flow meter selection criteria

8/9/2019 Flow Meter Selection Criteria

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FLOW METER SELECTION

SEMINAR

Alan Graff

RL Stone CoI&C Sales Manager

Upstate NY & New England


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RL StoneCo. New EnglandCorporate Office: 115 Ainsley Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210 Tel: 888-404-8882 Fax: 315-479-5402 www.rl-stone.com

Process/HVAC Products and SolutionsArmstrongSteam and Condensate Group:Traps, Liquid Drainers, SteamDistribution & Condensate Return Manifolds, Air Vents, Strainers, Wireless

Trap Monitors, Spargers, Separators

ArmstrongHumidification Group (Vermont only): Direct Steam, Ionic BedElectric, Gas-Fired, Steamto-Steam, Evaporative Cooling Fogging, Unfired Steam Generators

Armstrong Condensate Management Group:Mechanical & ElectricalCondensate Pumps and Packages, Flash Tanks, Condensate Coolers

Armstrong Heat Transfer Group: Unit Heaters, Door Heaters and Make-UpAir Heaters, Heavy-Duty Steam and Hot Water Coils, Replacement Coils,DuraMix VIFB Coils, Fumigation Heat Treat Systems

Armstrong Hot Water Group: Instantaneous Hot Water Heaters, DirectFired Gas High Efficiency Hot Water Heaters, Thermostatic Mixing Valves, The

Brain & MEGAMIX Digital Electronic Mixing Center, Steam & Hot Water Hoseand Mixing Valve Stations

Armstrong Pressure Temperature Control Group: PRVs, Pneumatic andElectric Industrial Control Valves, Temperature Regulators, Radiator ControlValves

Armstrong Service Group: Steam System Optimization, Contracting:Installation Construction, Engineering Audits and Steam Surveys, Heat TreatAudits

Cataract Steel Compressed Air, Gas & Heat Transfer Products, Industrial Heat Exchangers, Pressure Vessels, Air Receivers

New and Replacement Steam, Water and DX Coils, Remote Condensers,Fluid Coolers, Evaporative Coolers

Diversified Heat Heat Transfer Equipment, Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers, Plate andTransfer Frame Heat Exchangers, Steam and Hot Water Generators

Refrigerant Leak Detection Monitoring Systems

Thermacor Pre-Insulated Above and Below Ground Piping Systems,Process Containment Piping, High Temperature Polyisocyanurate

Foam, Pressure Testable Joints, ERM Leak Detection

TMI, Inc Strip Doors, Air Doors, Screens and Curtains, Modular Enclosures,Clear and Colored Flexible PVC Film, Noise Control Products

Flow Sensors & Instrumentation, Accelabar Zero Straight RunFlow Meter, Utility Flow Metering Systems

Gauges: Pressure, Vacuum, Digital and Analog Indicators, Mini andIndustrial Diaphragm Seals, Pressure Transducers, Accessories-Pressure Snubbers, Gauge Cocks, Needle Valves, Siphons, Petes Plugs,Bimetal Thermometers and Temperature Transmitters

R. L. Stone Services Design Build, Installation, On-Site Seminars and Training, EnergyAudits, Steam Trap Surveys, Control Panels, SCADA System


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A Leading Supplier of Flowmeters

to HVAC & Industrial Marketplace

Magmeters

Vortex & Swirl

Turbine

Thermal & Coriolis Mass

BTU Meter

Pitot, Wedge

Orifice Plates, Venturi

Positive Displacement

Rotameter, Variable Area


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Define Application Basic Facts

Flowing Media (Steam, Water, Air, Gas etc)

Density - pressure and temperature

Flow Range, minimum to maximum (turndown

needed)

Accuracy how stated? % of range or span

Repeatability

Straight run requirements & available Economic Considerations Initial cost, maintenance

cost & operating costs


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Why are we here?

There is no 1 meter that will meet every

application

Every application needs to be looked at

individually

We can make some generalizations !!!!!!


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HOW MUCH(TOTAL)

HOW FAST(RATE)

FLOW MEASUREMENT


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Flow Through A Pipe

Real WorldIdealized

Pipe Velocity Profile

VV


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General Flow Terminology

Reynolds Number (RE) A single dimensionlessparameter formed as the ratio of inertial toviscous forces . Magnitude indicates whetherflow is laminar or turbulent

=

CharacteristicDimension*

(D)

Fluid Viscosity ()

RE=

FluidDensity

(p)

FluidVelocity

(V)Inertia Forces

Viscous Forces

* Usually inside pipe diameter.


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Characterization of Fluid Flow

Types of FlowRE < 2100

RE >3000

*** Well documented & proven fullydeveloped flow profiles

Transitional

Turbulent ***

Laminar


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Volumetric Flowrate (Q)

Volume = Area x LengthVolume Flow = Area x Velocity

V

A Q


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Mass Flowrate (m)

Where m = Mass FlowQ = Volume Flow = Fluid Density

=AV

Mass = Volume x Density

Mass Flow m = Qp

VA

m

Q=VA


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Mass vs Volume Flowmeters

Why are we concerned?

How much does it really matter?

Flow through a 4 line measured in a Averaging Pitot

Flow Rate 1000 cfm 1000 cfmPressure 5 psi 5 psi

Temperature 100 F 70 F

DP in WC 12.181 11.532

There is a 6% error just by changing density / temperature slightlycan

you meter cope??


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General Flow Terminology

Factors affecting flowmeter performance

Process media Liquid Gas

Density (Specific Gravity)

Viscosity

Pressure

Temperature

Velocity


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Flowmeter Performance

Accuracy

Repeatability Linearity

Rangeability


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Types of Accuracy

% Rate

% Full Scale % Span

% Max DP


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Accuracy

Percent Error Versus Flow


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Poor Repeatabili ty Means

Poor Accuracy

Good Accuracy Means

Good Repeatability

Good Repeatability Does NotNecessarily Mean Good Accuracy


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Volumetric Flowmeters

DP

Turbine

Vortex / Swirl

Magnetic

Target

Ultrasonic

Displacement

Note: can be inferred mass with compensating transmitter


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Differential Pressure Flowmeters

Flow Measurement Principles

P

Q = KORIFICE PLATE

(or FLOWTUBE)VENA

CONTRACTA

MANOMETER

(or DP TRANSMITTER)h

Direction of Flow


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DP Primary Elements

VariousOrificeConfiguration

FlowNozzle

VenturiFlowmeter

FlowTube


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DP Primary Elements

Averaging Pitot

Accelabar CombinedPitot & Venturi

Wedge Element


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DP Flowmeters

DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE

ADVANTAGES Use On Liquid, Gas, and Steam

Suitable for Extreme Temperatures

and Pressures

No Moving Parts

Low Cost

DISADVANTAGES

Limited Rangeabili ty

Effected By Changes In Density,Pressure, and Viscosity

Maintenance Intensive


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Magnetic Flowmeters

Theory of Operation


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Magmeter Requirements

Process must be a liquid

Minimum conductivity Meter must be full


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Magnetic Flowmeters

MAGNETIC

ADVANTAGES No Moving Parts

Very Wide Rangeabili ty

Ideal For Slurries

Unobstructed Flow Path

DISADVANTAGES

Liquid Must Be Conduct ive

Physical Pressure and Temperature

Limits


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Magnetic Flowmeters

No moving parts

No pressure drop

Flowrate independent of viscosity, temperature, and density

Minimum upstream piping requirements

Electronics interchangeable without regard to size

Measure dirty liquids with solids

Measure highly corrosive fluids

Very large turndown

Linear output

Advantages Over Other Technologies


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Vortex Meter


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Vortex Meter

Principle of Operation

Q = V x A


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Vortex


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Vortex / Swirlmeter

ADVANTAGES

No Moving Parts

For Liquid, Gas, or Steam

Uneffected by Pressure, Temperature,

or Density Changes.

Wide Rangeability

DISADVANTAGES

Span Limitations Due to Viscosi ty

Flow Profile Sensitive (Vortex)

VORTEX / SWIRLMETER


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Swirlmeter


Preamplifier

Swirler SensorDeswirler

r = local radius

VA = axial velocity of flowVT = angular veloci ty of flow

p = static pressure

Backflow

Housing


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Swirlmeters

Benefits High Accuracy 0.50% of Rate

No Moving Parts

Minimal Upstream Piping

Measures Low Flows

Versatile

Electronics can be used for Diagnostics

Works with Entrained Liquids


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Swirlmeter

Cut-Away ViewTechnical Data

Measures liquids, gases and steam

Available integral, remote, or flowcomputer electronics

Accuracy 0.50% rate Sizes 0.75" thru 16.0"

Minimal upstream piping req.

Flow as low as 1 GPM

Excellent in light gas applications


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Installation Length

Swirlmeter

15 D 5 D

25 D 5 D

50 D 5 D

Vortex 4Swirlmeter

90 elbow

Processcontrol valve

Reduction

3 D 1 D

3 D 1 D

5 D 1 D

min. 1.8 D


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Turbine Meter


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Turbine Meter


Rotor velocity is proportional to fluid velocity


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Turbine Meter

High accuracy (.5% of rate) High rangeability (up to 50:1)

Compact design

Fast response time Broad range of sizes

Clean water applications only

NIST Traceable Factory Calibration Low cost, Easy to install

In and out of line, under pressure


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Turbine Meter

Straight pipe run requirements

Process fluid lubricity

Reynolds number constraints

Viscosity

Density

Maintenance & recalibration

Performance Considerations


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Turbine Flowmeters

TURBINE

ADVANTAGES

High Accuracy

Suitable for Extreme

Temperatures and Pressures

Can Be Used On Gas or Liquid

DISADVANTAGES

Only For Low Viscosi ties

Moving Parts

Sensit ive to Flow Profi le


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Positive Displacement Flowmeters


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PD Flowmeters

Helical gear

Nutating disk Oscillating

piston

Oval gear Rotary

Types


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Positive Displacement Meter

Typical Principle of Operation

Schematic of anutating-disk meter

Schematic of a

rotary-vane flowmeter Schematic of alobed-impeller flowmeter


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PD Flowmeters

Ideal for viscous fluids

Custody transfer

Batching

Minimal straight pipingrequirements

Advantages


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Ultrasonic Flowmeters

Doppler

Time offlight

Types


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DopplerFlowmeter



Ult i Fl t


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Transit-TimeFlowmeter


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Reynolds number constraints

Entrained gas or particles for doppler Clean liquids for time of flight

Installed without process shut down

Straight upstream pipingrequirements

Performance Considerations


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Ultrasonic

ULTRASONIC

ADVANTAGES

No Moving Parts

Unobstructed Flow Passage

Wide Rangeability

DISADVANTAGES

For Liquids Only (limited gas)

Flow Profile Dependent

Errors Due To Deposits

V


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Mass Flowmeter

Direct Measurement

Thermal Dispersion

Coriolis


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Coriolis Mass Flowmeter
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Coriolis


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Coriolis

CORIOLISADVANTAGES

Direct Mass Measurement

High Accuracy

Addi tional Density Measurement

Uneffected By Flow Profi le

DISADVANTAGES

High Purchase Price

High Installation Cost

Size Limitations

Vibration Sensitive


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Thermal Dispersion


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Thermal Dispersion Mass Flowmeter

Gas application only

Relatively inexpensive

Easy to install and remove under pressure

Accuracy 0.5%

Turndown, 100:1

Capable of monitoring extremely low flows

True mass flow meter (compensates fortemperature/pressure)


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Piping Considerations

Always need a full pipe

Proper up / down diameter


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BTU Monitoring

Summary Each Application is


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y pp

Different

Flowing Media (eg Steam, Water, Air, Gas etc)Density - pressure and temperature

Flow Range, minimum to maximum (turndown needed)

Accuracy how stated? % of range or span

Repeatability

Straight run requirements & available

Maintenance and reliability


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General HVAC Recommendations

Steam : Accelabar or Swirl

Chilled or Hot Water: Hot Tap Insert Turbine

Natural Gas or Air: Thermal Dispersion

Fuel Oil: Coriolis or Wedge


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flow meter selection criteria

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