AN ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ DIFFICULTIESIN WRITING SHORT STORY ON SIXTH SEMESTER

OF MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITYOF TANGERANG

RESEARCH PROPOSAL

Submitted to English Education Study Program as a Partial Fulfilment for the Requirements for bachelor degree (S1) in Education

Manti

1688203108

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY

UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH TANGERANG

2020

APPROVAL SHEET

Name : Manti

NIM : 1688203108

Study Program : English Education Study Program

Mini Thesis : An Analysis of Students’ Difficulties in Writing Short Story on Sixth Semester at Muhammadiyah University of Tangerang

This paper has been approved by advisors to be presented the research proposal.

Tangerang, March 23rd 2020

Advisor team Signature

Advisors I,

Euis Yanah Mulyanah, M.Pd …………………………….

NBM: 1146118

Advisors II

Ikhfi Imaniah, M.Pd …………………………….

NBM: 1094923

Validated by,Head of English Education Department

Ikhfi Imaniah, M.Pd

NBM: 1094923

i

VALIDATION SHEET

Name : Manti

NIM : 1688203108

Study Program : English Education Study Program

Mini Thesis : An Analysis of Students’ Difficulties in Writing Short Story on Sixth Semester at Muhammadiyah University of Tangerang

Date of Examination :

The research proposal has been approved by the examiner team on

Advisor Team Signature

Examiner I,

……………………………….

Examiner II,

………………………………

Advisor I,

Euis Yanah Mulyanah, M.Pd ………………………………

NBM: 1146118

Advisor II,

Ikhfi Imaniah, M.Pd ……………………………….

NBM: 1094923

Validated by:Dean of Teachers Training and Education

Head of English Education Program

ii

Dr. Enawar, S.Pd, MM, MOS Ikhfi Imaniah, M.PdNBM: 819 997 NBM: 109 4923

AUTHENTICITY STATEMENT

I am, student with the following identity:

Name : Manti

NIM : 1688203108

Study Program : English Education

Faculty : FKIP

University : Muhammadiyah University of Tangerang

Here by declared that mini thesis entitled “An Analysis of Students’

difficulties in Writing Short Story on Sixth Semester at Muhammadiyah

University of Tangerang” is not plagiarism or made by others, because it violates

the ethic of scientific rules. On this statement, I am ready to bear the risk or

impose the sanction if there is violation of scientific ethics in my work, or there is

claim from other to the authenticity of this work in the figure.

Tangerang, March 23rd 2020

Manti

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, the most Gracious and most merciful

All praises to Allah, the cherisher and sustainer of the world, God who has

been giving His blessing and mercy. Because of his graciousness and

mercifulness, the writer can complete the mini thesis well. Sholawat and sallam

may Allah send them to our Prophet Muhammad SAW, his families, his

companions, and his followers.

This mini thesis is submitted to fulfill one of the requirements for the

degree of bachelor in English education, Muhammadiyah University of

Tangerang. The mini thesis entitled “An Analysis of Students’ Difficulties in

Writing Short Story”.

On this opportunity, the writer would like to express her regards and thank

for people who have given guidance ad helps, more than the writer can express,

they are:

1. Dr. H. Ahmad Amarullah, M.Pd as the Rector of Muhammadiyah

University of Tangerang.

2. Dr. Enawar, S.Pd, MM, MOS, as Dean of Faculty of Teachers

Training and Education.

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3. Ikhfi Imaniah, M.Pd as the Head of English Department, Faculty of

Teachers Training and Education.

4. My best gratitude to Euis Yanah Mulyanah, M.Pd, the first advisor,

who give best guidance, helps, and direction in writing this mini

thesis.

5. My best gratitude to Ikhfi Imaniah, M.Pd, the second advisor, who

give best in completing this mini thesis through the guidance and

direction.

6. All lecturers in English Department, Faculty of Teachers Training

and Education, thank for the teaching from the first until finishing

the mini thesis.

7. The biggest thanks especially to my beloved dad, Dirman and my

beloved mom, Minah who always give me strength, support, love,

guide, pray, and happiness.

8. My brother, Rohman A.Md, Pian and my beloved husband, Ade

Nurhakim who always give me strength, support, and pray.

9. Wonderful thanks for all my friends in English Department

especially A1, A2 and A3 class. Thanks for all my best friends who

always support, gather with me in any condition and the spirit of

happiness.

Last, the writer thanks to who are not mentioned personally here

without their support and guidance, the writer cannot write the paper well.

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May Allah give His mercy to replay you. The writer hopes this research

benefit for other researcher, especially in English Education.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL SHEET ....................................................................................... i

VALIDATION SHEET ................................................................................... ii

AUTHENTICITY STATEMENT .................................................................. iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................... iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................ vi

LIST OF TABLE ............................................................................................ viii

APPENDIX LIST ............................................................................................ ix

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Problem ................................................................... 1

B. Research Focus ....................................................................................... 2

C. Formulation of the Problem ................……………………………….. 3

D. Objective of the Research ...................................................................... 3

E. Significant of the Research ................................................................... 3

CHAPTER II : THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Writing ……………………………………………………................... 5

1. Definition of writing ……………………………………................ 5

2. Process of writing ………………………………………................. 6

3. Difficulties in writing ……………………………………............... 8

B. Short story ………………………………………………….................. 9

1. Definition of short story ………………………………................... 9

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2. Elements of short story …………………………………................. 11

C. Relevant Research .................................................................................. 14

CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Kinds and Research Approach …………………………….................. 18

B. Time and Location of the Research ……………………….................. 18

C. Sources and Kinds of Data Research ................................................... 19

D. Data Collection Technique …………………………............................ 20

E. Research Instrument .............................................................................. 20

F. Data Analysis Technique ………………………………….................. 21

G. Data Validity .......................................................................................... 22

REFFERENCES............................................................................................... 24

vii

LIST OF TABLE

Table 1 Research Schedule ............................................................................. 18

viii

APPENDIX LIST

Appendix 1 Instrument of the Test .................................................................... 26

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Problem

English is one of language in the world. English is international

language that is used in most countries all over the world, including

Indonesia. English learn by the student in Indonesia as a foreign language

and it taught at every school in Indonesia. The purpose of learning English

is that students are supposed to be able to communicate well either orally

or written forms. (Yulianawati, 2018)

In English there are four skills that should be mastered by the

students; it is speaking, listening, reading and writing. Writing is difficult

to be mastered because in writing we should write with grammar correctly.

Writing is one of skills to be achieved in language learning. Writing has

always formed part of syllabus in the teaching of English. Writing has

been characterized as a written thinking. The students have to express their

feelings, ideas, and experience through writing in order to deliver

information to the reader.(Lisa Z, 2017)

To improve student’s writing is with doing write everything in our

brain. Such us; dairy, prose, essay, and short story. As (Saputri, 2017) said

“Learning of students writing skill includes write text speech, short story,

poems, classifieds, scientific work, and letter. According to (Saputri,

2017) Short stories are a type of literary work that is explained or

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explained in written form in the form of a story or story in a short, clear,

and concise manner. Short stories can also be called a fictional prose

whose contents are about narration that only focuses on one conflict or

problem.

Based on observation on University Muhammadiyah of Tangerang,

the writer found that the students still have difficulties in writing. Because

they are lack of vocabulary and grammar and teacher are not engaged the

students’ motivation in writing. Writing short story is very difficult

especially in English. Students have difficulties in writing short story.

From the problems explained above, the writer interested to

conduct a research entitled “An Analysis of Students’ Difficulties in

Writing Short Story on the Sixth Semester Students of University

Muhammadiyah of Tangerang”

B. Research Focus

Based on the background of the problem, the focus of the research

is on the students’ difficulties in writing short story on the Sixth Semester

Students of University Muhammadiyah of Tangerang with family theme.

The decision was taken by considering the difficulty that faced by the

students in writing short story are. The writer will analyze the students’

difficulties in writing short story by using a student making short story.

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C. Formulation of the Problem

Based on the research focus above, the formulation of the problem

on “what are the difficulties of the student in writing short story”.

D. Objective of the Research

Based on the formulation of the problem above, the objective of

the research is to find out the students’ difficulties in writing short story.

E. Significant of the Research

Significant of the study can be conduct as follows:

1. Theoretically

The result expected give significance in theoretical; at least can be

useful as contribution for education department especially in teaching

in writing short story.

2. Practically

a. For students

The research can help the students to understand the

material that given by teacher particularly in writing short story

lesson. This research gives solutions for the students so they will

know what are difficulties in writing short story.

b. For teacher

Teaching and learning process can be effective especially in

writing short story lesson.

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c. For other researcher

The research can increase the other researcher knowledge

about the student’s difficulties in writing short story, furthermore it

can as a reference into other researcher for research successfully

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Theoretical Framework

1. Writing Skill

a. Definition of writing skill

Zemach & Islam (2005) Stated that

Writing is an important in high school and college. Writing is also

one of the most difficult skills to master in both a first language

and a second language. Students can find it challenging to find

ideas to include in their writing, and each culture has its own style

for organizing academic writing. However, with the help of this

book and your guidance, your students will learn to recognize good

academic paragraphs and develop their own paragraph writing

skill. (h. 1)

Harmer (2001) Writing should be done with understanding from

the past in order to inform and express what happened. It should be

well-organized in order to be understandable for reader. (Lisa Z, 2017)

Tarigan (2008) Writing is lowering or depicting graphic symbols

that describe a language understood by someone, so that other people

can read the symbols of the graph if they understand the language of

the graph. Thus, it can be concluded that writing is an activity that

describes a thought or ideas through symbols or graphics. in

Rachmawati (2014)

From the definition above the researcher conclude that writing is

important skill because writing in which person to express his/her

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ideas, thought expression and feelings which is used for

communicating to the readers in the written form. So, writing is a way

sending a message or information to the reader.

b. Proses of Writing

Lisa Z (2017) stated according Harmer (2007) learning process as

follow;

1) Planning

Experienced writers plan what they are going to write.

Before starting to write or type, they try and decide what is

they are going to say. For some writers this may involve

making details notes. When planning, writers have to consider

the purpose of their writing, the audience they are writing for,

and the content structure of the piece.

In the other word, the planning stage also known as

prewriting. It requires preliminary thinking about the written

assignment as good as some exploration and formal planning of

ideas into a structure outline. It means that in this step we just

write down the sentence as we think without worrying about

the sentences correct or not. Besides that, it can generate ideas

and develop main thesis or purpose statement.

2) Drafting

It refers to the first version of writing as a draft. This

first ‘go’ at the text is often done on the assumption that it will

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be amended later. As the writing process proceeds into editing,

a number of drafts may be produced on the way the final

version.

Therefore, during drafting the writer puts her/his idea

into complete thought, such as sentence and paragraph. The

writer organizes her/his in a way that allows the reader to

understand her/his message.

3) Editing

The writer has produced a draft, then, she/he usually

read though what she/he has written to see how it works.

Perhaps the order of the information is not clear. Perhaps the

way something is written is ambiguous or confusing. She/he

may use a different form of words for a particular sentence.

More skills the writer tends to look at issues at general meaning

and over all structure before concentrating on detailed features

such as individual words and grammatical accuracy. Besides, it

is a particularly type of revision focusing especially on

language and mechanics. Students may begin editing by

focusing on editing errors. It means that editing is processing,

not a one-time event. When the writer edits his/her work,

she/he is checking the place of error. Its typically errors are

spelling, punctuation, capitalization and formatting (indenting

of paragraph).

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4) Publication

Once the students have edited their draft, making the

changes they consider to be necessary, they produce their final

version.

So, that this is the final stage in the writer process and

the written text is ready to publication. The processes above

provide the student with a series of planned learning

experiences to help them understand the nature of writing at

every point. Therefore, the process of writing is important to

produce a good writing.

2. Difficulties in writing

Abderraouf (2015) in research Writing Difficulties and Common

Errors in Writing: A Case Study of Third Year LMD Students of

English at The University of Bejaia. This research gives the result that

Aspects of difficulties in writing are 1). Vocabulary (23.2%), 2).

Grammar (19.6%) and 3). Academic style (17.9%) were the most

common difficulties in writing which students seem to share. The

results found show three main aspects of difficulties in students

writing.

The first, is concerned with vocabulary. Problems in writing

concerned with the element of vocabulary derive from the challenging

fact of finding exact words each time they write. In this case, students

are EFL learners therefore they may have a limited vocabulary, with

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less experience, and practice in using word choice which results in a

repetition of words, the misuse of vocabulary items and ambiguity of

meaning in their writing.

Secondly, grammar originating difficulties found in students

writing may have been caused by a low understanding and practice of

the grammar rules, or the generalization of rules in the case of EFL

learners. It may also be a result of L1 influence.

The last aspect of difficulty is related to the academic style. The

struggle students face in writing concerning the academic style, is due

to the requirements of each text type and patterns and respecting

various forms such as: academic words, transitions, sentence structure

and so on. These features may cause a problem for students if they

cannot distinguish between academic and non-academic writing, and if

they are not given proper instruction about it

From the explaining above the writer conclude that difficulties in

writing are lack of vocabulary and grammar correctly. The students

difficult to finding exact words each time they write. And students also

have difficulties in grammar caused of have been low understanding

and practice of grammar rules.

2. Short Story

a. Definition of short story

Saputri (2017) Short stories are a type of literary work that is

explained or explained in written form in the form of a story or

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story in a short, clear, and concise manner. Short stories can also

be called a fictional prose whose contents are about narration that

only focuses on one conflict or problem.

Kosasih (2019) Explained that Short Story are stories which,

according to their fictional form, are short. The length of a story is

relative. But in general, short stories are stories that are read out for

about ten minutes or half an hour. The number of words is around

500-5,000 words. Therefore, short stories are often expressed with

stories that can be read in one sitting. Therefore, short stories are

generally simple themed. The number of characters is limited. The

storyline is simple and the setting includes a limited scope."

Wiyanto (2005: 96) stated that writing short stories must be a

lot of fantasy because short stories are fiction in the form of prose.

The events that occur in the short story are only fabricated by the

author. Likewise, the perpetrators involved in the incident. The

time, place, and atmosphere of the event were only fabricated by

the author. Therefore, short stories (and all fiction) are called

fiction. Rachmawati (2014)

From the definition above, the researcher concludes that short

stories are stories in short that are fictional or fabricated by the

author. called fiction because the time, place or event told is

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engineering. However, it does not rule out the possibility that the

story is a true story of someone who was written briefly.

b. Elements of Short Story

Short story building elements are intrinsic and extrinsic

elements. Intrinsic elements are elements that build the work itself

and help the author in developing his imagination so that the

contents of the story can be seen alive and interesting, including:

plots, themes, character leaders, backgrounds, and mandates. In

addition to the intrinsic element, the short story also has an

extrinsic element. The extrinsic element is an element outside the

literary work which includes: the background of the author, the

psychological of the author and the state of the author's

environment. However, in this study the discussion discussed is the

difficulties of students in writing short stories.

1) Theme

Theme is the main idea of the story that the author wants to

convey to his readers.

Rachmawati (2014) stated that is the core idea. In a short

story, the theme can be likened to the foundation of a building.

It is not possible to build a building without a foundation. In

other words, the theme is a main idea, the main thoughts of a

short story; message or message. The basis for starting a series

of stories; basic refuse to tell a story.

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2) Plot

The plot is an event that moves the story to achieve a

certain effect.

Rachmawati (2014) In a general sense, the plot is a secret

agreement or design in order to achieve certain goals. The

design of the goal is not a plot, but all activities to achieve the

desired plot.

3) Characterization

Rofi’udin, (1999: 151) Characterization in a fictional story

is fictional individuals. That is, the figures are the authors'

creations. Although the characters are only the author's creation

the character must appear alive and real until the reader feels

his presence. In modern short stories, success or failure of a

short story is determined by the success or failure of creating

the image, character and character of the character. A character,

in which there is a very important character in a story, can be

said to be the fountain of strength of a short story. Rachmawati

(2014)

4) Setting

All information about time, space and atmosphere in a

story. Basically, the setting is absolutely necessary to work on

the theme and plot of the story, because the background must

unite with friends and plot to produce a stocky, solid, and

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quality short story. If the setting can be moved anywhere, it

means that the background is not integral to the theme and plot.

Rachmawati (2014)

5) Point of view

Among the elements that cannot be left out in building a

short story are the views of the character built by the author.

This character's point of view is the author's vision embodied in

the view of the characters telling stories. So, this food angle is

very closely related to storytelling techniques.

6) Language style

According to Suyitno (2009: 42) Language style is a way of

expressing a person who is unique to an author. Style includes

the use of diction (word choice), imagery (image), and syntax

(sentence pattern choice).

7) Mandate

Mandate (message) is something that is conveyed by

someone to someone else. The delivery of the message

(message) can be done in two ways, namely the verbal way and

the written way. The first way, the messenger is directly

dealing with the recipient as opposed to speaking or listening,

while the second way, the messenger is not directly dealing

with the recipient, but using intermediaries / assistive devices;

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can be in the form of stories, books (fiction and nonfiction).

Rachmawati (2014)

B. Relevant Research

The first research was conducted by Saputri (2017) with the title

“Analisis kemampuan menulis cerpen siswa pada kelas VIII SMP Negeri

10 Bintan tahun pelajaran 2016-2017” The population in this study were

all eighth grade students of SMP Negeri 10 Bintan 2016/2017 Academic

Year, totaling 25 people. This research is to measure the ability to write

short stories of grade VII students of SMP Negeri 10 Bintan in the

academic year 2016-2017 on the use of plot, character development or

characterization, background description, the use of language style, the use

of point of view, the appropriateness of the theme with pain in writing

short stories. The test given by the author is a short story. Data collection

techniques that researchers do are: 1) Give the task to grade VIII students

to make a short story (short story) with a theme that is set the family

theme. 2) Collecting short story students of grade VIII SMP N 10 Bintan.

3) Clipping short stories to be studied. 4) Analyze the ability to write short

stories (short story) students of grade VIII SMP N 10 Bintan. Based on the

results of the study can be concluded that:

The ability to write short stories of grade VIII students of SMP

Negeri 10 Bintan in the lesson year 2016-2017 write short story on the

aspect of conformity of the theme with the story included in very good

category with average 8.76 (percentage of ability 80.76%), Overall grade

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VIII SMP Negeri 10 Bintan Lesson Year 2016-2017 is quite capable in

writing short stories.

The second research was conducted by Heni Yuni Mustika (2017)

with the title “An analysis of students’ difficulties in writing recount text :

A case study at the eleventh grade student of MA putra al-ishlahuddiny

Kediri academic year 2016-2017” It was aimed to know students’

difficulties and the factors contributing to those difficulties in writing

recount text. There were 36 out of 135 students who were taken by using

purposive sampling as samples (XI IPA 2). In data collection, three kinds

of instruments were used: test, questionnaire and interview. The test was

used to know students’ difficulties in writing recount text. The

questionnaire was divided into open and close ended questions to obtain

information about the factors contributing to the students’ difficulties in

writing recount text. The Interview was used as an additional input to

complete the data. This study used quantitative and qualitative descriptive

method to analyze the data. From the analysis it was found that students

were generally categorized as mean score with the percentage is (50.69%)

by seeing students’ difficulties in content, organization, vocabulary and

sentence structure in term of the test conducted. In terms of the

questionnaires, the result showed that the most dominant difficulties were

the making of past tense sentences and distinguishing regular from

irregular verbs with percentage (81%). Whereas the interview result found

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that most of students did not understand how to write a recount text and

how to use proper words and that they had lack of vocabulary.

The third research was conducted by Rachmawati (2014) with the

title “Kemampuan Menulis Cerpen Ssiswa Kelas XI SMA PGRI 2 KOTA

JAMBI Tahun Ajaran 2013/2014”. Based on the results of this research, it

can be seen the ability to write short stories for class X 1 students of SMA

PGRI 2, Jambi City is very good /very capable. This is known from the

results of data processing the ability to write short stories. The

determinants of short story writing ability consists of short story elements,

namely theme selection, use of plot or plot, depiction of figures and

characterizations, describing setting, use of perspective, use of language

style, mandate.

Judging from the percentage results, the ability to write short

stories for class X 1 students of SMA PGRI 2 Jambi City in terms of the

application of the short story elements, namely the selection of themes

received a value of 90, is at a frequency value of 85-100%. 23

excellent/very capable students, 10 good / capable students. The use of

grooves or plots obtained a value of 77.65, at a frequency of 75-84%. 13

excellent/very capable students, 20 good / capable students. The depiction

of figures and characterizations get a value of 90.30, at a frequency value

of 85-100%. 22 excellent / very capable students, 11 good / capable

students. Describe the setting (setting) obtain a value of 80.68, are at a

frequency of 75-84%. 11 students are very good / very capable, 22

16

students are good/capable, 1 is good enough / quite capable. The use of

viewpoints obtained a value of 81.81, at a frequency of 75-84%. 11

students are very good / very capable, 21 students are good / capable, 1 is

quite good / quite capable. The use of language style gets a value of 91.21,

is at a frequency value of 85-100%. 9 students are very good / very

capable, 24 students are good / capable. The mandate obtained a value of

90.60, which is on the frequency value of 85-100%. 10 students are very

good / very capable, 23 students are good/capable.

From the seven elements of short stories, it can be concluded that

there is one element that has the lowest ability of students to write short

stories, which is to describe the plot or plot. Describing the plot or plot

obtained a value of 77.65, is at a frequency value of 75-84%.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Kinds and Research Approach

The writer uses qualitative approach. The writer also uses

descriptive method in this research. The descriptive method is used to

investigate the students’ difficulties in writing short story.

During the research, the writer investigated the students’

difficulties in writing short story on Sixth Semester Students of

Muhammadiyah University of Tangerang. The writer investigated the

difficulties faced by the students and to find the most dominant difficulties

in writing short story.

B. Time and Location of the Research

1. Research Schedule

Table 1

Research Schedule

Activities Month 2020

Jan Feb March Apri

l

May June July Aug Sept

1 Tittle

Submission

2 Proposal

Guidance

3 Proposal

Seminar

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4 Proposal

revision

5 Creating

Research

Instrument

6 Collecting the Data

7 Analyzing Data

8 Thesis Examination

2. Location of the research

This research will be conduct at Muhammadiyah University of

Tangerang it is located at Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan I No 33 Cikokol

Tangerang. The reason writer chooses this place is because this

university because the student already on sixth semester but still have

difficulties in writing.

C. Sources and Kinds of Data Research

Data is collection of information obtained from the students’ test

that will be processed and analyzed. This research using qualitative data

that serve in the form of a series of sentence and discourse. The data in this

research obtain through two sources, namely:

1. Primary data is from the students’ test that conducts in

Muhammadiyah University of Tangerang.

2. Secondary data as supporting data by primary data from an interview

with an English teacher.

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D. Data Collection Technique

In this research, researcher uses several techniques:

1. Test

The writer gives the test to the students. Type of the test is the

student make short story. The test that given to the student is making

short story in English. The writer put the theme of the test that is about

“family theme”.

E. Research Instrument

Research instrument that will be used by writer are test and

researcher.

1. Test

This test is used to measure student written of short story. The

form of the test is making short story. The writer gives a template for

place students writing of their short story with noted do not use google

translate.

2. The Researcher

In qualitative research, the writer is a main instrument. So, the

writer must have good knowledge that is appropriate with focus of the

research for analyzing data.

F. Data Analysis Technique

This research is qualitative research. Therefore, this type of data

analysis technique uses descriptive analysis. This technique describes the

data through words or sentences. Data obtained from the results of the test

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will be drawn up systematically and then make a conclusion so it will be

easy to understand. According to Creswell (2014) “A methods discussion

in a qualitative proposal needs also to specify the steps in analyzing the

various forms of qualitative data. In general, the intent is to make sense

out of the text and image.” (p.194). To analysis the data the researcher will

do the following steps:

1. Reduction of Data

This step the writer focuses on students’ difficulties in

writings short story. The data that has been collect will be select

whether the data use or not and will be analyzed.

In this case the writer collects the data by give the test for

the sixth semester students at Muhammadiyah University of

Tangerang. The sixth semester students at University

Muhammadiyah of Tangerang consist of five classes; the writer

will take 40 samples of one class.

2. Presentation of Data

At this step the data already reduced will present the data in

the form of description. The writer will describe the student’s

difficulties in writing short story.

3. Conclusion

In the next step is the conclusion. In this step the writer will

analyzing the textual evidence, presenting, and interpreting the data

related to the theories that had been elaborated in Chapter II to

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answer the research focus. The next is discussing the finding

student’s difficulties in writing short story to draw a conclusion.

G. Data Validity

According to Creswell (2014) “Qualitative validity means that the

writer checks for accuracy of the findings by employing certain

procedures, while qualitative reliability indicates that the researcher’s

approach is consistent across different researcher and different projects.”

(p.201) Data in qualitative research will be said valid if there is no

difference between the reported researcher with what happened in field.

The writer does validity data using conformability. According to Sugiono

(2011), “Conformability test called objectivity research test. The research

said objective if the result of the research has agreed by a lot of people.”

(p.277). So, in this case the writer does conformability test, where the

researcher confirms the data have been collected in the form of discussion

with expert that relevant with research focus and does member check for

the data.

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REFERENCES

Kosasih, D. E. (2019). Dasar-dasar Keterampilan Bersastra. Bandung: CV.

Yrama Widya.

Zemach, D. E., & Islam, C. (2005). Paragraph Writing. Oxford: Macmillan

Publishers.

Abderraouf, A. (2015). Writing Difficulties and Common Errors in Writing: A

Case Study of Third Year LMD Students of English at The University of

Bejaia.http://univbejaia.dz/dspace/bitstream/handle/123456789/5858/

Investigating EFL students%27 writing difficulties and common errors in

writing.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design (4th ed.).

Heni Yuni Mustika. (2017). an Analysis of Students ’ Dif Ficulties in Writing

Recount Text : a Case Study At the Eleventh Grade Students of Ma Putra Al-

Ishlahuddiny Kediri Academic Year 2016 / 2017.

Lisa Z, D. (2017). An investigation of students’ problem in writing recount text at

the first semester of the eighth grade of smpn 4 bandar lampung in the

academic year of 2016/2017. I–96.

Rachmawati, L. (2014). Kemampuan menulis cerpen siswa kelas X SMA PFRI 2

KOTA JAMBI tahun ajaran 2013/2014. Kemampuan Menulis Cerpen Siswa

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Kelas X SMA PFRI 2 KOTA JAMBI Tahun Ajaran 2013/2014, 39(1), 1–15.

https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315853178

Saputri, dwi. (2017). ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN MENULIS CERPEN SISWA

KELAS VIII SMP NEGERI 10 BINTAN TAHUN PELAJARAN 2016-

2017. Analisis Kemampuan Menulis Cerpen Siswa Kelas VIII SMP NEGERI

10 BINTAN Tahun Pelajaran 2016-2017.

Yulianawati, I. (2018). An Analysis of Students ’ Difficulties in Writing Recount

Text ( A Case Study at a Senior High School in Indramayu ). 2(1).

https://doi.org/10.24905/efj.v2i1.51

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Appendix 1

Instruments of the test

Name :

NIM :

Please write short story with “my family” theme!

Noted;

*do not use google translate!

*if you do not know one word in English you just write like this “I want to (menangis)”!

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