praecox

Veronica triphyllos

Vernonica verna

Veronica arvensis

Veronica agrestis

Veronica polita

Veronica persica

PLANT: erect, sometimes branched.LEAF: toothed but not deeply divided.FLOWER: blue, streaked dark blue; longerthansurroundingcalyx; 3mm wide; longstalk.FRUIT: capsule bi-lobed; longer than broad aslong;seeds cup-shaped.

PLANT: erect, sometimes branched.LEAF: divided into 3 parallel lobes; upperleaves stalkless. FLOWER: deep blue; shorterthan surrounding calyx; 3–4mm wide;long

stalk. FRUIT: capsule deeply bi-lobed; as broadas long; seeds cup-shaped.

PLANT: erect, sometimes branched.LEAF: pinnately lobed with 5–7 segments.FLOWER: sky blue;2–3mm wide; short stalk.FRUIT: capsule bi-lobed; broader than long.

PLANT: erect, sometimes branched.LEAF: toothed leaves.FLOWER: blue; shorter than surroundingcalyx;1 mm wide; without stalk.FRUIT: capsule bi-lobed; as broad as long;seeds flat.

PLANT: trailing, mat-forming; much-branched.LEAF:oval; green;toothed edges;5–15mmacross. FLOWER: pale blue with white lowerlobe and centre; 5mm wide; flower stalk

shorter than leaves. FRUIT: bi-lobed witherect lobes;broader than long.

PLANT: trailing, mat-forming; much-branched.LEAF:oval; greyish-green; 5–15mm across.FLOWER: bright blue with lower lobeoccasionally paler blue; 5mm wide; flowerstalk shorter than leaves. FRUIT: bi-lobedwith erect lobes; broader than long.

PLANT: trailing, mat-forming; much-branched.LEAF:oval; dark green; 10–30mm across.FLOWER: bright blue with lower lobesometimes paler blue or white; 8–12mmwide; flower stalk longer than leaves.FRUIT: bilobed with spreading lobes;2x asbroad as long.

leaf shape; flower colour




seed shape diagnostic (left )



186

188

190

192

194

Flowers with 4 unequal petals: <12mm diameter KEY DIFFERENCES

VALERIANACEAE 86

88

90

92

Broad-fruitedCornsalad

CommonCornsalad

Keeled-fruitedCornsalad

Narrow-fruitedCornsalad

Valerianella rimosa

Valerianella locusta

Valerianella carinata

Valerianella dentata

FLOWER: white-pinkish.SEED CAPSULE: distinctive shape;1·5mm wide.

FLOWER: white-pale blue.SEED CAPSULE: distinctive shape;1·8–2·5mm wide.

FLOWER: white-pale blue.SEED CAPSULE: distinctive shape;0·8–1·4mm wide.

FLOWER: white-pinkish.SEED CAPSULE: distinctive shape;0·75mm wide.





Flowers with 5 equal petals: 2mm diameter KEY DIFFERENCES

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235


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Corn Buttercup

Hairy Buttercup

Bulbous Buttercup

Prickly-fruitedButtercup

Small-floweredButtercup

Creeping Buttercup

Meadow Buttercup

Mousetail

RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus arvensis

Ranunculus sardous

Ranunculus bulbosus

Ranunculus muricatus

Ranunculus parviflorus

Ranunculus repens

Ranunculus acris

Myosurus minimus

PLANT:much-branched. LEAF: 3–5-lobed.FLOWER: bright lemon yellow; 12mm wide.SEED: round, covered in 2mm spines;8 mmlong.

PLANT: erect,branched. LEAF: hairy, toothedlower 3-lobed; upper less lobed.FLOWER: 5-petalled; pale yellow; sepals bentback; 12–25mm wide.SEED: round, no spines;2–3mm wide.

PLANT:erect. LEAF: 3-lobed,middle lobe long

stalked, rounded in outline.FLOWER: bright yellow; sepals bent back;15–30mm wide.SEED: ovate with short beak;3mm wide.

PLANT:erect. LEAF: lower 3–5-lobed; upperless lobed. FLOWER: yellow; sepals bent back;15mm wide. SEED: ovate with spines and ahooked beak at one end; 7–8mm long.

PLANT:spreading, branched.LEAF: yellowish-green, shallow lobes.FLOWER: pale yellow; hairy sepals bent back;3mm wide. SEED: round with a short beakand covered in short hooks; 2·5–3·0mm.

PLANT:erect, stoloniferous. LEAF: 3-lobed,middle lobe long stalked, triangular inoutline. FLOWER: glossy, golden yellow; hairy

sepals not bent back; 20–30mm wide.SEED: roundish with short curved beak.

PLANT:erect, not stoloniferous.LEAF: 2–7-lobed, pentagonal or rounded inoutline.FLOWER: glossy bright yellow; hairysepals not bent back; 18–25mm wide.SEED: rounded with short, hooked beak.

PLANT:erect, from basal rosette; 2–15cmtall. LEAF: narrow, linear rosette leaves;flowering stem leafless. FLOWER:inconspicuous, small yellow-green petalswhich soon fall. SEED: narrow, conical seed-bearing receptacle elongates after flowering.


no stem tuber at base;seed shape (left )

tuberous corm at base


small flowers and seed shapediagnostic (left )

stolons;leaf shape, sepals notbent back

leaf shape;sepals not bentback

‘mouse's-tail' seed receptacleis unmistakable (left )

62

64

66

68

156

Flowers with 5 equal petals: 3–30mm diameter KEY DIFFERENCES

VIOLACEAE

RANUNCULACEAE

158

160

150

Field Pansy

Wild Pansy

Larkspur

Forking Larkspur

Eastern Larkspur

Viola arvensis

Viola tricolor

Consolida ajacis

Consolida regalis

Consolida orientalis

FLOWER: 8–20mm; pale yellow/cream incolour with deep yellow or occasionally violet-blue centre; upper petals sometimes pale blueor purple;petals inclined to formshallow cup; sepals as long as petals.

FLOWER: 15–25mm; violet blue or tricolouredviolet/pink, white and yellow; petals flat;sepals shorter than petals.

LEAF:finely-divided.FLOWER:2–5mm; bractsas long as flower stalks. SEED POD: hairy.

LEAF:3-lobed. FLOWER: bracts longer thanflower stalks. SEED POD: hairless.

LEAF:3-lobed. FLOWER:bracts much shorterthan flower stalks. SEED POD: hairless.

FROM WILD PANSY: flowershape;sepal length

FROM FIELD PANSY: flowershape;sepal length

bract length and seed podcharacteristics



Flowers with 5 unequal petals and spur: 10-25 mm diameter KEY DIFFERENCES

GERANIACEAE 204 Musk Stork's-bill

Common Stork's-bill

Erodium moschatum

Erodium cicutarium

LEAF: pinnate with toothed or lobedsegments divided halfway to midrib;musky scent when bruised.

LEAF: pinnate with toothed or lobedsegments divided fully to midrib;no musky scent when bruised.

FROM COMMON STORK’S-BILL:leaf shape; musk smell

FROM MUSK STORK’S-BILL: leaf shape

Flowers with 5 equal petals: 10-15mm diameter KEY DIFFERENCES

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

MALVACEAE

74

76

82

214

F lw r w i

5equal l : 15 i rKEY DIFFERENCESCAMPANULACEAEBORAGINACEAECONVULVULACEAE216218136

V

G

CommonGromwell

H B i wFLu i

LihospermumofficinaleCalystegiasepiumConvulvulus arvens is

PLANT:stemwith

l . F R UI T l y l i i l 3 0 l .

SEED:tr iangular androunded;greyishblack.

vi 3–5 wi .

seed- shapediagnostic

l l w u il k l v i

lea veins distinctive;habitat

FROMBLACK-BINDWEEDF l w w i 5 u ll BELL- TRUMPET-SHAPEDKEYDIFFERENCES4




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236

Corn Parsley

Stone Parsley

Greater Pignut

Common Pignut

Shepherd’s-needle

Thorow-wax

False Thorow-wax

APIACEAE Petroselinum segetum

Sison amomum

Bunium bulbocastaneum

Conopodium majus

Scandix pecten-veneris

Bupleurum rotundifolium

Bupleurum subovatum

PLANT: erect; stem hollow; hairy below,hairless above; green to purple; up to 100cm.LEAF:pinnately divided; smell of parsley if crushed. FLOWER: greenish-white; 1mm. UMBEL: 3–6 rays; 2–5 bracts;2–5 bracteoles; 10–50mm.

PLANT: erect; stem solid; hairless; greyish-green; up to 80cm. LEAF:pinnately divided;smell of petrol if crushed. FLOWER:white; 1mm. UMBEL: 3–6 rays; 2–4 bracts;

2–4 bracteoles; 10–40mm.PLANT:erect, much-branched;stem solid;hairless; 50–100cm. LEAF:3-pinnate; veryfinely divided; sheathing stem.FLOWER: white; 2mm. UMBEL: 10–20 rays;numerous bracts and bracteoles;30–80 mm.

PLANT: erect, much-branched; stem hollowafter flowering; hairless; up to 60cm.LEAF:2-pinnate; very finely divided;sheathing stem. FLOWER: white; 1–3mm.UMBEL: 6–12 rays; 0–5bracts and bracteoles.SEED: seeds with long curved spines, formedin pairs; 13mm long;30–70mm.

LEAF:finely divided; narrow, parallelsegments; leaves join round stem. FLOWER:white; 1mm. UMBEL: 2 rays; 0 bracts;

numerous bracteoles.SEED: characteristic, elongated needle-like fruit;up to 50mm long.

LEAF: round to oval; upper leavessurround stem. FLOWER: yellowish;clusterssurrounded by green petal-like bracteoles.

LEAF: narrowly oval. FLOWER: yellowish;clusters surrounded by green petal-likebracteoles.

distinctive scent of parsleyfrom crushed leaves; highlyirregular umbels

distinctive unpleasant scent of petrol from crushed leaves

characteristic leaf shape

FROM GREATER PIGNUTHollow stem, fewer bractsand bracteoles

seed shape diagnostic

FROM FALSE THOROW-WAX:leaf shape

leaf shape

162

170

184

210

Flowers tiny with 5 ±equal petals: IN UMBRELLA-LIKE CLUSTERS KEY DIFFERENCES

BORAGINACEAE 222 Purple Viper’s-bugloss

Viper's-bugloss

Echium plantagineum

Echium vulgare

LEAF: base leaves oval with distinct lateralveins; stem leaves narrowly oval;up to 15 cmlong by 3cm wide. FLOWER: bell-shaped;2 projecting stamens; 20–25mm long.SEED: seed pyramidal; pitted and warty.

LEAF: base leaves oval with no apparentlateral veins; stem leaves narrowly oval;40mm long by 4mm wide. FLOWER: bell-shaped; 3–5 vivid pink projecting stamens;15–18mm long. SEED:angular; wrinkled.

FROM VIPER’S-BUGLOSS:number of stamens

FROM PURPLE VIPER’S-BUGLOSS: number of stamens

Flowers with petals ±fused: BELL-SHAPED COROLLA KEY DIFFERENCES

LYTHRACEAE

RANUNCULACEAE

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168

Grass-poly

Pheasant’s-eye

Lythrum hyssopifolia

Adonis annua

PLANT: erect with branched stem, sometimesprostrate; in damp grassland. LEAF: small;lower leaves oval, upper leaves narrow andoval or spear-shaped; large leafy stipules atbase of true leaves. FLOWER: 6-petalled;pink; usually 2–3 clustered; 5 mmwide.

LEAF: bright green; finely dissected. FLOWER:5–8-petalled; deep red with dark basalspots on petals; resembles an anemone;15–25mm wide. SEED-HEAD: elongated oval.

can be confused withKnotgrass(page 233), which differsin having papery stipuleswhich sheath the stem at thebases of the leaves andflowers 1–2 clustered

unmistakable when flowering;when not in flower could bemistaken for a mayweed(page 242) but these are

hairy,have broader leaf segments and are a muchdarker green in colour

Flowers with 5 or more equal petals: KEY DIFFERENCES

Small Bur-parsley

Knotted Hedge-parsley

Spreading Hedge-parsley

Upright Hedge-parsley

Fool's Parsley

Wild Carrot

Cow Parsley

APIACEAE Caucalis platycarpos

Torilis nodosa

Torilis arvensis

Torilis japonica

Aethusa cynapium

Daucus carota

Anthriscus sylvestris

LEAF: lower leaves oval, upper leaves narrowand parallel-sided. FLOWER: white.UMBEL: 2–5 rays; 0–2 bracts.SEED:with long curved spines, formed inpairs;13 mm long.

PLANT: erect; stem solid; up to 30cm.LEAF:pinnately divided. FLOWER: pinkish-white in dense stalkless clusters along

the stem;1 mm. UMBEL:5–10mm. SEED:oval with long or short spines; 3mm wide.

PLANT: spreading.branched;stem solid;up to50cm. LEAF:2-pinnate in basal rosette andon stem. FLOWER: white or pinkish withunequal petals;2 mm. UMBEL: 3–5 rays;0–1 bracts; 10–25mm. SEED: oval withlong hooked spines; 4–6mm long.

PLANT: erect, much-branched; stem solid;covered in short bristles; up to 50cm.LEAF:2-pinnate. FLOWER: pinkish-white; outerpetals larger than inner; 2–3mm. UMBEL:5–12 rays; 4–6 bracts. SEED: oval withhooked spines, formed in pairs; 3–4mm wide.

PLANT:erect; stem solid; up to 125cm.LEAF:1–3-pinnate. FLOWER: pinkish-white

with unequal petals; 2mm. UMBEL: 4–20 rays;0bracts; longbracteoles; 20–60mm.SEED:seeds with long curved spines, formedin pairs; 13mm long.

PLANT: erect; stem hollow;up to 120cm.LEAF:3-pinnate. FLOWER: white; central umbelflower often pink; 2mm. UMBEL: numerousrays; 7–13 pinnate bracts; 30–70mm.

PLANT: erect; stem solid; up to 30–100cm.LEAF:2–3-pinnate FLOWER: white;3–4mm.UMBEL: 4–10 rays; 0 bracts; severalbracteoles; 20–60mm.

seed shape diagnostic

flower clusters characteristic

fruit characteristic; few bracts

leaves larger; more bracts atbase of umbel

distinctive bracteoles giveflowering plants a bearded

effect

distinctive red-purple flowerin centre of flowerhead;pinnate bracts

absence of bracts andpresence of bracteoles

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Flowers tiny with 5 ±equal petals: IN UMBRELLA-LIKE CLUSTERS KEY DIFFERENCES



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Flowers with petals ±fused: FUMARIACEAE; Fumitory family

Although fumitory species (Fumariaceae) are well-defined they are sometimes a difficult group to identify dueto the differences between species being subtle across a range of features. Individual plants within a species canshow a high degree of variability in these features depending on many factors. These factors include forexample,how shaded the area is in which a plant grows since this can affect the number of flowers producedand the degree of recurvedness in the fruit stalks.

The following key does not cover all these variations,but sets out the features that should be looked at whenmaking an identification. The illustrations are based on photographs and detailed specimen drawings.Theflowers are are shown at 2× life-size and the fruits at 3× life-size.

A full description of the species can be found on the relevant page to which the entries in the key are cross-referenced.

Fumitory flowerand leavesshowing keyfeatures asdescribed inthe followingtext.

bract

lateral petal

sepal

flower stalkor pedicel lower petal

upper petalspur wing keel

margin

Common Ramping-fumitoryFumaria muralis ssp. boraei

122

relatively broad and flat

pinkish-red withdarkerredtipped petals

9–11mm

toothed mainly at the base; pale1·5–3·0mm× 3·0–5·0mm

12–15;raceme shorter than stalk

fruit spherical withrounded apex

2·5mm diameter

raceme shorter than stalk;number of flowers per raceme;

Page No.

LEAF SEGMENTS

FLOWER COLOUR

FLOWER LENGTH

FLOWER ×2

SEPALSEPAL SIZE

FLOWERS PERRACEME

FRUIT

SIZE OF FRUIT

FRUIT ×3

KEY DIFFERENCES

Martin’s Ramping-fumitoryFumaria reuteri

124


pink with blackish-red tippedpetals

11–13mm

very few teeth; white2·5mm×4·0mm

15–20;raceme longer than stalk

fruit spherical

2·5mm diameter

sepal with few teeth +raceme longer than stalk

Western Ramping-fumitoryFumaria occidentalis

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white, becoming pink withblackish-red tipped lateral petals

12–15mm

toothed at base; white

5mm×3mm

12–20;raceme same length as stalk

fruit spherical with slightprojection at apex

3mm diameter

FROM F. CAPREOLATA : lessflowers per raceme; flowercolour never creamy-white;larger flower with smaller sepal

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LEAF SEGMENTS

FLOWER COLOUR

FLOWER LENGTH

FLOWER ×2

SEPAL

SEPAL SIZE

FLOWERS PERRACEME

FRUIT

SIZE OF FRUIT

FRUIT ×3

KEY DIFFERENCES

White Ramping-fumitoryFumaria capreolata


creamy-white with blackish-redtipped petals

10–14mm

toothed at base; white

4–6mm×2·5–3·0mm

ca. 20;raceme shorter than stalk

fruit spherical on stronglyrecurved stalk

2mm diameter

FROM F. OCCIDENTALIS : creamy-white flower colour distinctive;raceme shorter than stalk;recurved fruit stalk

Purple Ramping-fumitoryFumaria purpurea

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pink-purple with darker purpletipped petals.

10–13mm

toothed; oblong; white6mm×3mm

20–25;raceme same length as stalk

fruit sphericalon recurved fruit stalk

2·5mm diameter

frequently recurved seed stalk;large sepal

Tall Ramping-fumitoryFumaria bastardii

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salmon-pink with dark tipsto lateral petals only

9-11mm

toothed; white2mm×3mm

10–18;raceme longer than stalk

fruit sphericalfruit stalk never recurved

2·5mm diameter

small flower + small sepal +raceme longer than stalk

Common FumitoryFumaria officinalis

114

channelled

pinkish-red with dark red tippedpetals

7–8mm

toothed; white or pink

1·0–1·5mm×1·5–3·5mm

10–40,usually morethan20

distinctly wider than long withflattenedor slightly notched apex

2·5mm diameter

small flower with small sepals;number of flowers in raceme

Page No.

LEAF SEGMENTS

FLOWER COLOUR

FLOWER LENGTH

FLOWER ×2

SEPAL

SEPAL SIZE

FLOWERS PERRACEME

FRUIT

SIZE OF FRUIT

FRUIT ×3

KEY DIFFERENCES

Dense-flowered FumitoryFumaria densiflora

116

channelled; very narrow

pink/red with black-tippedpetals

6–7mm

large; white

2×3mm

20–25

fruit spherical; rounded at apex

2mm diameter

small flower with large sepals

Few-flowered FumitoryFumaria vaillantii

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relatively flat

pale pink with reddish-blacktipped petals.

5–6mm

toothed; palepurple

0·5mm×1·0mm

6–16, sometimes more

fruit spherical; rounded at apex

2mm diameter

small flower with small sepals;number of flowers in raceme

Fine-leaved FumitoryFumaria parviflora

120

channelled; very narrow

white with reddish-black-tipped petals

5–6mm

toothed; white

0·8mm×1·0mm

16–20

fruit spherical; sometimes withshort beak at apex

2mm diameter

small flower; flower colour

White Ramping-fumitory Fumaria capreolata

This species is scattered throughout Britainbut is predominantly coastal and most likelyto be encountered in Northern Ireland,Wales and south-west England.Unlikeother fumitories it can be a winter annual.

very narrow;channelle dleaf segment

broad; unfoldedleaf segment



Slender Tare

Hairy Tare

Smooth Tare

Yellow Vetchling

Meadow Vetchling

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FABACEAE 208

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Vicia parviflora

Vicia hirsuta

Vicia tetrasperma

Lathyrus aphaca

Lathyrus pratensis

PLANT:scrambling;up to 60cm.LEAF:25 mm long;divided into 2–5 pairs of leaflets.FLOWER: pale purple; groups of 2–8;6–8mm long; stalks longer than leaves.SEED POD: 5–8 seeds; 15–18mm long.

PLANT:scrambling;up to 70cm.LEAF: 5–12mm long;divided into 4–8 pairsof leaflets.FLOWER:white-purplish; groups of1–9;

4–5mm long; stalks longer than leaves.SEED POD: 2 seeds; 10mm long.

PLANT:scrambling;up to 60cm.LEAF:10–20mm long; divided into 3–6pairs of leafletsFLOWER: very pale blue; groups of 1–2;4mm long; stalks longer than leavesSEED POD: 4 seeds; 12–15mm long.

PLANT:scrambling;up to 100cm.LEAF: leaves absent in mature plants; large,triangular leaf-like stipulespresent in pairs along the stem;stipu les10–30mm longFLOWER: yellow; solitary; 10–12mm long.SEED POD:6–8 seeds; 20–30mm long.

PLANT:scrambling;up to 120cm.

LEAF:narrow, spear-shaped leaves; leaf-likestipules arrowhead-shaped; leaflets10–30mm long;stipules10–25mm long.FLOWER: yellow; clusters of 5–12 flowers;15–18mm long.SEED POD:5–10 seeds; 25–35mm long.

FROM HAIRY TARE ANDSMOOTH TARE: flower colourand seed pod characteristics(left )

flower colour and seed podcharacteristics (left )

flower colour and seed podcharacteristics (left )

FROM MEADOW VETCHLING:single flower; leaf-like stipules

cluster of flowers;true leaves

and distinctive stipule shape

Flowers with petals ±fused: FABACEAE; Pea family KEY DIFFERENCES

SCROPHULARIACEAE 110

112

212

224

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Round-leaved Fluellen

Sharp-leaved Fluellen

Small Toadflax

Weasel’s-snout OR

Lesser Snapdragon

Field Cow-wheat

Crested Cow-wheat

Kickxia spuria

Kickxia elatine

Chaenorhinum minus

Misopates orontium

Melampyrum arvense

Malampyrum cristatum

LEAF: oval, hairy;arranged alternately.FLOWER: yellow with a deep purple upperlip, spur straight; 8–11mm long.

LEAF:arrowhead-shaped , hairy;arranged alternately. FLOWER: yellow with apurple upperlip, spurcurved; 7–9mm long.

FLOWER: purple outside,paler inside; solitary;

short spur; corolla 6–9mm.FLOWER: deep pink; snapdragon shape;stalkless;15mm across.

PLANT: up to 60cm. LEAF:spear-shaped;stalkless; glossy-green. FLOWER: yellow corolla-tube; purple-pink lips;b racts pinkish-red withvery rough-toothed outline; cylindrical flowerspike; corolla 20–24mm.

PLANT: 20–50cm. LEAF:3-lobed, middle lobelong stalked, rounded in outline. FLOWER:yellow corolla-tube; purple-pink lips; bractspurple with fine-toothed outline; four-sidedflower spike; corolla 12–16mm.

FROM ROUND-LEAVEDFLUELLEN: leaf shape.

FROM SHARP-LEAVEDFLUELLEN: leaf shape.

distinctive flower coloration

flower distinctive

FROM CRESTED COW-WHEAT:Shape of flower spike andbracts

FROM FIELD COW-WHEAT:Shape of flower spike andbracts;habitat wood margins

Flowers with petals ±fused: SCROPHULARIACEAE; Figwort family KEY DIFFERENCES

Cut-leaved Dead-nettle

Red Dead-nettle

Henbit Dead-nettle

Northern Dead-nettle

Cut-leaved Germander

Field Woundwort

Common Hemp-nettle

Red Hemp-nettle

Downy Hemp-nettle

Large-floweredHemp-nettle

Ground-pine

LAMIACEAE Lamium hybridum

Lamium purpureum

Lamium amplexicaule

Lamium confertum

Teucrium botrys

Stachys arvensis

Galeopsis tetrahit

Galeopsis angustifolia

Galeopsis segetum

Galeopsis speciosa

Ajuga chamaepitys

PLANT: branched irregularly;to 30cm.LEAF: triangular with deep, irregular teeth;short stalks.FLOWER: pinkish-purple; 8–12mm long.

PLANT: branched from the base; to 45cm.LEAF:rounded with shallow, even teeth; shortstalks. FLOWER: purple; calyx shorter thancorolla tube; 5–6mm long.

PLANT: erect, branched irregularly; to 30cm.LEAF: rounded with shallow, irregular teeth;

lower leaves with short stalks, upper leavesstalkless, clasping the stem. FLOWER:pinkish-purple; hairy calyx;14mm long.

PLANT: branched irregularly;to 30cm.LEAF: triangular in shape with deep, irregularteeth; short stalks. FLOWER: purple; calyx aslong as corolla tube; 10–18mm long.

PLANT: much-branched, hairy; to 30 cm.LEAF: oval in shape; deeply divided.FLOWER: in whorls; pinkish-red;corolla tubeenclosed in calyx; 6mm long.

PLANT: weak spreading stems; branched frombase;up to 20cm.LEAF: oval to heart-shaped; irregularly toothededges; hairy;short stalks; arranged as oppositepairs.

FLOWER: pale purple; in whorls of 2–6;6–7mm long.

PLANT: stems thickened at leaf junctions; 10– 100cm. LEAF:upper narrowly oval; serratededge. FLOWER: pink,purple or white; corollaslightly longer than calyx; 13–20mm long.

PLANT: not swollen at leaf nodes; to 50cm.LEAF: narrowly spear-shaped with 1–4 teethon each edge; lightly hairy; short stalk.FLOWER: pinkish-red; 15–25mm long.

PLANT:up to50cm. LEAF: narrow, oval-shapedwith 3–9 teeth on each edge;velvety beneath;short stalk. FLOWER: sulphur yellow; longcorolla tube, 4× calyx length; large lowerlip; 20–30mm long.

PLANT: stemthickenedbelownodes;10–100cm.LEAF:upper narrowlyoval.FLOWER: pale yellowwith purple lower lip; longcorollatube, 2×calyx length;large lower lip; 20–40mm long.

PLANT:up to20cm. LEAF: 3 linear lobes.FLOWER: yellow upper lip and yellow, spottedred,lower lip.

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144

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Flowers with petals ±fused: LAMIACEAE; Labiate family KEY DIFFERENCES

FROM OTHER DEAD-NETTLES:leaf shape

leaf shape; calyx shorter thancorolla tube

FROM OTHER DEAD-NETTLES:leaves which clasp the stem

diagnostic

FROM OTHER DEAD-NETTLES:large flowers;calyx as long ascorolla tube

unmistakable

easily confused with othermembers of the mint family;although this species hassmaller flowers than otherpale-floweredspecies; CornMint

Mentha arvensis is perhapsthe most similarspecies in thearable habitat but differs, likeother Mentha mints,in havingradially symmetrical flowersand a light minty smell

flower colour and relativelyshort corolla tube distinctive

flower colour and lengthdistinctive; when not in flowerRed Bartsia Odontites verna issuperficially similar but hasleaves without stalks and asingle-sided flower spike

flower colour; FROM LARGE-FLOWERED HEMP-NETTLE:corolla/calyx length ratiodistinctive

flower colour; FROM DOWNYHEMP-NETTLE: corolla/calyxlength ratio distinctive

unmistakable, resembles apine seedling in look andsmell



ASTERACEAE

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Smooth Cat’s-ear

Common Cat's-ear

Lamb’s Succory

Corn Marigold

Corn Chamomile

Stinking Mayweed

Scentless Mayweed

Scented Mayweed

Cornflower

Field Scabious

ASTERACEAE Hypochaeris glabra

Hypochaeris radicata

Arnoseris minima

Anthemis arvensis

Chrysanthemum segetum

Anthemis cotula

Tripleurospermum inodurum

Matricaria recutita

Centaurea cyanus

Knautia arvensis

PLANT: Dandelion like, erect stems growingfrom a basal rosette. LEAF:spear-shaped,narrow, not hairy. FLOWER-HEAD: yellow;individual floret petal 2× as long as broad;5–10mm across.

PLANT: Dandelion like, erect stems growingfrom a basal rosette. LEAF:spear-shaped,narrow, hairy. FLOWER-HEAD: yellow;individual floret petal 2–4× long as broad;25–40mm across.

PLANT: erect; stems from basal rosette; stemshollowand inflatedbelow flower-head.LEAF: oblong with few teeth; broader nearthe tip. FLOWER-HEAD: 7–11mm across.

PLANT: erect, much-branched; hairless withwaxy surface;blu e-green appearance.FLOWER-HEAD: disc florets and ray floretsgolden-yellow; 30–60mm across.

PLANT: much branched, softly hairy.LEAF:finely divided; 1–3-pinnate.FLOWER-HEAD: yellow central florets andwhite ray florets; broadchaffy scalesin yellow florets; 20–40mm across.

PLANT: branched; sparsely hairy.LEAF:finely divided; 1–3-pinnate.FLOWER-HEAD: yellow central florets and

white ray florets; narrowchaffy scalesin yellow florets; 12–25mm across.

PLANT: simply-branched; hairless.LEAF:finely divided; 2–3-pinnate.FLOWER-HEAD: yellow central florets andwhite ray florets; no chaffy scales inyellow florets; 12–25mm across.

PLANT: much-branched; hairless.LEAF:finely divided; 2–3-pinnate.FLOWER-HEAD: yellow central florets andwhite ray florets; broadchaffy scalesin yellow florets; 12–22mm across.

PLANT: erect, much-branched; hairy; grey-geenLEAF:long, narrow, variably dissected.FLOWER-HEAD:dividedoutline; intense blueouterflorets; purple innerflorets; 30mm across.

PLANT: erect. LEAF:pinnately-lobedFLOWER-HEAD: roundish outline;bluish-lilac, outer florets larger than inner florets;40mm across.

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Compound flower-heads: ASTERACEAE; Composite family KEY DIFFERENCES

FROM OTHER ‘DANDELIONS’:basal leaf rosette plus bract-like scales on stem; FROMCOMMON CAT’S-EAR: smoothleaves; smaller flower-head

FROM SMOOTH CAT’S-EAR:hairy leaves; larger flower-head

superficially resembles otherdandelion-type flowers;however, the inflated stem isdiagnostic

unmistakable

leaves with pleasantchamomile-likescent; broad chaffy scalespresent (left )

leaves with unpleasantsmell when crushed;narrow chaffy scales present

(left )

leaves with no scentwhen crushed; nochaffy scales

leaves with pleasantchamomile-likescent; no chaffy scalespresent

superficially similar to FieldScabious but unlikely to bemistaken

flowers never intense blue;leaf shape

Broad-leaved Cudweed

Narrow-leaved Cudweed

Red-tipped Cudweed

Common Cudweed

Small Cudweed

Filago pyramidata

Filago gallica

Filago lutescens

Filago vulgaris

Filago minima

PLANT: branched from base; covered in a feltof grey hairs;up to 30cm.LEAF:narrow, broadernearthe tip;up to 20mm long by 3–4mm wide.FLOWERS:tiny, 2–7 clustered in dense, greywoolly flower-heads with narrow pointedyellow-brown bracts.

PLANT: branched from base; covered in finegrey hairs;up to 25cm.LEAF: very narrow; up to 18mm longby 1mm wide.FLOWERS:tiny, 2–6 clustered in dense,grey,woolly flowerheads.

PLANT: branched; covered in a felt of yellow-tinged grey hairs; up to 25 cm.LEAF: parallel-sided; up to 20mm longby 3–4mm wide.FLOWERS: tiny, 10–20 clustered in dense,grey, woolly flower-heads; narrow pointedbracts with red tips.

PLANT: branched; covered in silvery-whitehairs; up to 30 cm.LEAF: wavy-edged, narrow, tapering to apoint;up to 15mm long.FLOWERS: tiny, 8–15 clustered in dense,white woolly flower-heads; narrow pointedbracts with yellowish tips.

PLANT: branched; covered in silky grey hairs;up to 30cm.LEAF:narrow;up to 10mm long.FLOWERS: tiny, 3–6 clustered in dense flower-heads; narrow blunt bracts with yellowish tips.

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Compound flower-heads: ASTERACEAE; Composite family KEY DIFFERENCES

leaf shape (left )

leaf shape (left )

leaf shape (left ); red-tippedbracts

leaf shape (left ); whitish hairs

leaf length short

hey to arable plants

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