first world festival nanotechnology...
TRANSCRIPT
FIRST World Festival Nanotechnology Workshop
FIRST WORLD FESTIVAL: April 12, 2007
Don EiglerIBM FellowIBM Almaden Research CenterSan Jose, California
What Do We Mean By Nano ?
Nano =1
1,000,000,000
One nanometer = meter 1
1,000,000,000
5 carbon atoms
1 nanometer
Nanoscience – The study of phenomena and manipulation of materials at the atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale.
Nanotechnology – The design, characterization, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanometer scale.
“Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and Uncertainties.” London: The Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering, 2004.
What are Nanoscience and Nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology: Why all the Excitement ?
Tremendous progress in understanding and creating nanometer-scale objects in the last 15 years
Age of exploration and discovery
The potential is staggering
Evolutionary NanotechnologyHistorically larger technologies that have shrunk to the nanometer scale
Revolutionary NanotechnologyNew nanometer-scale technologies
Three Types of Nanotechnology
Natural NanotechnologyNaturally occurring functional nanometer-scale structures
Evolutionary Nanotechnology
Semiconductor Technology has become a Nanometer-Scale Technology
Evolutionary Nanotechnology
Cosmetics have become a Nanometer-Scale Technology
Nanoparticulates in sunscreens and cosmetics
Revolutionary Nanotechnology
Carbon Nanotubes
NOT GateNanotube Transistor
Nanotube single electron transistor
Revolutionary Nanotechnology
Millipede Data Storage System
Revolutionary Nanotechnology
Millipede Data Storage System
Natural Nanotechnology
Courtesy of Prof. Keiichi Namba, Osaka University
Flagellar Motors of the Salmonella Bacteria
Natural Nanotechnology
Courtesy of Prof. Keiichi Namba, Osaka University
Flagellar Motors of the Salmonella Bacteria
Some Social Aspects of Nanotechnology
NanoNano HysteriaHysteria
Type 1 Nano Hysteria
What is wrong:The absence of critical
thought
What is wrong:The absence of critical
thought
Greed Driven “Irrational Exuberance”
Nanotechnology will “transform everything”
Nanotechnology is “The Next Big Thing”“FORBES/WOLFE Nanotech Weekly Insider” by Josh Wolfe
Type 2 Nano Hysteria
What is wrong:The absence of critical
thought
What is wrong:The absence of critical
thought
Fear Driven “Irrational Paranoia”
The “Gray Goo” Scenario: Out of control self-replicating Nanobots
The Benefits and Risks of Nanotech
The Benefits of Nanotech:Nanoshell Cancer Therapy
Gold Nanoshells
Courtesy of Prof. Naomi Halas, Rice University
10-300 nm diameter
gold shell
silica core
Are biocompatible
Are strong absorbers of light in the near infrared, where light penetrates up to 7 cm into the human body
Easily attached to antibodies for specific cellular targeting
Small enough to pass through circulatory system
Courtesy of Prof. Naomi Halas, Rice University
• BALB/c mice innoculated withCT26.wt mouse colon carcinoma cells
• Systemically delivered pegylatednanoshells via tail vein injection
• 6 hrs post injection, tumors irradiated through skin with 4 W/cm2 810 nm diode laser for 3 min
• Tumor surface temp. monitored • Tumor size monitored for 2 months
Near IR
Diode Laser
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56
Days after tumor treatment
% s
urvi
ving
Laser + Nanoshells
Laser, No Nanoshells
Untreated
% S
urv
ivin
g
20.0 18.2 22.00.0
76.2
89.2
0.0
25.0
50.0
75.0
100.0
125.0
Day 0 Day 10
Laser + Nanoshells
Laser, no Nanoshells
Untreated Tumors
Tum
or
size
(mm
2)
The Benefits of Nanotech:Nanoshell Cancer Therapy
Courtesy of Samuel Courtesy of Samuel StuppStupp, , NortwesternNortwestern UniversityUniversity
Neural Progenitor Nanofibers
REVERSAL OF PARALYSIS
Nanofiber-stimulated re-growth of severed neurons in laboratory tests
The Benefits of Nanotech:Nanofiber Regnerative Medicine
Mistaken Conclusions: An Example
The Smallest Computer Circuit
A
B
C O3 = A + B + C
Inputs Outputs
Circuit Dimensions: 12 nm x 17 nm
O2 = (A * B) + (B * C) + (C * A)
O1 = A * B * C
Made from 541 Carbon Monoxide Molecules
But Carbon Monoxide is a Deadly Poison….Therefore this is a Dangerous Technology !
Hmmm…Is that so?
Lets think a little bit about this.
How much Carbon Monoxide would you need to build a computer ?
Let’s Estimate the Danger
18 Carbon Monoxide molecules do the work of 1 Transistor
A modern computer processor has roughly 100 million Transistors
2 Billion Carbon Monoxide Molecules per computer
Hmmm….How dangerous are 2 billion
carbon monoxide molecules ?
How much Carbon Monoxide do I breathe every day ?
Let’s Estimate the Danger
In the USA, the “Clean Air” limit for carbon monoxide is 9 molecules in 1 million
I breathe about 0.5 liters of air with each breath
I breathe 2 Billion Trillion molecules of carbon monoxide each day
Hmmm….Carbon Monoxide
Nanocomputers don’t seem so dangerous.
Each day I breathe enough carbon monoxide to make 1 trillion computers
The world’s population is 6.4 billion
Each day I breathe enough carbon monoxide molecules to provide each person on the planet with 160 computers
Nano can be Green
The Green Side of Nanotech
Reduced consumption of natural resources
Better Materials: Lighter
Stronger Safer
More durableMore easily recycled
Reduced energy consumption
The Risk of Nanotech
The REAL Risk: Utilizing nanotechnology without evaluatingthe consequences
Example: The widespread introduction of nanoparticulates into the ecosphere when their toxicological impact is not known
How Do We Know Something Is Safe?
I think there is a new world out thereShould be smooth
sailingUnless ….I really should think
this through…
The Dilemma of Columbus
It is virtually impossible to prove that something is absolutely safe
How shall we proceed in a world filled with risk?
Do We Really Want To Advance Technology ?
My Opinion : Mankind derives extraordinary benefit from technology
•Technology integrates societies around the globe
•Technology makes people more inter-dependent on one another
•When societies depend upon one another, they are more likely to work towards achieving common goals and seek peaceful resolution to conflict.
•Technology is the most powerful weapon for creating a stable andpeaceful world.
How Shall We Make Wise Decisions About Nanotechnology ?
•• Eliminate FantasiesEliminate Fantasies•• Understand MotivationsUnderstand Motivations•• Honestly Assess Risks & BenefitsHonestly Assess Risks & Benefits
Are There Monsters ?
Of Course!
Gerd Binnig&
Heini Rohrer
Not yet painted by a Dutch Master(but Rembrandt would certainly have loved to do their portrait)
Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)
• Atomic resolution images of surfaces • 1986 Nobel Prize in physics
1983
Silicon
Sample
Metal Tip
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
Triple-Axis Computer-Controlled Piezoceramic Robot
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
Sample
Metal Tip
VV
II
4 Kelvin, Ultra High Vacuum, Scanning Tunneling Microscope
1 cm
vacuum chamber
microscope
STMSTM
Vacuum Vacuum Chambers Chambers
Liquid Liquid Helium Helium DewarDewar
ElectronicsElectronics
ComputerComputer
Welcome to the Nano Frontier
XeXe on Ni (110)on Ni (110)
A Change In Perspective
On the nano frontier, an atom is a big thing
Atom Manipulation
Atom # 1: Xenon on Platinum
before
after
xenonatom
Path
defect
xenonatom
defect
September 28, 1989
TIPTIP
Atom Manipulation
TIPTIP
Atom Manipulation
TIPTIP
Atom Manipulation
Manipulation ModeImaging Mode
TIPTIP
SURFACESURFACE
TIPTIP
SURFACESURFACE
Atom Atom ManipulationManipulation
Molecule Assembly
Copper Copper
Electron Standing Waves
Quantum Corral
Quantum Mirage
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