i

FITOREMEDIASI SAWAH TERCEMAR LOGAM KROMIUM

DI KECAMATAN KEBAKKRAMAT KABUPATEN KARANGANYAR

SEBAGAI UPAYA MENUJU PERTANIAN SEHAT RAMAH LINGKUNGAN

TESIS

Disusun Untuk Memenuhi Sebagian Persyaratan Mencapai Derajat Magister

Program Studi Ilmu Lingkungan

Oleh

Alfian Chrisna Aji

A131508002

PROGRAM PASCASARJANA

UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET

SURAKARTA

2017

ii

iii

iv

v

vi

RINGKASAN

Alfian Chrisna Aji. A131508002. Fitoremediasi Sawah Tercemar Logam

Kromium di Kecamatan Kebakkramat Kabupaten Karanganyar Sebagai Upaya

Menuju Pertanian Sehat Ramah Lingkungan. Tesis. Magister Ilmu Lingkungan.

Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta. Agustus 2017.

Kebakkramat adalah salah satu kecamatan di Kabupaten Karanganyar yang

wilayahnya memiliki beberapa kegiatan industri yang menghasilkan limbah cair

mengandung logam kromium dibuang ke sungai. Limbah logam kromium dapat

mencemari tanah sawah karena digunakan sebagai sumber air irigasi dan sangat

merugikan karena dapat merusak tanah serta berbahaya bagi lingkungan. Alternatif solusi

penyelesaian pencemaran logam kromium secara ramah lingkungan adalah fitoremediasi

menggunakan tanaman rami (Boehmeria nivea), mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa)

dikombinasikan dengan Agrobacterium sp. I3, dan bahan organik. Penelitian ini bertujuan

untuk 1). mengetahui kemampuan rami (Boehmeria nivea) dan mendong (Fimbristylis

globulosa) yang dikombinasikan dengan agen khelator dalam menyerap logam kromium;

2). mendapatkan perlakuan yang efektif dalam menyerap logam kromium ke dalam

jaringan tanaman; 3). mengetahui pengaruh rami (Boehmeria nivea) dan mendong

(Fimbristylis globulosa) yang dikombinasikan dengan agen khelator terhadap penurunan

kadar logam kromium dalam tanah; dan 4). mengetahui sikap petani terhadap sistem

pertanian sehat ramah lingkungan setelah fitoremediasi.

Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok Lengkap (RAKL) dengan

desain percobaan faktorial, data abiotik, biotik, dan sosial diambil secara purposive

sampling. Data abiotik dan biotik dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA uji F taraf 5%.

Apabila perlakuan berpengaruh nyata terhadap variabel yang diamati, dilanjutkan dengan

uji DMRT (Duncan Multiple Range Test) dibantu SPSS versi 16. Data sosial dianalisis

dengan statistik inferensial. Hasil penelitian ini antara lain 1). analisis serapan logam

kromium oleh rami, serapan logam kromium oleh akar tertinggi pada perlakuan kontrol

(P0B0T1), yaitu 7,17 µg dan tajuk tertinggi pada perlakuan pupuk NPK-tanpa khelator-

rami (P1B0T1), yaitu 317,04 µg. Sedangkan, pada mendong, serapan logam kromium

oleh akar tertinggi pada perlakuan kontrol (P0B0T2), yaitu 40,35 µg dan tajuk tertinggi

pada perlakuan tanpa pupuk NPK-Agrobacterium sp. I3-mendong (P0B1T2), yaitu 148,27

µg; 2). perlakuan terbaik serapan logam logam kromium ditunjukkan oleh perlakuan

pupuk NPK-tanpa khelator-rami (P1B0T1): 317,04 µg; tanpa pupuk NPK-Agrobacterium

sp. I3-rami (P0B1T1): 221,75 µg; pupuk NPK-kompos-rami (P1B2T1): 194,88 µg; dan

tanpa pupuk NPK-Agrobacterium sp. I3-mendong (P0B1T2): 159,02 µg; 3). analisis

kadar logam kromium terendah di dalam tanah terjadi pada perlakuan tanpa pupuk NPK-

Agrobacterium sp. I3-rami (P0B1T1) dan tanpa pupuk NPK-kompos-rami (P0B2T1),

yaitu 1,37 µg.g-1 dengan penurunan sebesar 42,01 % dibandingkan tanah awal (2,36 µg.g-

1), serta perlakuan tanpa pupuk NPK-kompos-mendong (P0B2T2) dan pupuk NPK-

kompos-mendong (P1B2T2), yaitu 1,39 µg.g-1 dengan penurunan sebesar 41,27 %

dibandingkan tanah awal (2,36 µg.g-1); dan 4). petani mendukung sistem pertanian sehat

ramah lingkungan. Kesimpulan penelitian ini antara lain 1). serapan logam kromium oleh

rami dan mendong yang dikombinasikan dengan agen khelator tergolong tinggi, berperan

dalam proses fitoekstraksi, dan dapat dikatakan sebagai tanaman hiperakumulator; 2).

terdapat beberapa perlakuan yang efektif dalam menyerap logam kromium ke dalam

jaringan tanaman rami dan mendong > 100 ppm; 3). fitoremediasi dengan rami dan

mendong yang dikombinasikan dengan agen khelator berpengaruh dalam menurunkan

vii

kadar logam kromium tanah; dan 4). petani mendukung sistem pertanian sehat ramah

lingkungan, maka Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Karanganyar perlu mengeluarkan

kebijakan khusus, sehingga rekomendasi kebijakan yang dapat diberikan kepada

Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Karanganyar sebagai upaya menuju pertanian sehat ramah

lingkungan adalah pertanian yang pengolahannya bebas polutan dan hasilnya aman

dikonsumsi yang disebut Environmentally Healthy Agriculture System (EHAS)

Kata Kunci: Boehmeria nivea, environmentally healthy agriculture system,

Fimbristylis globulosa, fitoremediasi, logam kromium, sikap petani.

viii

ABSTRACT

Alfian Chrisna Aji. A131508002. Phytoremediation of Rice Fields Contaminated by

Chromium Metals in Kebakkramat Subdistrict Karanganyar Regency as an Effort

towards Environmentally Friendly Healthy Agriculture. Thesis. Master of

Environmental Science. Sebelas Maret University Surakarta. August 2017.

Kebakkramat is one of the subdistricts in Karanganyar Regency whose territory has

some industrial activities which produces liquid waste containing chromium metal

dumped into the river. Chromium metal wastes can contaminate rice fields because they

are used as irrigation water sources and it is very harmful because it can damage the soil,

also harmful to the environment. An alternative solution to the chromium metal

contamination in an environmentally friendly manner are phytoremediation using ramie

(Boehmeria nivea), mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) combined with Agrobacterium sp.

I3, and organic matters. This research aims 1). to know ability of ramie (Boehmeria nivea)

and mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) which combined with chelating agents to absorb

chromium metals; 2). obtain an effective treatment in absorbing chromium metals into

plant tissues; 3). to know the influence of ramie (Boehmeria nivea) and mendong

(Fimbristylis globulosa) which combined with chelating agents to decrease of chromium

metals content in soil; and 4). to know farmers attitude towards environmentally friendly

healthy agriculture after phytoremediation.

This research using randomized completely block design with experimentation

design type of factorial, abiotic, biotic, and social data were taken by purposive sampling.

Abiotic and biotic data were analyzed using F test ANOVA of 5 % level. If the treatment

had significant effect on the observed variables, followed by DMRT test (Duncan

Multiple Range Test) assisted by SPSS version 16. Social data was analyzed with the help

of inferential statistic. Results of this research are showed 1). analysis of chromium metals

uptake by ramie, chromium metals uptake by the highest roots of control treatment

(P0B0T1), i.e. 7,17 μg and the highest shoots in the treatment of NPK fertilizers-without

chelating agents-ramie (P1B0T1), i.e. 317,04 μg. Whereas, at mendong, chromium metals

uptake by the highest roots in control treatment (P0B0T2), i.e. 40,35 μg and the highest

shoots in treatment without NPK fertilizers-Agrobacterium sp. I3-mendong (P0B1T2), i.e.

148.27 μg; 2). best treatments of chromium metals uptake are showed by the treatment of

NPK fertilizers-without chelating agents-ramie (P1B0T1): 317,04 μg; without NPK

fertilizers-Agrobacterium sp. I3-ramie (P0B1T1): 221,75 μg; NPK fertilizers-compost-

ramie (P1B2T1): 194,88 μg; and without NPK fertilizers-Agrobacterium sp. I3-mendong

(P0B1T2): 159,02 μg; 3). analysis of the lowest chromium metals content in soil occurred

in the treatment without NPK fertilizers-Agrobacterium sp. I3-ramie (P0B1T1) and

without NPK fertilizers-compost-ramie (P0B2T1), i.e. 1,37 μg.g-1 with a decrease of

42,01 % compared to the initial soil (2,36 μg.g-1), as well as treatments of without NPK

fertilizers-compost-mendong (P0B2T2) and NPK fertilizers-compost-mendong

(P1B2T2), ie 1.39 μg.g-1 with a decrease of 41.27 % compared to the initial soil (2.36

μg.g-1); and 4). farmers support environmentally friendly healthy farming system.

Conclusions of this research are 1). the uptake of chromium metal by ramie and mendong

in combination with chelating agents are high, play a role in phytoextraction process, and

can be regarded as hyperaccumulator plants; 2). There are some effective treatments in

absorbing chromium metals into plant tissues of ramie and mendong > 100 ppm; 3).

phytoremediation with ramie and mendong are combined with chelating agents has an

effect on lowering the soil chromium metals content; and 4). farmers support

ix

environmentally friendly healthy farming system, the Local Government of Karanganyar

Regency need to issuing a special policy, so the policy recommendation that can be given

to Local Government of Karanganyar Regency as an effort toward environmentally

friendly healthy farming is agriculture which in processing is free from pollutants and this

products are safe to be consumed which called Environmentally Healthy Agriculture

System (EHAS)

Keywords: Boehmeria nivea, chromium metals, environmentally healthy agriculture

system, farmers attitude, Fimbristylis globulosa, phytoremediation.

x

MOTTO

Wahai orang-orang yang beriman! Apabila dikatakan kepadamu, “Berilah kelapangan di

dalam majelis-majelis”, maka lapangkanlah, niscaya Allah akan memberi kelapangan

untukmu. Dan apabila dikatakan, “Berdirilah kamu”, maka berdirilah, niscaya Allah

akan mengangkat (derajat) orang-orang yang beriman di antaramu dan orang-orang

yang diberi ilmu beberapa derajat. Dan Allah Maha Mengetahui terhadap apa yang

kamu kerjakan

-Q.S. Al Mujaddalah: 11-

Orang besar menempuh jalan ke arah tujuan melalui rintangan dan kesukaran yang

hebat

-Nabi Muhammad S.A.W.-

Bila kau tidak tahan lelahnya belajar, maka kau harus menahan perihnya kebodohan

-Imam Asy-Syafi’i-

Man Jadda Wa Jadda (Siapa yang bersungguh-sungguh akan berhasil)

Man Shabara Zhafira (Siapa yang bersabar akan beruntung)

Man Sara Darbi ‘Ala Washala (Siapa yang berjalan di jalan-Nya akan sampai)

-Muslim Quotes-

Awali segala suatu dengan membaca Bismillahirrohmaanirrohiim dan berdoa, diikuti

ikhtiar dari segenap fisiologi tubuh, serta diakhiri tawakal dan Alhamdulillah

-AL-

Seluruh organisme, khususnya mikroorganisme bersama dengan lingkungan fisik

menghasilkan sistem kontrol yang menjaga keadaan bumi sesuai untuk kehidupan

-Hipotesis Gaia-James Lovelock-

The best revenge is massive success

-Frank Sinatra-

xi

DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL .................................................................................. i

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN .................................................................... ii

PENGESAHAN PENGUJI TESIS ............................................................. iii

PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN TESIS DAN PUBLIKASI ......................... iv

PRAKATA ................................................................................................. v

RINGKASAN ............................................................................................. vi

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................... viii

MOTTO ...................................................................................................... x

DAFTAR ISI .............................................................................................. xi

DAFTAR TABEL ...................................................................................... xiv

DAFTAR GAMBAR .................................................................................. xv

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .............................................................................. xvi

DAFTAR RUMUS ..................................................................................... xvii

DAFTAR SATUAN DAN SINGKATAN ................................................. xviii

BAB I. PENDAHULUAN ......................................................................... 1

A. Latar Belakang Masalah ................................................................. 1

B. Rumusan Masalah .......................................................................... 4

C. Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................ 4

D. Manfaat Penelitian ........................................................................... 4

BAB II. LANDASAN TEORI ...................................................................... 6

A. Tinjauan Pustaka ............................................................................. 6

1. Pencemaran Logam Berat ......................................................... 6

a. Pencemaran Logam Berat ................................................... 6

b. Penanganan Pencemaran Logam Berat .............................. 6

2. Logam Kromium (Cr) ............................................................... 7

a. Sifat Umum Logam Kromium ............................................ 7

b. Dampak Logam Kromium Bagi makhluk Hidup ............... 8

3. Fitoremediasi ............................................................................ 9

a. Pengertian Fitoremediasi .................................................... 9

b. Fitoekstraksi ........................................................................ 10

xii

c. Fitostabilisasi ...................................................................... 10

d. Agrobacterium sp. I3 ........................................................... 11

4. Tanaman untuk Fitoremediasi .................................................. 11

a. Rami (Boehmeria nivea) ..................................................... 12

b. Mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) ..................................... 13

5. Parameter Sifat Tanah ............................................................... 15

a. Keasaman Tanah (pH) ......................................................... 15

b. Carbon Organik-Bahan Organik Tanah ............................. 15

c. Kapasitas Tukar Kation (KTK) Tanah ................................ 16

d. Total Koloni Mikroba Tanah .............................................. 16

6. Pertanian Sehat Ramah Lingkungan .......................................... 16

7. Azas Lingkungan ...................................................................... 18

a. Azas 3 (Sumber Daya Alam) ............................................... 18

b. Azas 5 (Sumber Daya Alam) .............................................. 18

c. Azas 7 (Keanekaragaman) ................................................... 19

B. Penelitian Relevan .......................................................................... 19

C. Kerangka Berpikir .......................................................................... 21

D. Hipotesis ......................................................................................... 22

BAB III. METODE PENELITIAN ............................................................ 23

A. Tempat Penelitian ............................................................................ 23

B. Waktu Penelitian .............................................................................. 23

C. Tata Laksana Penelitian .................................................................. 25

1. Jenis dan Rancangan Penelitian ................................................ 25

2. Alat dan Bahan ......................................................................... 26

3. Populasi dan Sampel ....................................................................... 27

4. Teknik Pengambilan Sampel .................................................... 27

5. Variabel Penelitian ..................................................................... 28

6. Pelaksanaan Penelitian ................................................................... 28

7. Teknik Analisis Data ................................................................ 35

BAB IV. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN ................................................... 36

A. Deskripsi Umum Lokasi Penelitian ................................................. 36

B. Analisis Karakteristik Kimia dan Biologi Tanah ............................. 37

xiii

1. Kemasaman Tanah (pH) ............................................................ 37

2. C-Organik Tanah ........................................................................ 39

3. Kapasitas Tukar Kation (KTK) Tanah ............................................ 41

4. Total Koloni Mikroba Tanah ..................................................... 42

C. Kemampuan Rami (Boehmeria nivea) dan Mendong (Fimbristylis

globulosa) yang Dikombinasikan Dengan Agen Khelator dalam

Menyerap Logam Kromium (Cr) ke Jaringan Tanaman ................ 45

1. Karakteristik Tanaman Rami (Boehmeria nivea) ...................... 45

2. Karakteristik Tanaman Mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) ....... 53

D. Pengaruh Rami (Boehmeria nivea) dan Mendong (Fimbristylis

globulosa) yang Dikombinasikan Dengan Agen Khelator Terhadap

Penurunan Kadar Logam Cr Tanah ................................................ 60

1. Kadar Logam Kromium (Cr) Tanah .......................................... 60

2. Efektivitas Fitoremediasi Logam Kromium (Cr) Tanah ............ 62

E. Sikap Petani Terhadap Sistem Pertanian Sehat Ramah Lingkungan

Setelah Fitoremediasi ..................................................................... 63

1. Informasi Kegiatan Pertanian ..................................................... 63

2. Persepsi Petani Terhadap Fitoremediasi dan Sistem Pertanian

Sehat Ramah Lingkungan ......................................................... 65

3. Rekomendasi Kebijakan Kepada Pemerintah Kabupaten

Karanganyar ............................................................................... 71

F. Pembahasan Umum ......................................................................... 75

G. Diseminasi dan Publikasi Hasil Penelitian ...................................... 78

BAB V. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN .................................................... 79

A. Kesimpulan ..................................................................................... 79

B. Saran ............................................................................................... 80

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................................................................. 81

LAMPIRAN ............................................................................................... 91

xiv

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel Halaman

1. Penelitian Relevan .................................................................................. 19

2. Jadwal Penelitian .................................................................................... 23

3. Rancangan Penelitian .............................................................................. 25

4. Analisis Sampel Tanah Akhir, Tanaman, dan Data Sosial ..................... 35

5. Diseminasi dan Publikasi Hasil Penelitian ............................................. 78

xv

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar Halaman

1. Rami (Boehmeria nivea) ........................................................................ 12

2. Mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) ......................................................... 14

3. Kerangka Berpikir .................................................................................. 21

4. Peta Lokasi Penelitian ............................................................................ 24

5. Denah Lahan Penelitian ......................................................................... 32

6. Tingkat Kemasaman Tanah .................................................................... 37

7. Kadar C-Organik Tanah ......................................................................... 39

8. Kapasitas Tukar Kation Tanah ............................................................... 41

9. Total Koloni Mikroba Tanah Perlakuan Khelator .................................. 43

10. Total Koloni Mikroba Tanah ................................................................ 44

11. Berat Kering Boehmeria nivea ............................................................ 46

12. Kadar Logam Cr Boehmeria nivea ...................................................... 48

13. Serapan Logam Cr Akar Boehmeria nivea .......................................... 50

14. Serapan Logam Cr Tajuk Boehmeria nivea ......................................... 51

15. Serapan Logam Cr Boehmeria nivea ................................................... 52

16. Berat Kering Fimbristylis globulosa ................................................... 54

17. Kadar Logam Cr Fimbristylis globulosa ............................................. 55

18. Serapan Logam Cr Akar Fimbristylis globulosa ................................. 58

19. Serapan Logam Cr Tajuk Fimbristylis globulosa ................................ 59

20. Serapan Logam Cr Fimbristylis globulosa .......................................... 59

21. Kadar Logam Kromium Tanah ............................................................ 61

22. Efektivitas Fitoremediasi Logam Kromium Tanah ............................. 63

23. Kebermanfaatan Fitoremediasi di Lahan Pertanian ............................. 65

24. Potensi Rami dan Mendong Secara Ekologi dan Ekonomi .................. 66

25. Pertanian Sehat Ramah Lingkungan .................................................... 67

26. Sistem Irigasi Terintegrasi ................................................................... 68

27. Potensi Pertanian Organik .................................................................... 69

28. Urgensi Monitoring dari Pemerintah Daerah ...................................... 70

29. Partisipasi Masyarakat Terhadap EHAS ............................................. 72

30. Model Kolaborasi Pengelolaan EHAS ................................................ 73

31. Bagan Usulan Kebijakan EHAS .......................................................... 74

xvi

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran Halaman

1. Tingkat Kemasaman (pH) Aktual Tanah ................................................. 91

2. Kandungan C-Organik Tanah ................................................................. 92

3. Kapasitas Tukar Kation (KTK) Tanah ..................................................... 93

4. Total Koloni Mikroba Tanah .................................................................. 94

5. Hasil Pengukuran Logam Kromium Rami dari BALINGTAN .............. 95

6. Biomassa Kering Rami ........................................................................... 96

7. Kadar dan Serapan Logam Kromium Pada Rami ................................... 97

8. Hasil Pengukuran Logam Kromium Mendong dari BALINGTAN ....... 98

9. Biomassa Kering Mendong .................................................................... 99

10. Kadar dan Serapan Logam Kromium Pada Mendong ............................ 100

11. Hasil Pengukuran Logam Kromium Tanah dari BALINGTAN ............. 101

12. Kandungan Logam Kromium Tanah ...................................................... 103

13. Pertanyaan dan Hasil Jawaban Kuesioner (Data Sosial) ......................... 106

14. Dokumentasi Penelitian dan Surat Terkait Tesis ..................................... 112

xvii

DAFTAR RUMUS

Rumus Halaman

1. Analisis Kandungan Logam Kromium Tanah ......................................... 29

2. Analisis Kandungan C-Organik Tanah ................................................... 29

3. Analisis Kapasitas Tukar Kation (KTK) Tanah ...................................... 30

4. Dosis Pupuk Tanaman Rami ................................................................... 32

5. Dosis Pupuk Tanaman Mendong ............................................................ 32

6. Dosis Pupuk Perlakuan Kontrol .............................................................. 32

7. Efektivitas Fitoremediasi Logam Kromium Tanah ................................ 62

xviii

DAFTAR SATUAN DAN SINGKATAN

Singkatan Satuan Keterangan (Besaran Pokok)

Ha Hektar Produksi (Massa per luas)

kg Kilogram Massa/bobot

g Gram Massa/bobot

mg Miligram Massa/bobot

µg Mikrogram Kadar

mL Mililiter Volume

km Kilometer Panjang

Simbol Arti

° Derajat, umumnya dalam celcius

' Menit (dalam koordinat)

" Detik (dalam koordinat)

- Sampai

% Persen (per seratus)

Singkatan Arti

LS Lintang Selatan

BT Bujur Timur

NAB Nilai Ambang Batas

BML Baku Mutu Lingkungan

B3 Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun

pH Potential of Hydrogen

Cr Kromium

KTK Kapasitas Tukar Kation

AAS Atomic Absoption Spectrophotometer

UU Undang-Undang

PP Peraturan Pemerintah

LB Luria Bertani

N Nitrogen

P Phospat

K Kalium

RAKL Rancangan Acak Kelompok Lengkap

sp Spesies

FP Fakultas Pertanian

DMRT Duncan Multiple Range Test

RT Rukun Tetangga

RW Rukun Warga

BPS Badan Pusat Statistik

ctka Contoh Tanah Kering Angin

mdpl Meter di Atas Permukaan Laut

81

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Abdillah, F.F., Surjono, S., dan Prayitno, G. 2010. Pengembangan Sentra Agroindustri

Kerajinan Mendong Kabupaten Malang Dengan Pendekatan Pengembangan

Ekonomi Lokal. Jurnal Tata Kota dan Daerah, vol. 2, hlm. 31-40.

Adji, S.S. 2006. Rehabilitasi Tanah Sawah Tercemar Natrium Dan Logam Berat Melalui

Pencucian, Penggunaan Vegetasi, Bahan Organik dan Bakteri. Tesis. Bogor:

Sekolah Pascasarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Adriano, D.C. 2001. Trace elements in the terrestrial environments: biogeochemistry,

bioavailability, and risks of metals. 2nd ed. Springer. New York. hlm. 219-261. DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21510-5_7.

Agrawal, V., and Sharma, K. 2006. Phytotoxic effects of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb on in vitro

regeneration and concomitant protein changes in holarrhena antidysentrica. Journal

of Biologia Plantarum, vol. 50, issue 2, hlm. 307-310. DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-006-0027-z.

Alghanmi, S.I, Al Sulami, A.F., and El-Zayat T.A. 2015. Acid leaching of heavy metals

from contaminated soil collected from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: kinetic and

thermodynamics studies. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, vol.

3, issue 3, hlm. 196-208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.iswcr. 2015.08.002.

Arnstein. 1969. Social Participation Scale. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press.

Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Kabupaten Karanganyar. 2014. Karanganyar Dalam Angka

2014. Karanganyar: BPS Kabupaten Karanganyar.

Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Kabupaten Karanganyar. 2015. Kecamatan Kebakkramat

Dalam Angka 2015. Karanganyar: BPS Kabupaten Karanganyar.

Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Kabupaten Karanganyar. 2016. Karanganyar Dalam Angka

2016. Karanganyar: BPS Kabupaten Karanganyar.

Baker, A.J.M., Reeves, R.D., and Hajar, A.S.M. 1994. Heavy metal accumulation and

tolerance in Bristish populations of the metallophyte Thlaspi caerulescens J. & C.

Presl (Barissicaceae). New Phytologist Trust, vol 127, issue 1, hlm. 61-68. DOI:

https://10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb04259.x.

Balai Penelitian Tanah. 2009. Analisis kimia Tanah, Tanaman, Air, dan Pupuk: Petunjuk

Teknis Edisi 2. Bogor: Balai Penelitian Tanah Press.

Banks, M.K., Schwab, A.P., and Henderson, C. 2006. Leaching and reduction of

chromium in soil as affected by soil organic content and plants. Chemosphere, vol.

62, issue 2, hlm. 255-264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.

2005.05.020.

82

Bot, A., and benites, J. 2005. The importance pf soil organic matter key to drought-

resistant soil and sustained food and production. FAO Soils Bulletin 80 Rome.

Braud A, Jézéquel, K., Bazot, S., and Lebeau, T. 2009. Enhanced phytoextraction of an

agricultural Cr, Hg, and Pb contaminated soil by bioaugmentation with siderophore

producing bacteria. Chemosphere, vol. 74, issue 2, hlm. 280-286. DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.09.013.

Brooks, R.R. 1998. Geobotany and hyperaccumulators. in: Brook RR, (red) Plants that

hyperaccumulate heavy metals. CAB International. Wallingford. hlm. 55-94.

Budiastuti, MTh.S. 2010. Ekologi Umum: Teori Dasar Pengelolaan Lingkungan.

Surakarta: UNS Press.

Cervantes, C., Campos-Garcıa, J., Devars, S., Gutierrez-Corona, F., Loza-Tavera, H.,

Torres-Guzman, J.C., and Moreno-Sanchez, R. 2001. Interactions of chromium

with microorganisms and plants. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, vol. 25, issue 3,

hlm. 335–347. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00581.x.

Cervantes, C., and Campos-Garcia, J. 2007. Reduction and efflux of chromate by bacteria.

Molecular Microbiology of Heavy Metals, vol. 6, hlm. 407-419. DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1007/7171_2006_087.

Covelo, E.F., Vega, F.A., and Andrade, M.L. 2007. Simultaneous sorption and desorption

of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in acid soils: II. Soil ranking and influence of soil

characteristic. Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 147, issue 3, hlm. 862-870,

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.01.108.

Darini, M.T. 2012. Kajian jarak tanam dan dosis pupuk NPK terhadap sifat agronomi

tanaman mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa Retz. Kunth) serta intensitas kompetisi

gulma. AgroUPY, vol. 4, hlm. 33-42.

Darmadi, H. 2011. Metode Penelitian Pendidikan. Bandung: Alfabeta.

Dewi, T., dan Hindersah, R. 2009. Konsentrasi kadmium dan timbal di tanaman mendong

yang ditanam di tanah sawah dengan aplikasi Azotobacter dan arang aktif. Jurnal

Agrikultura, vol. 20, hlm. 185-190.

Dharmayanti, N.K.S., Supadma, A.A.N., dan Arthagama, I.D.M. 2013. Pengaruh

pemberian biourine dan dosis pupuk anorganik (N, P, K) terhadap beberapa sifat

kimia tanah pegok dan hasil tanaman bayam (Amaranthus sp.). E-Jurnal

Agroekoteknologi Tropika (Journal of Tropical Agroecotechnology), vol. 2, no. 3,

hlm. ISSN 2301-6515, 165-174. DOI: https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/JAT/

article/view/6077.

Dinata, A. 2012. Hubungan pupuk kandang dan NPK terhadap bakteri Azotobacter dan

Azospirillium dalam tanah serta peran gulma untuk membantu kesuburan tanah.

83

Do Nascimento, C.W.A., and Xing, B. 2006. Phytoextraction: a review on enhanced metal

availability and plant accumulation. Scientia Agricola, vol. 63, no. 3, hlm. 299-311,

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162006000300014.

Dogo, S., Razic, S., Dragan, M., and Latinka, S. 2011. Analysis of the bioavailability of

Cr(III) and Cr(VI) based on the determination of chromium in Mentha piperita by

graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Journal of the Serbian Chemical

Society, vol. 76, issue 1, hlm. 143-153. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/

JSC100401130D.

Dong, J., Wu, F., Huang R., and Zang, G. 2007. A chromium-tolerant plant growing in

Cr contaminated land. International Journal of Phytoremediation, vol. 9, issue 3,

hlm. 167-179, DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15226510701375978.

Eastmond, D.A., MacGregor, J.T., and Slesinki, R.S. 2008. Trivalent chromium:

assessing the genotoxic risk of an essential trace element and widely used human

and animal nutritional supplement. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, vol. 38, issue 3,

hlm. 173-190, DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/ 10408440701845401.

Gadd, G.M. 2010. Metals, minerals and microbes: geomicrobiology and bioremediation.

Microbiology, vol. 156, hlm: 609-643, DOI: https://doi:10.1099/mic.0.037143-0.

Ghosh, M., and Singh, S.P. 2005. A review on phytoremediation of heavy metals and

utilization of it’s by products. Asian Journal on Energy and Environment, vol. 6,

hlm. 214-231. ISSN: 1513-4121.

Glick, B.R. 2010. Using soil bacteria to facilitate phytoremediation. Biotechnology

Advances, vol. 28, issue 3, hlm. 367-374. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/

j.biotechadv.2010.02.001.

Han, F.X., Yi Su, Sridhar, M.B.B., and Monts, D.L. 2004. Distribution, transformation

and bioavailability of trivalent and hexavalent chromium in contaminated soil.

Plant and Soil, vol. 265, issues 1-2, hlm. 243-252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/

s11104-005-0975-7.

Han, R., Geller, J.T., Yang, L., Brodie, E.L., Chakraborty, R., Larsen, J.T., and Beller,

H.R. 2010. Physiological and Transcriptional studies of Cr(VI) reduction under

aerobic and denitrifying conditions by aquifer-derived Pseudomonad.

Environmental, Science & Technology, vol. 44, issue 19, hlm. 7491-7497. DOI:

https://10.1021/es101152r.

Hartati, S. Minardi, S., dan Ariyanto, D.P. 2013. Muatan titik nol berbagai bahan organik,

pengaruhnya terhadap kapasitas tukar kation di lahan terdegradasi. Jurnal Ilmu

Tanah dan Agroklimatologi, vol. 10, hlm. 27-36.

Hassani, A.H., Nouri, J., Mehregan, I., Moattar, F., and Sadeghi Benis, M.R. 2014.

Phytoremediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals resulting from acidic

sludge of eshtehard industrial town using native pasture plants. Journal of

Environmental and Earth Science, vol. 4, no. 19, hlm. 31-37.

84

Ibbet, R.N., Kaenthong, S., Philips, D.A.S., Wilding, M.A. 2006. Characterization of

Porosity of Regenerated Cellulosil Fibres Using Classical Dye Adsorbtian

Techniques. Lenzinger Berichte, vol. 88, hlm. 77-86.

Junaedi. 2004. Identifikasi dan Inventarisasi Sebaran Kadmium (Cd) dan Kromium (Cr)

pada Tanah Sawah di Daerah Industri Kecamatan Jaten, Kebakkramat, Tasikmadu

Kabupaten Karanganyar (Skripsi). Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta.

Khan, M.S., Zaidi, A., Wani, P.A., and Oves, M. 2009. Role of plant growth promoting

rhizobacteria in the remediation of metal contaminated soils. Environmental

Chemistry Letters, vol. 7, issue 1, hlm. 1-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-

008-0155-0.

Kidd, P., Barcelo, J., Bernal, M.P., Navari-Izzo, F., Poschenrieder, C., Shilev, S.,

Clemente, R., and Monterroso, C. 2009. Trace element behaviour at the root–soil

interface: Implications in phytoremediation. Environmental and Experimental

Botany, vol. 67, issue 1, hlm. 243-259. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.

2009.06.013.

Kuiper, I., Lagendijk, E.L., Bloemberg, G.V., and Lugtenberg, B.J.J. 2004.

Rhizoremediation: A Beneficial Plant-Microbe Interaction. Molecular Plant-

Microbe Interactions, vol. 17, no. 1, hlm. 6-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/

MPMI.2004.17.1.6.

Lasat, M.M. 2002. Phytoextraction of toxic metals. Journal of Environmental Quality,

vol. 31, no. 1, hlm. 109-120. DOI: https://doi:10.2134 / jeq2002.1090.

Le, S., Usman, A.R.A., Abd El Azeem, S.A.M., Awad, Y.M., Kim, M., Ham, K., Lim, J.,

Yang, J.E., Lee, S.S., and Ok, Y.S. 2011. Risk assessment and phytoremediation

potential of native plant species for soils contaminated with Cr, Cu, and As in

Gangwon Province, Korea. Journal of Agricultural, Life and Environmental

Sciences, vol. 23, no. 1, hlm. 22-33.

Leiwakabessy, F.M., Wahjudin, U.M., dan Suwarno. 2003. Kesuburan Tanah. Jurusan

Tanah. Fakultas Pertanian. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor.

Lone, M.I., Zhen, Li He, Stoffela, P.J., Xiao-e Yang. 2008. Phytoremediation of heavy

metal polluted soils and water: progress and perspectives. Journal of Zheijiang

University Science B., vol. 9, issue 3, hlm. 210-220. DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B0710633.

Ma, Y., Prasad, M.N.V., Rajkumar, M., and Freitas, H. 2011. Plant growth promoting

rhizobacteria and endophytes accelerate phytoremediation of metalliferous soils.

Biotechnology Advances, vol. 29, issue 2, hlm. 248–258. DOI: https://doi.org/

10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.12.001.

Makarao, M.T. 2011. Aspek-Aspek Hukum Lingkungan. Jakarta: PT. Indeks.

85

Mangkoedihardjo, S., Ratnawati, R., and Alfianti, N. 2008. Phytoremediation of

hexavalent chromium polluted soil using Pterocarpus indicus and Jatropha curcas

L. World Applied Sciences Journal, vol. 4, no. 3, hlm. 338-342. ISSN 1818-4952.

Mortuza, M., Takahashi, T., Ueki, T., Kosaka, T., Michibata, H., and Hosoya, H. 2005.

Toxicity and bioaccumulation of hexavalent chromium in green Paramecium,

Paramecium bursaria. Journal of Health Science, vol. 51, no. 6, hlm. 676-682.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1248/jhs.51.676.

Mudyantini, W. 2008. Pertumbuhan, Kandungan Selulosa, dan Lignin pada Rami

(Boehmeria nivea L. Gaudich) dengan Pemberian Asam Giberelat (GA3).

Biodiversitas, vol. 9, No. 4, hlm. 269-274.

Mulyani, B. 2004. Analisis Variasi Biomassa Saccharomyces cerevisiae Terhadap

Serapan Logam Krom. Sain Mat, vol. 2, hlm. 1-9.

Musaddad, M.A. 2007. Agribisnis Tanaman Rami. Depok: Panebar Swadaya.

Mwegoba, W.J.S. 2008. The use of phytoremediation technology for abatement soil and

groundwater pollution in Tanzania: Opportunities and challenges. Journal of

Sustainable Development in Africa, vol. 10, no. 1, hlm. 140-156.

Nan, H., Jifang, Z., Dexin, D., Guangyue, L., Jie, Y., Xin, C., and Jia, Y. 2013. Screening

of native hyperaccumulators at the Huayuan River contaminated by heavy metals.

Bioremediation Journal, vol. 17, issue 1, hlm. 21-29. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/

10.1080/10889868.2012.703260.

Nardi, S., Morari, F., Berti, A., Tosoni, M., and Giardini, L. 2004. Soil organic matter

properties after 40 years of different use of organic and mineral fertilizers.

European. Journal of Agronomy, vol. 21, issue 3, hlm. 357-367. DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2003.10.006.

Nevo, Y., and Nelson, N. 2006. The NRAMP family of metal-ion transporters. Biochimia

et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Cell Research, vol. 1763, issue 7, hlm. 609-

620. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.05.007.

Noor, J. 2015. Metodologi Penelitian: Skripsi, Tesis, Disertasi, dan Karya Ilmiah.

Jakarta: Prenadamedia Group.

Notohadiprawiro, T., Soekodarmodjo, S., dan Sukarna, E. 2006. Pengelolaan Kesuburan

Tanah dan Peningkatan Efisiensi Pemupukan. Ceramah Pada Pertemuan Alih

Fungsi Teknologi Dinas Pertanian Tanaman Pangan Propinsi Dati I Jawa Tengah,

Pati. (Repro Ilmu Tanah FP UGM).

Nouri, J., Lorestani, B., Yousefi, N., and Khorasani, N. 2011. Phytoremediation potential

of native plants grown in the vicinity of Ahangaran lead-zinc mine (Hamedan, Iran).

Journal of Environmental and Earth Science, vol. 62, issue 3, hlm. 639-644. DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0553-z.

86

Ontanon, O.M., Gonzalez, P.S., Ambrosio, L.F., Paisio, C.E., and Agostini, E. 2014.

Rhizoremediation of phenol and chromium by the synergistic combination of a

native bacterial strain and Brassica napus hairy roots. International Biodeteriation

& Biodegradation, vol. 88, hlm. 192-198. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/

j.ibiod.2013.10.017.

Owlad, M., Aroua, M.K., Daud, W.A.W., and Baroutian, S. 2009. Removal of hexavalent

chromium-contaminated water and wastewater: A review. Water, Air, and Soil

Pollution, vol. 200, issues 1-4, hlm. 59-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-

008-9893-7.

Peng, J. 2009. The remediation of heavy metals contaminated sediment. Journal of

Hazardous Materials, vol. 161, issues 2-3, hlm. 633–640. DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.061.

Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 101 Tahun 2014 tentang Pengelolaan

Limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun (B3).

Pramono, A., Rosariastuti, R., Ngadiman, dan Prijambada, I.D. 2012. Peran rhizobakteria

dalam fitoekstrasi logam berat kromium pada tanaman jagung. Ecolab, vol. 6, no.

1, hlm. 38-50.

Pramono, A., Rosariastuti, R., Ngadiman, and Prijambada, I.D. 2013. Bacterial Cr(VI)

reduction and its impact in bioremediation. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, vol. 11, no. 2,

hlm. 120-131. ISSN: 1829-8907.

Pratono, S.A.C., Supriyadi, dan Purwanto. Zonasi kualitas tanah sawah di kawasan

industri DAS bengawan Solo daerah Kabupaten Karanganyar. Jurnal Ilmu Tanah

dan Agroklimatologi, vol. 8, hlm. 1-12.

Prayudyaningsih, R., Nursyamsi, dan Sari, R. 2015. Mikroorganisme tanah bermanfaat

pada rizosfer tanaman umbi di bawah tegakan hutan rakyat Sulawesi Selatan. Pros

Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon, vol. 1, no. 4, hlm. 954-959.

Purwati, R.D. 2010. Strategi Pengembangan Rami (Boehmeria nivea Gaud.). Perspektif,

vol. 9, hlm. 106-118.

Rachman, I.A., Djuniwati, S., dan Idris, K. 2008. Pengaruh bahan organik dan pupuk

NPK terhadap serapan hara dan produksi jagung di Inceptisol Ternate. Jurnal

Tanah dan Lingkungan, vol. 10, hlm. 7-13.

Rajkumar, M., Ae, N., Prasad, M.N.V., and Freitas, H. 2010. Potential of siderophore-

producing bacteria for improving heavy metal phytoextraction. Trends in

Biotechnology, vol. 28, issue 3, hlm. 142-149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/

j.tibtech.2009.12.002.

Ramasamy, K.S.P.B.K. 2008. Rhizoremediation of metals: harnessing microbial

communities. Mendeley, vol. 48, issue 1, hlm. 80-88. DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-008-0008-3.

87

Roberts, L.A., Pierson, A.J., Panaviene, Z., Walker, E.L. 2004. Yellow Stripe1. Expanded

roles for the maize iron-phytosiderophore transporter. Plant Physiology, vol. 135,

hlm. 112-120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.103.037572.

Rosariastuti, R., Hartati, S. Widijanto, H., dan Utomo, E.W. 2012. Evaluasi kesuburan

kimia tanah di lahan kering sub daerah aliran sungai samin Kabupaten

Karanganyar. Jurnal Ilmu Tanah dan Agroklimatologi, vol. 9, hlm. 39-50.

Rosariastuti, R., Prijambada I.D., Ngadiman, Prawidyarini G.S., and Putri A.R. 2013.

Isolation and identification of plant growth promoting and chromium uptake

enhancing bacteria from soil contaminated by leather tanning industrial waste.

Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, vol. 9, hlm. 243-251.

Saidy, A.R., dan Badruzsaufari. 2009. Hubungan antara konsentrasi Cr(VI) dan sifat

kimia tanah: informasi awal untuk remediasi lahan bekas tambang di Kalimantan

Selatan. Jurnal Tanah Tropika (Journal of Tropical Soils), vol. 14, no.2, hlm. 97-

103.

Schiavon, M.E., Pilon, A.H., Smits, M., Wirtz, R., Hell, and Malagoli, M. 2008.

Interactions between chromium and sulfur metabolism In Brassica juncea. Journal

of Enviromental Quality, vol. 37, no. 4, hlm. 1536-1545. DOI:

https://doi:10.2134/jeq2007.0032.

Sembel, D.T. 2015. Toksikologi Lingkungan: Dampak Pencemaran Dari Berbagai Bahan

Kimia Dalam Kehidupan Sehari-hari. Yogyakarta: CV. Andi Offset.

Sessitsch, A., Kuffner, M., Kidd, P., Vangronsveld, J., Wenzel, W.W., Fallmann, K., and

Puschenreiter, M. 2013. The role of plant-associated bacteria in the mobilization

and phytoextraction of trace elements in contaminated soils. Soil Biology and

Biochemistry, vol. 60, hlm. 182-194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/

j.soilbio.2013.01.012.

Shakoori, F.R., Tabassum, S., Rehman, A., and Shakoori, A.R. 2010. Isolation and

characterization of Cr6+ reducing bacteria and their potential use in bioremediation

of chromium containing wastewater. Pakistan Journal Zoology, vol. 42, no. 6, hlm.

651-658.

Shanker, A.K., Cervantes, C., Loza-Tavera, H., and Avudainayagam, S. 2005. Chromium

toxicity in plants. Environmental. International, vol. 31, issue 5, hlm. 739-753.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2005.02.003.

Singani, A.A.S., and Ahmadi, P. 2012. Manure application and cannabis cultivation

influence on speciation of lead and cadmium by selective sequential extraction.

Journal of Soil Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, vol. 21, issue

3, hlm. 305–321. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2012.664186.

Srivastava, S., Prakash, S., and Srivastava, M.M. 1999. Studies on mobilization of

chromium with reference to its plant availability-role of organic acids. BioMetals,

vol. 12, issue 3, hlm. 201-207. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1023/A:1009262609373.

88

Srivastava, S., and Thakur, I.S. 2006. Evaluation of bioremediation and detoxification

potentiality of Aspergillus niger for removal of hexavalent chromium in soil

microcosm. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, vol. 38, issue 7, hlm. 1904-1911. DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.12.016.

Sugiyono. 2014. Statistika Untuk Penelitian. Bandung: Alfabeta.

Sunanta, H. 2000. Budidaya Mendong. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius.

Suntoro. 2010. Manajemen Sumber Daya Lahan Ramah Lingkungan. Surakarta: UNS

Press.

Supadi, A.S. 2005. Pengembangan rami (Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud) di Indonesia.

Monograf Balittas no. 8 dan Balai Penelitian Tanaman Tembakau dan Serat. ISSN:

0853-9308.

Supadma, A.A.N. 2006. Uji kombinasi pupuk organik dan anorganik terhadap hasil

jagung manis serta kepadatan tanah inceptisol Tabanan. Agritop, vol. 25, hlm. 51-

56.

Supriyadi, S. 2008. Kandungan bahan organik sebagai dasar pengelolaan tanah di lahan

kering Madura. Embryo, vol. 5, hlm. 176-183.

Suryanto, H., Marsyahyo, E., Irawan, Y.S., Soenoko, R. 2013. Effect of alkali treatment

on crystalline structure of cellulose fiber from mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa)

straw. Key Engineering Materials, vol. 594-595, hlm. 720-724. DOI:

https://10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.594-595.720.

Suryanto, H., Marsyahyo, E., Irawan, Y.S., and Soenoko, R. 2014. Morphology, structure,

and mechanical properties of natural cellulose fiber from mendong grass

(Fimbristylis globulosa). Journal of Natural Fibers, vol. 11, issue 4, hlm. 333-351.

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2013.879087.

Suryono, Widijanto, H., dan Jannah, E.M. 2015. The balance of N, P, and manure

fertilizer dosage on growth and yield of peanuts in alfisols dryland. SAINS TANAH-

Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology, vol. 12, hlm. 20-25.

Susarla, S., Medina, V.F., and McCutcheon S.C. 2002. Phytoremediation: An ecological

solution to organic chemical contamination. Ecological Engineering, vol. 18, issue

5 hlm. 647-658. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8574(02)00026-5.

Tahmasbian, I., and Singani, A.A.S. 2014. Chelate-assisted phytoextraction of cadmium

from a mine soil by negatively charged sunflower. International Journal

Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 11, issue 3, hlm. 695-702. DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-013-0394-x.

Triwahyudi, P., dan Hartiwiningsih. 2004. Kebijakan Pengendalian Pencemaran Air

Akibat Kegiatan Industri di Kabupaten Karanganyar. Surakarta: PPLH UNS.

89

Undang Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 Tentang Perlindungan dan

Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup.

Uroz S., Calvaruso, C., Turpault, M.P., and Frey-Klett, P. 2009. Mineral weathering by

bacteria: ecology, actors and mechanisms. Trends in Microbiology, vol. 17, issue 8,

hlm. 378-387. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.tim.2009.05.004.

Utami, D., Takahi, S., and Prijambada, I.D. 2013. Mercury Accumulation in gold Mine

Tailing by sweet Sorghum Inoculated with Chromium Uptake Enhancing

Rhizobacteria. International Journal of Biosciences and Biotechnology, vol. 1, no.

2, hlm. 85-89. DOI: https://ojs. unud.ac.id/index.php.

Vangronsveld, J., Herzig, R., Weyens, N., Boulet, J., Adriaensen, K., Ruttens, A.,

Thewys, T., Vassilev, A., Meers, E., Nehnevajova, E., Van der Lelie, D., and

Mench, M. 2009. Phytoremediation of contaminated soils and groundwater: lessons

from the field. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 16, issue 7, hlm.

765-794. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-009-0213-6.

Wang, Q.R., Cui, Y.S., Liu, X.M., Dong, Y.T., and Christie, P. 2003. Soil contamination

and uptake of heavy metals at polluted sites in China. Journal Environment Science

Health, vol. 38, issue 5, hlm. 823-838. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ESE-

120018594.

Wardhana, W.A. 1999. Dampak Pencemaran Lingkungan. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset.

Wenzel, W.W. 2009. Rhizosphere processes and management in plant-assisted

bioremediation (phytoremediation) of soils. Plant and Soil, vol. 321, issues 1-2,

hlm. 385-408. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-008-9686-1.

White, R.E. 2006. Priciples and practice of soil science. The soil as a natural resources.

Blackwell Publishing Victoria.

Widowati, W., Astiana, S., dan Raymond, J.R. 2008. Efek Toksik Logam, Pencegahan

dan Penanggulangan Pencemaran. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Andi.

Yoon, J., Cao, X., Zho, Q., and Ma, L.Q. 2006. Accumulation of Pb, Cu, and Zn in native

plants growing on a contaminated Florida site. J. Science of The Total Environment,

vol. 368, issues 2-3, hlm. 456-464. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/

j.scitotenv.2006.01.016.

Youngman, L. 1999. Physiological Respon of Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L) to

Organic and Inorganic Amened Heavy-Metal Contaminated Chat Tailings.

Washington: Phytoremediation of Soil and Water Contaminants, American

Chemical Society Symposium.

Yusuf, M. 2015. Fitoremediasi Tanah Tercemar Logam Berat Pb dan Cd dengan

Menggunakan tanaman Lidah Mertua (Sansevieria trifasciata). Makasar: Fakultas

Teknik Universitas Hasanudin.

90

Zayed, A.M., dan Terry N. 2003. Chromium in the environment: factors affecting

biological remediation. Plant and Soil, vol. 249, issue 1, hlm. 139-156. DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022504826342.

Zulkarnain. 2001. Pertanian Organik: Sistem Pertanian Berbasis Produktivitas dan

Lingkungan Hidup. Jambi: Universitas Jambi Press.