FAMOUS ESCAPES

Winston Church ill'sEscape from Pretoria

FIRST QUARTER 1991 • NUMBER 70

PUBLISHED BY THEINTERNATIONAL CHURCHILL SOCIETIES

AUSTRALIA • CANADA • UNITED KINGDOM • UNITED STATES

CHAIRMAN C I G A R E T T E S

WAR S E R I E S

y Hun WINSTON'S. CHUNCHIU.,

WINSTON CHURCHILL

Published quarterly by The International Churchill Societies of Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States

COVER

Cigarette and trade cards from the Collection of Cyril Mazansky.

CENTER SECTION

"The Churchill Handbook" completes the Redburn Bibliography of WorksAbout Churchill with an eight-page supplement: you must extract andcollate these two four-page segments. Then store with your other hand-book sections in a three-ring looseleaf binder.

ARTICLES

ICS United States 1991 Conference 9Join Us in "Churchill's Virginia": Richmond, Williamsburgby Richard H. Knight, Jr.The Case Against Going to War 10The majority believes that Britain was right;Maurice Cowling argues that the majority is wrong.

The Case For Going to War 12Tom Mahoney replies on behalf of the majorityBooks: A Review of Lukacs'"The Duel" 14by the Hon. Caspar W. Weinberger, GBE

COVER STORY: CIGARETTE AND TRADE CARDS 15A Miniature Gallery of the Churchill Eraby Dr. Cyril Mazansky

ChurchiSan Characteristics: Intellect 19How Many Undergraduates Could Passan Examination on Churchill's Thought?by R.W. Harrard

Remarks for Churchi's Birthday, 1990 22Requiem for Socialism and the Iron Curtainby Professor Harry W. Jaffa

DEPARTMENTSEditorial/3 International Datelines/4 Churchill in Stamps/20 Woods Cor-ner/25 Despatch Box/27 Churchilrtrivia/29 Gallery/30 Note: "Action ThisDay" will have a double run next issue.

FINEST HOUR

Editor: Richard M. Langworth (tel. 603-746-4433 days)Post Office Box 385, Contoocook, New Hampshire 03229 USA

Senior Editors: John G. Plumpton (tel. 416-497-5349 eves)130 Collingsbrook Blvd, Agincourt, Ontario, Canada M1W 1M7

H. Ashley Redbum, OBE (tel. 0705 479575)7 Auriol Dr., Bedhampton, Hampshire PO9 3LR, England

Cuttings Editor: John Frost (tel. 081-440-3159)8 Monks Ave, New Bamet, Herts., EN5 1D8, England

Contributors:George Richard, 7 Channel Hwy, Taroona, Tasmania, Australia 7006Stanley E. Smith, 9 Beech Drive, Littleton, MA 01460 USADerek L. Johnston, Box 33859 Stn D, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6J 4L6Ron Cohen, 4755 Grosvenor, Montreal PQ Canada H3W 2L9

Produced for ICS by Dragonwyck Publishing Inc. \ * /

THE INTERNATIONAL CHURCHILL SOCIETIES

Founded in 1968 in Camp Hill, Pennsylvania, the Societies consist of fournon-profit, charitable-educational organisations in Australia, Canada, theUnited Kingdom and the United States, plus individual members in othercountries around the world, all of whom work together to promote in-terest in and study on the life, times, philosophy, speeches and writings ofThe Rt. Hon. Sir Winston Spencer Churchill, KG, and to preserve hismemory for future generations. Three of the national organisations arecertified charitable associations under the separate laws of Canada, theUK and the USA.

An annual International Conference is rotated among the four Societies,and local Chapters sponsor educational and social events. The Societiesunderwrite ICS publications on a pro-rata basis. These include the annualProceedings, booklets and pamphlets by and about Sir Winston and oralhistory, as well as this journal. ICS has also underwritten completion ofthe document volumes of the official biography of Churchill, covering theyears 1939 to 1965.

finest Hour is provided free to Friends of the Societies, which offerseveral levels of support in their four national currencies. Membership ap-plications and changes of address should be sent to the National Officeslisted opposite. Editorial correspondence: Finest Hour, Route 1, Box 682,Hopkinton, New Hampshire 03229 USA, telephone (0101)603-746-4433, fax 603-746-4260. Permission to mail at non-profitrates in the USA has been granted by the US Postal Service; permissionto mail at bulk rates in Canada is pending with Canada Post.

PATRON OF THE SOCIETIES

The Lady Soames, DBE

ICS HONORARY MEMBERS

Winston S. Churchill, MP Yousuf Karsh, OCMartin Gilbert, CBE The Duke of Marlborough, DL, JPGrace Hamblin, OBE Sir John Martin, KCMG, CB, CVORobert Hardy, CBE Anthony Montague Browne, CBE, DFCPamela C. Harriman The Lady Soames, DBEJames Calhoun Humes Wendy Russell RevesMary Coyne Jackman, BA Hon. Caspar W. Weinberger, GBE

TRUSTEES ~~

ICS/UK: The Lady Soames; The Duke of Marlborough;Lord Charles Spencer-Churchill; Hon. Celia Perkins;

G.J. Wheeler; Nicholas Soames, MP; Richard Haslam-Hopwood;David Merritt; David Porter

ICS/USA: Ambassador Paul H. Robinson, Jr., Chmn.;The Lady Soames; Hon. Caspar Weinberger; Rt. Hon. Lord Pym;

Wendy R. Reves; Richard M. Langworth; George A. Lewis.J. Sinclair Armstrong

COUNCIL OF CHURCHILL SOCIETIES (• =^r f f fc io7

Australia: Peter M. Jenkins, Harvey H. Humphreys*Canada: Celwyn P. Ball, David Currie,

John G. Plumpton, Frank Smyth*United Kingdom: David Boler, David J. Porter, David A. Merritt*

United States: Merry N. Alberigi, Marianne Almquist,Derek Brownleader, R. Alan Fitch, Larry M. Kryske,

Richard M. Langworth, George A. Lewis, Alfred J. Lurie,James W. Muller, William C. Ives*

D I R E C T O R Y

INTERNATIONAL COUNCILCelwyn P. Ball, Chairman

1079 Coverdale Rd RR2, Moncton, N.B. E1C 8J6Telephone (506) 387-7347

THE CHURCHILL SOCIETIESICS/Australia: Peter M. Jenkins, (03) 700-1277

8 Regnans Ave., Endeavour Hills, Vic. 3802

ICS/Canada: David Currie, Chmn.Hon. Sec: Celwyn Ball, (506) 387-7347

1079 Coverdale Rd RR2, Moncton N.B. E1C 8J6

ICS/United Kingdom: David Porter, Chmn.Hon. Sec: David Merritt (0342) 327754

24 The Dell, E. Grinstead, W.Sx. RH19 3XP

ICS/USA: Hon. Paul H. Robinson Jr., Chmn.Hon. Sec: Derek Brownleader (504) 752-33131847 Stonewood Dr., Baton Rouge, LA 70816

DEPARTMENTS AND PROJECTSICS Stores: Alan Fitch

9807 Willow Brook Cir., Louisville, KY 40223

Commemorative Covers: Dave Marcus221 Pewter La., Silver Spring, MD 20904 USA

Publications: Richard M. LangworthPO Box 385, Contoocook, NH 03229 USA

ICS CHAPTERSMerry Alberigi, Coordinator

21 Bahama Reef, Novato CA 94949 USATelephone (415) 883-9076

Alaska: James W. Muller1518 Airport Hts Dr., Anchorage AK 99508

Arizona: Marianne Almquist2423 E. Marshall Ave., Phoenix AZ 85016

California: Merry Alberigi21 Bahama Reef, Novato CA 94949

Chicago: William C. Ives8300 Sears Tower, Chicago IL 60606

Illinois: Amb. Paul H. Robinson Jr.135 S. LaSalle St., Chicago, IL 60603

Nashville: Richard H. Knight, Jr.167 Charleston Park, Nashville, TN 37205

New Brunswick: Celwyn P. Ball1079 Coverdale Rd RR2, Moncton, NB E1C 8J6

New Mexico: Cdr. Larry M. Kryske, USN3416 La Sala del Este NE, Albuquerque, NM 87111

New York City: Alfred J. Lurie450 E. 63rd St, Apt 8A, New York, NY 10021

New England: Cyril Mazansky50 Dolphin Rd., Newton Centre, MA 02159

North Texas: Jean Smalling10307 Bernardin, Dallas, TX 75243

Toronto: The Other Club. Murray Milne33 Weldrick Rd., E., Ph #9

Richmond Hill, Ontario L4C 8W4

THOUGHTS AND ADVENTURESThe Mother of All Defeats

"As birds flying, so will the Lord of Hosts defend Jerusalem; defend-ing also he will deliver it; and passing over he will preserve i t . . . Thenshall the Assyrian fall with the sword, not of a mighty man; and thesword, not of a mean man, shall devour him; but he shall flee from thesword, and his young men shall be discomfitted." ISAIAH 3i: 5,8

Book Review Information NeededCurt Zoller of 21335 Amora Street, Mission Viejo California 92692

USA is compiling an index to reviews of all Churchill's books, which willbe of immense advantage to bibliographers and students of WSC'scareer as a writer and journalist. "While I am making strong progresswith American reviews, I need help in completing the European entries,especially from Britain," Curt writes. If you have copies of any bookreviews, please send a photocopy or at least the periodical and date toCurt Zoller. The results will be published in the Churchill Handbook.

Coming Up in FINEST HOURFinest Hour has always been blessed with a surfeit of material, but

with recent rapid membership growth we are reaping a bonanza. Sogreat is our backlog of articles that we offer readers an opportunity totell us what they'd like to see first. Just drop us a card signifying (bynumber) what interests you most. Since only about 1 % of our readerswill do this, you will have great influence over issue content. . .

1. "Free Trade: The Churchill-Gephardt Debates": WSC and Con-gressman Gephardt argue tariffs, by Michael T. McMenamin, ICS/USA.

2. "Stamps: Pre-1965 Churchill Issues," pages from the FincherCollection of varieties, errors, etc. donated to ICS/UK.

3. "Reporting Churchill, A Journalist's Recollection: ParliamentaryReporting From 1945," by Ron Cynewulf Robbins, ICS/Canada.

4. "The Genius and Wit of Winston Churchill," by Robin Lawson(address to the Medford, Oregon Rotary Club).

5. "Brendan Bracken and the Churchill Memorabilia at Sedbergh[Bracken's Public School]," by Dr. D.W. McLennan, ICS/Canada.

6. "Churchill in the Battle of Britain: A Personal Recollection," byWing Cdr. Denis Bannister, RAF, speech to the Alaska Chapter.

7. "The Lion Roars: How Churchill Handled the 'Scaffolding ofRhetoric,' " by Prof. Jim Muller, Alaska Chapter.

8. "A Patient Shrug: The Art of Churchill's Correspondence withStalin," by Douglas Peine, ICS/USA.

9. "The Resumption of History: Options for the English-SpeakingPeoples vis-ci-vis the Soviet Union," by Patrick L. Moore.

10. "The Man Behind the Legend: Recollections of Churchill atChartwell in 1955," by the British historian A.L. Rowse.

11. "Geneology: Churchill's U.S. Connections," by Ron Brennan12. "C-R Corner": numerous articles illustrating Churchill-related

stamps showing how they apply to the Churchill Saga.13. "An Ocean Apart": Comments on the 1988 BBC documentary

on the Anglo-American Special Relationship.14. "People Around Churchill: Arthur Balfour," by Peter Mclver.1 5. "The Churchill Club for Allied Servicemen," by Donald Baker.16. "Why Churchill?," How the Churchill Club, a California

businessmen's public forum, selected its namesake, by Michael Perkins.17. "English-Speaking Brotherhood: A Memoir of Churchill's Great

Speech at Harvard in 1943," by John T. Hay.18. "Savrola": a full issue devoted to Churchill's only novel, il-

lustrated with color woodcuts from the 1950 Monaco edition.19. "Churchill's Rhetoric and the Origins of the Cold War," by Paul

Basinski (New England Poli-Sci Assn. Meeting, Boston, 1986).RICHARD M. LANGWORTH

INTERNA TIONAL DA TELINESQuote of the Season

' 7 read somewhere that when the an-cient Athenians, on one occasion, over-powered a tribe in the Peloponnesuswhich had wrought them great injury bybase, treacherous means, and whenthey had the hostile army herded on abeach naked for slaughter, they forgavethem and set them free, and they said:' "This was not because they were men; itwas done because of the nature ofMan.' "— House of Commons, 18 January 1945

Stop Press: "World Crisis,""Marlborough" To Be Reprinted!

NORWALK, CONN., USA, FEBRUARY 20TH - It

happened so fast our heads are swim-ming. New York bookseller BarrySinger, chatting with Charles Scribnerof Scribner-Macmillan about a one-volume World Crisis (Woods A31b) puthim on to bookseller Glenn Horowitz,who put him on to bookseller RichardLang worth, who interested him in thefull six-volume unabridged work(Woods A3 la) as a limited edition.

A day later, a book scout bought fromLangworth a 1963 Scribner reprint ofThe World Crisis and had it shipped toan address in Norwalk. A day after thatthe recipient called Langworth, in-troduced himself as Eric Stones ofEaston Press, specialists in fine collec-tor bindings and publishers of a leather-bound Second World War (panned badlyby Langworth in Finest Hour 66!).

Stones shrugged off the panning andasked how Easton might get ICS on hisside this time round. We suggested hework from an original British editionwith its lovely folding maps andshoulder notes on each page, and dulysent him one. (Now he owns two!) Hesays he will have a set ready in 1991.Scribner, who works with Easton, willprobably publish a cloth set, as well asthe one-volume abridgement that startedall this off. There will also be UK edi-tions.

Meanwhile another bookseller, MarkWeber (UK) says the Folio Society arebringing out a brand new four-volumeMarlborough, the first four-volume edi-tion since 1939.

These two famous titles bring thecount of classic Churchill works revivedthrough the wheedling-, connivance oraid of ICS to 14 titles and 22 individual

volumes. When we began our campaignin 1986, 29 of Churchill's 37 book titleswere out-of-print; today we've cut thatfigure in half.

To quote WSC, "We may allow our-selves a period of rejoicing . . . This isyour victory!" At last people can ownat reasonable cost the full set of"Winston's magnificent autobiography,disguised as a history of the universe"(Arthur Balfour). Ordering details willbe published as soon as we have them.

"Good Old Winnie!"LONDON, FEBRUARY 14th - Angry ToryMPs, including ICS hon. memberWinston S. Churchill (Cons.-Davy-hulme), blasted TV news chiefs for ac-ting as propaganda agents for Iraq. In aletter to The Times four days later, Mr.Churchill wrote: "Have the chairmanand senior executives of BBC and ITVno sense of shame or twinge of cons-cience at the fact that while our youngmen are risking — indeed sacrificing —their lives, they are acting as the vehiclefor enemy propaganda? [The media]allow themselves to be led by the noseby their Baghdad 'minders' to the sceneof the 'Allied horror-story' of the day

Meanwhile they accept the diktatnot to report the far greater civiliancasualties and suffering inflicted on thehapless citizens of Kuwait . . . Do theBBC and ITV imagine that Lord Reithwould have countenanced the BBC be-ing used as a tool of Goebbels's pro-paganda machine?"

We are not exactly sanguine aboutLord Reith's muzzling of Mr. Chur-chill's grandfather before World War II— but there was no doubt about his in-tegrity once the war was on. SirWinston once dismissed the House ofLords as "one-sided, hereditary, un-purged, unrepresentative, irresponsible,absentee." His grandson might refer tothese broadcasters as one-sided, un-purged, unrepresentative, irresponsible,and largely absent from the front —which would be a good place for them.

RML

Blenheim Award to Lee Remick

duction "Jennie" aboard the RMSQueen Mary, a liner replete withmemorabilia of voyages with Churchillamong the passengers. A private tour ofthe ship (including Churchill sites) and ablack tie dinner will precede the awardpresentation, with Gregory Peck payingtribute to Miss Remick. ChairmanMerry Alberigi explained the lateness ofthe award: "We weren't around to do it16 years ago — it's high time we did itnow." A special invitation was includedwith the last issue for North Americanfriends; reservations may also be madeby writing Merry at 21 Bahama Reef,Novato CA 94949, tel. (415) 883-9076.Seats are limited.

Blenheim Award to ac-for her role as Lady

dph Churchill in the 1975 TV pro-

4

Cartier's CaseNEW YORK, JANUARY 27TH - A g o l d

cigarette case designed as an envelopeaddressed by WSC to his son Randolphat Chartwell is a tour de force designtypical of many objects from Cartier'sgolden age. Commissioned as a presenton RSC's 21st birthday, the case bearsan enameled 1 Vid George V stamp can-celed on 20 June 1932. It was one ofmany objects assembled by the NewYork branch of the Paris-based jewelerfor "Reflections of Cartier: The ArtDeco Y e a r s , " an exhibition inFebruary.

Jefferson Tops WSC for MillenniumWASHINGTON, DECEMBER 28TH - Syn-

dicated columnist and Friend of theSociety George Will has named ThomasJefferson "person of the millennium,"while admitting that "this centurybelongs to Einstein or Churchill" -Albert for "altering how we think aboutspace, time, matter, energy;" Winstonfor understanding "the two great, andrelated, social inventions of this cen-tury, total war and totalitarianism.Because of his understanding andcourage, free nations survived both."

Will gives top marks to Jefferson:"History is the history of the humanmind," he writes. "Jefferson was,preeminently, the mind of the Revolu-tion that succeeded. It resulted in thebirth of the first modern nation, the na-tion that in the 20th century saved theworld from tyranny."

That last bit is rather all-embracing.Jefferson's country's contributions weresubstantial, but Churchill's Britain ledthe fight against tyranny in 1914-17 and1939^1. On that subject in 1954, WSCwas modest: "It was the nation and therace dwelling round the globe that hadthe lion's heart. I had the luck to becalled upon to give the roar."

Humes at Poly PrepBROOKLYN, NY, FEBRUARY 4TH - I C S / U S Ahon. member James Humes was the firstspeaker at the Winston ChurchillLecture Series sponsored by Poly-technic Preparatory Country DaySchool, presenting a history lesson thatwas entertaining, timely and pleasantlyeducational. He gave a brief biographyof Churchill's life and political career,describing his accomplishments andtenacity. Depicting Churchill as apositive role model, Humes was im-pressive as usual when impersonatingthe Great Man. At a subsequent recep-tion, students and faculty were able totalk to Humes about Churchill and cur-rent affairs. - LAURA KAHN

Clemmie's Morris's New RoleLONDON, NOVEMBER IST - Rally driverBill Taylor, suffering from cancer andgiven six months to live, is raffling offLady Churchill's 1961 Morris Oxfordto support cancer research at St. Mary'sHospital, Paddington. Taylor, who stillrallies his Porsche under Castrol spon-sorship, was given the Morris by fellowdriver Pater Thomas, who paid £5000for it a year ago and hopes it produces£20,000 to advance the work of St.Mary's Dr. Pierre Guillou, an expert inthe field.

Old School CryLONDON, NOVEMBER 30TH - Thousands ofOld Harrovians gathered at the AlbertHall on the 50th anniversary of theChurchill Songs, named after theschool's most famous Prime Ministeramong seven who attended Harrow."Songs" is an ancient tradition, but itwas in 1940 that Churchill returned toHarrow to attend the performance. Hewept copiously throughout, singing allthe songs from memory. Heard was a

new song entitled Donorum Dei, atribute to the Harrow PMs: Goderich,Perceval, Peel, Aberdeen, Palmerston,Baldwin and Churchill.

EASDALE ISLANDCCOTLAND

New Issues: LocalsEASDALE ISLAND, SCOTLAND, FEBRUARY 1ST

- A £5 gold foil "stamp," reminiscentof the 1960s gold foil locals of anotherScottish island, Pabay, has been issuedby Easdale Island, purportedly to coverthe cost of carriage to the Scottishmainland. Easdale lies in the Firth ofLorn off the Dun Mor peninsula, about15 miles south of Oban. It exports fish,prawns and lobster, but whether parcelsactually bear these £5 locals is a goodquestion. Easdale does claim a post of-fice that sells and uses the labels.Covering all bases, the £5 depicts PopeJohn Paul n, John Kennedy and WSC,and is serially numbered on the reverse.There are also proof sheets and"specimens." For details contactWestminster Stamp Gallery, PO Box456, Foxboro MA 02035.

"Malakand" Down to $9.95NEW YORK, FEBRUARY 20TH - Churchill'sfirst book, Story of the Malakand FieldForce, which two years ago com-manded $50 minimum and up to $4000at the high end, is offered at a bargain$9.95 by Barnes & Noble, mail orderbooksellers. Available for the sameprice is The Boer War, a reprint com-bining London to Ladysmith and IanHamilton's March, both rare and priceyas first editions.

Barnes & Noble's price is less thanthe ICS New Book Service can buythem for, and we feared they had beensuddenly remaindered. Not so —Norton tells us sales have been good andboth titles have been reprinted, alongwith My African Journey. These arenow joined by two new titles: GreatContemporaries and Thoughts andAdventures. B&N buys in huge quanti-

ty, allowing big discounts. The NewBook Service will continue to stockthese books at 20% off. To take advan-tage of B&N's 40-50% discount, orderfrom them at 126 Fifth Avenue, NewYork NY 10011. Stock numbers are1689397 for "Malakand" and 1689389for "Boer War " _

More ChurchillianaWORCESTER, UK, FEBRUARY 10TH - Asome 8 Vi-inch plate commemorating theBattle of Britain with a painting of WSCand battle scenes by Malcolm Green-smith was issued by the Hamilton Col-lection, Freepost, Worcester WR11BR. The plates sell for £21 postpaid inthe UK only. Non-UK readers desiringcopies may care to ask ICS/UK to inter-cede on their behalf, or buy through aBritish friend. The porcelain plate has a23K gold rim and is "limited" to only19,500 copies.

LEICESTER, UK, DECEMBER 10TH — T h r e e Of

Churchill's best oil paintings have beenreproduced in hand-finished oils inquantities of 150 each for readers of theTelegraph newspapers — again, this of-fer is confined to Britain. The reproduc-tions are authenticated by Lady Soames,author of Churchill the Painter.

The high-definition results are madepossible by Colour Masters, a photo-graphic process developed by CPL ofEdenbridge, which produces texturedeffects outstandingly faithful to theoriginals. The paintings, which comeframed, are "The Thames at Taplow"(1930s), "Study of Boats, South ofFrance" (1930s) and "Scene on LakeComo" (September 1945). Prices are£350 for "Taplow" and £325 for theothers. All three are good choices, but"Lake Como" represents Churchill athis best, with a marvelous play oftranslucent waters under light andshadow.

This offer allegedly closed 31 Decem-ber, but we wonder if some other agen-

continued overleaf. . .

Tony Auth of ICS/USA, cartoonist with the Philadelphia Inquirer, exercises his Churchill interest.

cy is now offering the prints — some ofthe proceeds must accrue to Chartwell,where the originals hang.

* * *DORSET, UK, JANUARY 15TH - Danny A n -drews of ICS/UK has commissioned asuperb 40-inch-long model of the SirWinston Churchill, first ship built forthe Sail Training Association, whichtook part in "Op Sail" in 1976. Eachmodel takes two months to build, andonly 25 will be made. A glass displaycase is included. For information writeAndrews International, PO Box 219,Broadstone, Dorset, UK, fax (0202)896281.

John Edison at his September exhibit.

"Sterner Years" DebutsTORONTO, SEPTEMBER 24TH - Friends ofthe Society in Canada joined JohnEdison at the opening exhibit of hissuperb Churchill book collection at theThomas Fisher Rare Book Library,University of Toronto. A catalogue wasproduced to mark the occasion. Ascrupulous collector and longtime ICSmember, Edison spent many yearsamassing one of the most completeChurchill libraries in the world, and weare glad that it has found such adistinguished new home.

Now's Your Chance . . .LONDON, JANUARY 2ND - The ChurchillHotel is seeking "bright, personableyoung people for our lavishly refur-bished bar . . . excellent salaries andunparalleled opportunities." The editorfails to meet these criteria and,acknowledging the kind invitation ofclippings editor John Frost ("suit you,Richard?"), gratuitously passes this op-portunity to readers.

Conover Collection to ICSMIAMI NOVEMBER 15TH - I C S / U n i t e dStates has received a bequest which willeventually be housed in the library of aCenter for Churchill Studies in theUnited States — about which more indue course. The collection, given by theestate of the late David Conover, in-cludes inscribed copies of MalakandField Force and My Early Life, andeight signed letters from Churchill toConover's mother spanning an incredi-ble 44 years: 1899 to 1943.

Churchill met the then-Miss ChristineLewis on a steamer returning from In-dia, and continued the friendship whenthey met again in Cairo and Londonduring 1899. Obviously attracted to theyoung American, WSC urged her to readhis articles in the Morning Post — suresign of affection. (In one letter WSCdismisses The Times: "A vy pompouspaper, but with tremendous power,"which he wistfully says does not yetcarry his scribbles.) In a 1904 letter,Churchill congratulates Miss Lewis onher forthcoming wedding and regrets hecannot cross the ocean to attend. Thirty-nine years later, he writes her from the

6

White House, enclosing the signedEarly Life and recalling old times!

This charming correspondence,Winston S. Churchill to Christine LewisConover, will be published by ICS/USAwith reproductions of the letters andphotos and suitable annotation, in thenear future.

Scandal from the ArchivesLONDON, MAY 1990 - Buried in the com-memorations of Churchill 's 1940premiership was the appearance of a listof members of "The Right Club,"which allegedly conspired against Chur-chill and pursued peace with Hitler. TheClub, whose motto was "PerishJudah," was founded by Capt. Ramsay,MP for Peebles, who was arrested inMay 1940 as a German sympathizer. Itallegedly pursued a hostile campaignagainst British Jews, and some 50members are said to be still alive. ITV(which would tell you it opposesMcCarthy ism) ran a documentary, "Di-vided We Stand," revealing some of al-leged members, including former MPSir Peter Agnew, the Duke of Montroseand the 98-year-old Earl of Southesk(who was listed among the dead but isalive and well in Scotland!)

Southesk told the papers, "I havenever heard of the Right Club," butsays he knew Ramsay "quite well. Hewas a very loyal, patriotic man. Chur-chill was down on him because he wasanti-semitic." (Can a UK reader pro-vide the latest developments?)

Dale S. Johnson as WSC

WSC in Two ActsROLLA, MISSOURI, DECEMBER 6TH - Dale SJohnson, who P l a y s Churchill in a one-man dramatization, is booking a tour ofMidwest and California schools for thew-n «Ch°01 y e a r" He was last atWilliam Perm College in Oskaloosa,

Iowa on April 23-24th. Johnson's pre-sentation takes two hours and ticketsare inexpensive. The performance issimilar to the Robert Hardy/Susskindproduction a few years ago, with Chur-chill/Johnson recounting his youth andearly career, getting more serious asWorld War II approaches.

We wish all Churchill publicists well,but are wary about impersonations, hav-ing seen all too many inaccuracies andliberties taken with the WSC persona.Reviews of this performance by re-porters with no special knowledge ofChurchill are favorable, though wenotice some misquotes — which may bethe papers' and not Mr. Johnson's. Wewould welcome a review by a knowl-edgeable reader.

ICS Chapters interested in bookingMr. Johnson may contact Thespis Pro-ductions, PO Box 1767, Rolla MO65401, tel. (314) 341-5838.

Rhodes James to CanadaCALGARY, OCTOBER 17TH - T h e Si rWinston S. Churchill Society's threebranches (Edmonton, Calgary and Van-couver) will host noted Churchillscholar Robert Rhodes James, MP asspeaker at their annual dinners in May.Calgary's is set for May 27th. RhodesJames, one of the "responsible critics"among Churchill authors, wrote Chur-chill: a Study in Failure and the modernbiography of Lord Randolph Churchill,and edited the eight-volume CompleteSpeeches (which are not complete butclose to it).

The Calgary Branch president for1990-91 is Robert G. Peters, 200 SunLife Plaza, North Tower, 140-4th Ave.SW, Calgary, AlbertaT2P 3X1. Presi-dent of the Edmonton Branch is W.J.Sterling Sunley, 14552 107A Ave., Ed-monton, Alberta T5N 1G5.

Emery Reves ChapterDALLAS, NOVEMBER nth - Our annualChampagne party to mark Sir Winston'sbirthday was held at the residence ofCharlotte and Earl Nicholson. NathanHughes, on behalf of members, pre-sented a bottle of Pol Roger to chapterpresident David Sampson as a token ofthanks for his long service. David, whoas an Air Force reserve officer wasawaiting a summons to the Gulf anyday, presented the evening's programon the Battle of Britain, including audiotapes of wartime speeches. Jean Small-

continued overleaf. . •

NOTE: ALAN IS IN THE MIDST OF MOVING HOUSES - ICS STORES CUSTOMERS PLEASE BE PATIENT

FRIENDS OF THE SOCIETIES:

R. ALAN FITCHLOUISVILLE COURIER-JOURNAL

Alan Fitch, culinary arts Chef In-structor at the National Center forHospitality Studies at SullivanCollege, enthusiastically operates"ICS Stores," selling back issues,publications and other products onbehalf of the Societies. Alan startedat Indiana University studying liberalarts, but as an impoverished studenthe needed to earn money. So hehelped pay his way through collegeby cooking for the now-defunct In-diana Hotel. "They had a crusty,old, European-styled, domineeringtyrant in the kitchen chef, but he wasgood," says Alan. Under thistutelage his interest in cookingquickly developed, but Alan didn'ttake it up as a profession until hecompleted 20 years service in theU.S. Army.

Fitch went into Military Intel-ligence, but continued to earn extramoney cooking: "I did a lot oftraveling throughout the world, andeverywhere I went, I pursuedregional and ethnic cuisines . . . Iwould visit the markets, learningabout the indigenous ingredients,trying every imaginable concoctionon a local restaurant menu. Food isjust a direct outgrowth of culture andwhat is naturally available."

Retiring from the Army in 1984with the rank of Major, Alan enteredthe Baltimore (Md.) InternationalCulinary Arts Institute, where he ob-

tained an Associate Arts degree. Heworked in various Baltimore res-taurants, and also had the oppor-tunity to work with some of thebetter chefs in New Orleans, wherehe cooked in the French Quarter:"Where I really learned anddeveloped was in Gautreau's, asmall, 48-seat house off the touristtrack and very popular with thelocals. The neat thing was that wechanged the menu every day. The ex-ecutive chef was Armond Jonte, prob-ably one of the most knowledgeablepersons at blending ethnic cuisinesand bringing other ethnic ideas intothe mainstream of Cajun cooking."

Though he loved New Orleans,Alan eventually grew homesick forthe Midwest, and 2Vi years ago hemoved to Madison, Indiana: "I likedthe idea of this architecturallywonderful, small bucolic town withunspoiled frontage on the OhioRiver." He planned to open arestaurant, but this hadn't yetmaterialized when Sullivan Collegeasked him to sign on as a Chef In-structor. Here he teaches basicculinary skills and theory class,which he says is the foundation forall good cooking.

Alan tells his students that theymust know how to "tweak" a recipeto make it more attractive: "The re-quirement to use judgment is alwaysthere. The understanding and ap-plication of correct culinary deci-sions is what distinguishes the reallycompetent cook. A chef must analyzea recipe by categories: What's theacid? What's the thickening? What'sthe fat if there is fat? What's theseasonings? What are the otherculinary techniques involved?

"It's a terribly enjoyable thing,watching students change, watchingthe [understanding] lights come on.I've had students come in with fairlylow levels of esteem and I have seenthem go out as if they were kings orqueens of the world. I don't makethem feel that way. They do that forthemselves." Rather like younjWinston did, Alan . . .

INTERNATIONAL DATELINES

Clint Corre Delivers: 17 Nov. 90.

ing described her visit to the new"Breakthrough" sculpture at the Chur-chill Memorial (this column, last issue).Clint Corre then gave an excellent im-personation of the "Blood, Toil, Tearsand Sweat" speech. Our growing chap-ter's next meeting will feature ProfessorJames Hopkins speaking on "Triumphand Defeat: 1940 and 1945."

— JEAN SMALLING

Is Anchorage any place for Canaries? L-R: JimMuller, Craig Carlson, Michael Padden. Seated,L-R: Mrs. Brooke Marston, Will Jacobs, LisaNelson, Wing Commander Denis Bannister RAF,Judith Muller. Photo by Paul Ubl.

Alaska ChapterANCHORAGE, NOVEMBER 30TH - W S C ' S

116th birthday was celebrated at adinner tonight at the Hotel CaptainCook. Twenty-five friends of the Socie-ty braved 20-below temperatures to at-tend a dinner featuring lamb chops andChampagne toasts to the President, theQueen, and the Heroic Memory. Thechapter welcomed British guests, WingCdr. and Mrs. Dennis Bannister, RAF.Dennis delivered an eloquent remem-brance of Churchill in the Battle of Bri-tain, while his wife Sue won the doorprize, a package of notecards from Har-row School.

The dinner program recalled Chur-chill's schooldays and the table was

decorated with photos of the fourschools he attended. On the same eve-ning hundreds of Old Boys were gather-ing at the Royal Albert Hall in Londonfor Churchill Songs (see above),Michael Padden delivered the speechChurchill made 50 years ago during hisfirst annual appearance at Harrow.

"Canaries" (the Harrow term formelodious songsters), led by Padden,Craig Carlson and Jim Muller, joined inessaying three of the same Harrowsongs that were sung in 1940: "WhenRaleigh Rose," "Giants" and "40Years On."

The after-dinner speech was byDonald F. Behrend, Chancellor of theUniversity of Alaska, Anchorage, whocompared Churchill's ruminations inThe Dream with two recent monographson the dilemmas of American education.The meeting adjourned to the singing of"Auld Lang Syne , " leaving the"Canaries" to swell their ranks andpolish their repertoire before the nextmeeting of our farthest north and far-thest west ICS Chapter, 3 September1991. Our guest that evening will be IanBeer, Headmaster of Harrow School.

— JIM MULLER

Churchill Trust of AustraliaCANBERRA, DECEMBER 31ST - To m a r k itsSilver Jubilee Year, the Trust awardedeighty Fellowships for tenure in 1991 atan estimated A$913,0OO, the highestnumber in any year to date. The Na-tional Chairman reported a lean year forTrust investments which make theFellowships possible, but did not view itas a cause for major concern, lookingforward to prompt recovery "from1990's less than sparkling perfor-mance."

Australian Meeting on 16 OctoberThe farthest-flung Churchill Societymeeting yet is set for Canberra, the na-tion's capital, on Wednesday 16 Oc-tober, when our party of U.S. andCanadian ICS members touches downfrom Melbourne at 1030 hrs. Tentativeplans call for a tour of the WarMemorial and Botanical Gardens,followed by a coach tour of Canberra,ending up at Parliament House for aprivate visit being arranged on ourbehalf by Rear Admiral Ian RichardsRAN (Ret'd), chief executive officer ofAustral ia ' s Winston ChurchillMemorial Trust. Evening events in-clude a dinner at the Art Gallery,followed by Loyal Toasts, a speaker (to

be announced), and a toast to the HeroicMemory. Friends of the AustralianSociety will be advised as soon as possi-ble as to dates, times and costs of thisevent, and other opportunities to meetfriends in Sydney and Melbourne.

Australia Tour Has Three Seats LeftThe Fifth Churchill Tour, an excitinground-robin of Australia onOctober4-20th, still has three seats available.Opportunity knocks but once! SeeFH 67 for the full itinerary or writeor telephone Barbara Langworth atRt 1, Box 682, Hopkinton NH03229 USA, tel. (0101)603-746^433weekdays 9-5 EST.

Phoenix ChapterPHOENIX, NOVEMBER 29TH - The PhoenixChapter met for a "Sir Winston Chur-chill Birthday Celebration," Marianneand Karl Almquist hosting a buffet sup-per attended by 22 members and guests.The program featured a visual presenta-tion by Cdr. Larry Kryske, USN (andICS chapter head in New Mexico) en-titled "Churchill as Commander-In-Chief: A Military Perspective." Cdr.Kryske's military insight and extensiveknowledge of Churchill historystimulated a lively discussion periodfollowing the program. Toasts weregiven to Sir Winston and the Queen.Marianne Almquist reported on the In-ternational meeting held in San Fran-cisco in August.

Riddles, R.F.C.*He was a boy of April beauty; oneWho had not tried the world; who, while

the sunFlamed yet upon the eastern sky, was

done.Time would have brought him in her

patient ways —So his young beauty spoke — to

prosperous days,To fulness of authority and praise.

He would not wait so long. A boy hespent

His boy's dear life for England. Becontent:

No honour of age had been moreexcellent.

lt . . o - JOHN DRINKWATER•Lieut. Stewart G. Ridley, Royal Fly-ing Corps sacrificed his life in theEgyptian desert in an attempt to save acomrade. He was twenty years of age.A timely poem, submitted by GlennHorowitz. 0

A SPECTACULAR program ofChurchillian events awaits youin Virginia this November. You

will soon receive a special mailing withall the details; for now, a few of thehighlights . . .

"Churchill's Virginia" is the themeof a Conference built around SirWinston's writings on the AmericanCivil War, with tours of all the crucialbattlefields from our headquarters at theelegant, freshly restored Thomas Jeffer-son in Richmond. There will also betime to visit the Museum of the Con-federacy.

Our Saturday night speaker is formerUnited States Senator Harry F. Byrd,Jr., who will recall Churchill's visit toRicmond in 1946 and his speech to theVirginia Legislature — the only otherspeech on the trip which produced thefamous "Iron Curtain" oration.

Participating Civil War experts in-clude Ward Chamberlin, Vice Chairmanof WETA Channel 26 in Washington,which coproduced the acclaimed PBSCivil War Series. A lifelong student ofChurchill, Ward will discuss observa-tions of WSC from a unique vantagepoint as an American serving with theBritish Army.

Our Sunday night speaker is"wrapped in impenetrable mystery" —but past experience should suggest thathe (or she) will be someone you will notwant to miss . . .

On Monday and Tuesday November4-5th the scene shifts to ColonialWilliamsburg, the finest 18th Centuryrestoration in the country, for visits tothe Emery Reves Center for Interna-tional Studies and a reception hosted bythe College of William and Mary. Chur-chill's 1946 visit to Williamsburg willbe uniquely recalled in a special issue ofFinest Hour devoted to his relationshipwith Virginia (no. 72, third quarter1991).

Like Richmond's Jefferson Hotel, theWilliamsburg Lodge will offer speciallow rates to ICS participants. TheLodge is ideally located for touring thecolonial area; you may also wish to stayin one of the colonial nouses — but bookthese early, they go very fast!

If all this sounds too good to miss, wesuggest you beat the rush: write con-ference chairman Dick Knight at 167Charleston Park, Nashville, Tenn.37205, or telephone toll free, weekdaysat (800) 251-2561. He will see that youreceive advance information and anearly registration form. •

I.C.S. U.S. 1991 Conference:November 2nd-5th

Churchill's Virginia:Richmond, Williamsburg, Civil War Battlefields

Richmond HQ: The Jefferson Hotel Williamsburg: The Governor's Palace

AMONG OUR SPEAKERS

DAVID McCULLOUGH is the author offour acclaimed works of history. He haswon two National Book Awards, one forMornings on Horseback, the life of youngTheodore Roosevelt. He is currently at workon a biography of Harry Truman, for whichhe has been awarded a Guggenheim Fellow-ship. Born in Pittsburgh, he was educated atYale, holds eight honorary degrees, hastaught at the Wesleyan University WritersConference and was recently the NewmanVisiting Professor of American Civilizationat Cornell. He is known to TV viewers ashost of two award-winning PBS series,"Smithsonian World" and "The AmericanExperience."

HARRY F. BYRD, JR. spent 36 years inelected office including 18 years in the U.S.Senate, where he was the only person to beelected twice as an independent. He attendedthe Virginia Military Institute and majoredin government at the University of Virginia.During World War II he served as a Lt.Commander in the Pacific. As editor andpublisher of newspapers in Virginia, hisEuropean coverage stimulated his interestfor international affairs. Senator Byrd hasvery distinct and sometimes humorousmemories of Churchill's visit to Richmondand Williamsburg in 1946, which he haspromised to share with us in his remarks onNovember 2nd.

The War Question: An Introduction by the EditorWhen I first read Maurice Cowling's challenging article a

year ago, I was struck by its similarity to occasional darkthoughts of my own. It has often occurred to me that perhapsthe Sudetenland really was Hitler's "last territorial claim inEurope" — with the exception of the Soviet Union, which isbetter than half Asiatic. And who would have shed tears overa two-way battle between Hitler's Nazis and Stalin'sBolsheviks?

Saddam Hussein has lately been compared to Hitler: whichis correct if we mean the Hitler of, say, 1936. By 1939,Hitler represented afar more formidable threat than the dic-tator of Iraq. In 1936, he could easily have been stopped;Churchill argues powerfully that it would have even beenpreferable to fight him in 1938, with Czechoslovakia stillarmed and fortified.

If all this is true, how sensible was it, really, to fight in1939?

I have always thought I've known the answer to that ques-tion, but Dr. Cowling assails many of my most basicprecepts. I did not accept his arguments that fighting Hitler

cost Britain its empire and fortune; that is a hindsight judg-ment, though even in the 1930s empire and fortune werevisibly ebbing. (I remember a prewar remark of Churchill'sthat to the average Englishman, the dullest subject im-aginable was the British Empire.) But other points by Dr.Cowling demand consideration. Yet, having received hispermission to reprint, I hesitated, reluctant to let such asingularly unorthodox view stand without comment from theother side.

There the matter lay until I sent a copy of the Cowlingpiece to Patrick Powers oflCS/USA, a professor at Assump-tion College, where he lectures cogently on Churchill'sthought and literature. Patrick forwarded it to his colleagueTom Mahoney with the suggestion that Tom frame a reply.Tom did.

In publishing both Dr. Cowling's article and Dr.Mahoney's reply, I disclaim any attempt to create a sparringmatch, and express instead a desire to seek truth, even as Ioffer thanks to both authors.

RICHARD M. LANGWORTH

The Case Against Going to WarThe majority believes that Britain was right

to go to war with Germany in 1939. Maurice Cowling arguesthat the majority is wrong.

LIKE THE nations of the past, modern Britain hasits heroisms and its heroes — Trafalgar, Waterlooand the Battle of Britain on the one hand, Nelson, Well-

ington and Churchill on the other. Of the latter, none is sopresent, or impregnable, as Churchill, who has survived, andwill continue to survive, both the uncritical attentions of Mr.Martin Gilbert and the deflations of reputation which havebeen attempted by revisionist history.

Whatever revisionist historians may say, the public seesChurchill, and will continue to see him, as the enemy of ap-peasement and embodiment of the spirit which won the Sec-ond World War, while Chamberlain will continue to be seenas "the appeaser" who had to be removed before the SecondWorld War could be waged.

So far as Churchill is concerned, the public is mainlywrong. Churchill did urge resistance to Hitler, but thepolicies he advocated in opposition, and would probablyhave pursued in office, were not very different fromChamberlain's; they might well have kept Stalin at arm'slength, while convincing Hitler that British intervention inEastern and South-Eastern Europe must be neutralised byalliance with the Soviet Union.

Maurice Cowling is a Fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge,and author of Religion and Public Doctrine in ModernEngland.

Chamberlain and Churchill combined anti-socialist andanti-Marxist opinions with the social radicalism they had in-herited from Joseph Chamberlain and Lord Randolph Chur-chill. Both believed in the British Empire, whichChamberlain by declaring war and Churchill by joiningChamberlain's Cabinet on the outbreak of war, made a majorcontribution to destroying.

They did not, of course, know on September 3, 1939 thatthat was what they were doing. They were not sure thatHitler would attack in the West, they did not expect France tofall if he did, and they expected the Russo-German pact toalienate Spain, Italy and Japan. What they were doing,nevertheless — and what became plain when France fell inJune 1940 — was to put themselves into the hands of theLabour Party and the trade unions and to make it likely thatsocialism would be established and the Empire disestab-lished.

Conservatives,* therefore, have solemn reasons for reflection as the anniversary is remembered. Reflection shouldlead them to the questions: Was the war a war in pursuit ofBritish interests? Or was it a war of moral indignationentered into without the resources to fight it as a result ofguarantees - to Greece and Romania as well as to Poland -which it had never been possible to honour?

In The Impact of Hitler [now in Chicago University Press

*The author refers to the British Conservative Party

10

paperback] I argued that until July 1938 Chamberlain had aperfectly sensible foreign policy consisting of rearmament,avoidance of new military commitments, and "appease-ment", ie, the rather vague wish to make Germany into acontented member of the European system, which took himto Germany three times in a situation of high tension inSeptember 1938. He was then blown off course when Halifax(Foreign Secretary) and the Cabinet responded to two sortsof public pressure. The first was from Conservatives whobelieved that the Empire had to be defended by resistingHitler in Europe. The second was from the Labour Party andthe liberal-Left which claimed that there was a moral duty toresist Hitler by alliance with the Soviet Union, whetherresistance was in Britain's interest and within her capabilityor not, and whether the Soviet Union was likely to cooperateor not.

The implication of my argument is that Chamberlainshould probably have left Hitler and the Czechs to deal withthe Sudeten question; that he should probably not have paidhis visits to Hitler, since these merely convinced Hitler thatappeasement would involve British interference in hisbackyard; and that he should not have made a radical depar-ture in British policy after the German occupation of Pragueby giving military guarantees against German expansion inEastern and South Eastern Europe, since expansion would

The author argues that Hitler may have eventually givenway to a German-style Gorbachev. Artwork from "AdolfHitler's Frontier" by R.F. Marty, NY:Carlton 1990.

certainly have had the beneficial effect of entangling Hitlerwith the Russians.

It is wrong to assume that a dominant Germany would havebeen more intolerable to Britain than the Soviet Union was tobecome, or that British statesmen had a duty to risk Britishlives to prevent Hitler behaving intolerably to Germans andothers. We do not know that Hitler wanted war against Bri-tain; we know only that he wanted war against the SovietUnion, and found himself at war with Britain and Francewhen British indignation turned Chamberlain's political in-terference at Munich into a military commitment againsthim.

Chamberlain has often been accused of wanting to setHitler on to Stalin, when what he really wanted was a con-tented Germany within a stable Europe. The real chargeshould be that, by treating Eastern and South-Eastern Europeas spheres of British influence, he drove Hitler into Stalin'sarms.

In making their judgments Conservatives will admire the

epic precariousness of Churchill's achievement betweenDunkirk and Pearl Harbour. But they should also agree thatthe war had consequences as damaging as the bombing ofBritish cities and the fall of Singapore; that, indeed, nothingdid more damage in Britain than the complacency and self-congratulation induced by the Russo-American victory of1945, which the Cold War seemed almost to increase, andwhich it took the Suez crisis of 1956, the immigration crisisof the 1960s, and the Irish and economic crises of the 1970sto remove.

These are harsh judgments which will be offensive to per-sons of goodwill who believe, and will doubtless continue tobelieve, that the war dead died in a particular righteouscause. They will be especially offensive to people of good-will who were young in the 1930s, and whose conventionalwisdom will have a great deal to say in contradiction.

Conventional wisdom will say that Hitler was evil, that, inwilling his destruction, Britain was doing her duty, and that itwas a providential blessing that the Empire had to be con-verted into the Commonwealth from 1947 onwards. It willalso say that the war lanced social abscesses, broke downclass barriers, and made Britain a better place to live in.

For at least three decades these opinions had the status ofnational truths. Yet they were merely reflections of the factthat there had been a student revolution in the 1930s (like thestudent revolution of the 1960s), and that the Com-monwealth and United Nations sentiments into which its anti-imperialism was converted internationally after the war werematched domestically by the conversion of its virtuallyMarxist collectivism into post-war Keynesian collectivism.

In the light of Powellism and Thatcherism it is easy to seethat the equality of sacrifice and state-mobilisation ofresources necessary for conducting the war lent patrioticrespectability to punitive taxation and state economic con-trol. It is even easier to see that the war was debilitatingpolitically and intellectually, and that it took the British avery long time to recover from it.

A thinking Conservative may draw two sets of conclu-sions. First, that moral indignation in virtuous causes was adangerous luxury for a precarious Empire and that patienceand prudence could hardly have been less successful thanmoral indignation. Though the balance is a fine one, Russian(and American) domination of Europe after a long war, thedestruction of Germany and the emasculation of the BritishEmpire, were probably worse for Britain than Germandomination of Europe might have been if that had been ef-fected without war or the emasculation of the Empire. Is itinconceivable, moreover, that patience with Nazi Germanymight have been rewarded in the long run by militarytakeover, economic breakdown or a Gorbachev or Rafsan-jani coming to power there?

The second conclusion a thinking Conservative may cometo is that British politics since 1939 divide themselves intotwo phases — up to the mid-1960s, when collectivism andsocialism came to be in the ascendant, and since themid-1960s, when they have come to be in recession — andthat Mrs. Thatcher's achievement was a necessary and pain-ful reversal of almost every domestic assumption that theChurchill-Attlee coalition stood for.

In matters like this, dogmatism is demeaning. It is equallydemeaning, in the decade of Thatcherite realism, to presentdefeat as victory long after it has become clear that it wasdefeat. •

11

The Case For Going to WarTom Mahoney replies on behalf of the majority.

IN AN ostensibly "Conservative" critique of Churchilland the decision to resist the Nazification of Europe bywar if necessary, Maurice Cowling argues that Churchill

and belatedly, Neville Chamberlain, made a fatal error ofjudgment. They refused to understand that British resistanceto Hitler and a National Socialist-dominated Europe posed agreater threat to conservative values and British intereststhen the acceptance of Nazi hegemony in Europe. The resultsof the Second World War boded ill for England and conser-vatism: socialist and Keynesian collectivism dominated thepolitical economy of England for a generation; Britainrapidly lost her empire, the maintenance of which was a cen-tral goal for Conservatives such as Chamberlain and Chur-chill; and Europe became dominated by two giganticperipheral powers, the United States and the USSR. Pro-fessor Cowling's description of the results of World War IIare undoubtedly correct. But his view that these resultssomehow negate the justice and necessity of British andAllied resistance to the Nazification of Europe does not byany means follow.

Cowling sees World War II as an unnecessary war inspiredby "moral indignation." He represents a "realist" positionthat is unable to distinguish between moralism and the prin-cipled attention to the ideas and institutions at stake if Britainacquiesced in the German domination of Europe. Cowling'sentire position entails an unrealistic abstraction from thenature and principles of Hitler and National Socialism. It isCowling, not Churchill, who is the moralist — but a moralistof realism pretending or wishing that Britain and thedemocracies were dealing with an abstract historical realitycalled Germany, and not a revolutionary, deeply anti-conservative and anti-Christian movement dedicated to theemasculation of the very idea of Europe.

Dr. Cowling speaks the narrow language of a nationalistconcerned with the survival of the empire. But Churchill,equally concerned with the maintenance of Britain's civiliz-ing presence in the world, thought that there were someprinciples, ideas, and instutions more important even thanthe Empire — principles that the Empire incarnated at itsbest. Churchill was a patriot and a cosmopolitan seeing inresistance to the threats, manipulation and armed im-perialism of Nazism an opportunity to establish a genuineleague of free nations, that union of might and right he called"Arms and the Covenant." He cared about the creation oflarge organisms that would unite liberal and civilizedpeoples, and was even willing to see leadership of theEnglish-Speaking Peoples pass to the Americans — if thatwas the precondition for the survival of political decency anda modicum of civilization.

Churchill understood what Cowling evidently does not:Nazi domination of Europe would have created an at-mosphere radically inhospitable to the survival of Britain'sprinciples and way of life. Dominating the continent as a

Tom Mahoney is a Professor of History at Assumption College inWorcester, Massachusetts, and a member oflCS/USA.

whole, Nazi Germany certainly would have entered a new,more radical and totalitarian phase of political existence. Thewar against conservatives, liberals, democrats, patriots,Jews and Christians would have been intensified and thepressure for England to accommodate herself to the "neworder" would likely have become overwhelming.

Hitler had no intention formally to dissolve the sovereigntyof Britain, nor to impose Nazi institutions on that nation. Butin a Nazi-dominated Europe, the prestige of the fascistelements in Britain would have multiplied and an ominousself-censorship would have kept Britain from criticizing thetotalitarian and racialist onslaught on the continent. Theresults would have been corrupting and ultimately destruc-tive of the fibre and soul of the British people.

A genuine "realism" must take this calculus into con-sideration also. Churchill saw all this with his usual penetra-tion. In his address of 5 October 1938, on the Munich Pact,Churchill captured the dynamic logic and fatal flaw in the"realist" policy of appeasement:

. . . there can never be friendship between the Britishdemocracy and the Nazi power, that power which spurnsChristian ethics, which cheers its onward course by a bar-barous paganism, which derives strength and pervertedpleasure from persecution, and uses, as we have seen withpitiless brutality, the threat of murderous force. That powercannot be the trusted friend of the British democracy .

We do not want to be led upon the high road to becoming asatellite of the German Nazi system of European domination.In a very few years, perhaps in a very few months, we shallbe confronted with demands with which we shall no doubt beinvited to comply. Those demands may affect the surrenderof territory or the surrender of liberty. I foresee and foretellthat the policy of submission will carry with it restrictionsupon the freedom of speech and debate in Parliament onpublic platforms, and discussions in the Press, for it wiU besaid — indeed, I hear it said sometimes now — that we cannotallow the Nazi system of dictatorship to be criticized by or-dinary, common English politicians. Then, with a Pressunder control, in part direct but more potently indirect, withevery organ of public opinion doped and chloroformed intoacquiescence, we shall be conducted along further stages ofour journey.

Churchill advocated another road for Britain. He saw hopein the "supreme recovery of moral health and martialvigour" by Britain taking her "stand for freedom as in theolden time" (cf. conclusion of the 5 October 1938 speech)Cowling undoubtedly sees this as one more unseemlymanifestation of democratic moralism while he retrospec-tively advocates the cool aristocratic road of prudence andrestraint. But as Churchill insisted in The Gathering Storm,there is a false and self-deceptive kind of prudence that leadsright to " * e bull's eye of disaster." Churchill's granderprudence, which could see the whole of the situationlhat thedemocracies faced, the nature of the enemy and bitter conse-quences of accommodation and defeat, is best expressed inhis peroration to the Finest Hour" speech of 19 June 1940:

12

Upon this battle depends the survival of Christian civilization.Upon it depends our own British life, and the long continuityof our institutions and our Empire. The whole fury and mightof the enemy must very soon be turned on us. Hitler knowsthat he will have to break us in this island or lose the war. If wecan stand up to him, all Europe may be free and the life of theworld may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands. But if wefail, then the whole world, including the United States, in-cluding all that we have known and cared for, will sink intothe abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister, and perhapsmore protracted, by the lights of perverted science.

Professor Cowling never once mentions the ideological andtotalitarian character of the Nazis. In his previous books hemakes the unsupportable claim that Churchill did not under-stand the nature of Hitler. He argues that Churchill merely"picked" on Hitler, in the same manner that he picked onGandhi, for example. We can leave this blind assertion to theside. But there is no evidence that he has an inkling of whatan uncontested Nazi domination of Europe would havemeant. His abstract realism blinds him to a realistic ap-preciation of the deadly threat that Hitler posed to everythingdecent, everything European. He deludes himself with thehope that a Nazi Rafsanjani or Gorbachev would have some-day come to the fore in Germany. This reasoning encouragesthe worst kind of fatalism and passivity. One's politicalresponsibility is to resist the evils that one confronts, not toadopt the philosophical levity that proclaims, "this too shallpass away."

A Soviet Gorbachev was largely made possible by westernresistance to Communist power and imperialism. But Cowl-ing encourages the course of least resistance with thesanguinity that arises from the security of his Cambridgestudy. He simply does not take seriously the possibility of aNazi tyranny made more sinister and protracted by the sup-ports of ideology and modern science. His are tame Nazis —virulent and vulgar nationalists perhaps, but Germans never-theless. He has confidence in them. I do not.

Let me briefly address Professor Cowling's observationsabout the consequences of the war. It is true that the wars ofthe twentieth century have led to a concomitant rise in statecentralization and collectivism, and in several areas haveprovided rich soil for antiliberal tyrannies. Wartime collec-tivism and regulation made it easier for the Labour Party toestablish a system of planning, redistribution and widespreadnationalization after 1945. Churchill vehemently opposedthis movement, warning of the despotic potentialities of even"democratic" socialism in his speeches during the 1945electoral campaign. But there is no doubt that the- war andChurchill's wartime policies made the shift toward planningand public enterprise more likely in Britain: likely, but notnecessary or inevitable.

The Belgian and German governments pursued postwarpolicies of liberalization aimed at establishing a sound cur-rency and freedom of trade both internally and in the interna-tional market. But as Raymond Aron insisted in The Centuryof Total War, liberal Belgium and social democratic Britainbelonged to the same essentially liberal political civilization.However imprudent much of Labour's postwar economicpolicy was — however destructive of personal initiative andeconomic productivity its redistributionist and nationalizingpolicies turned out to be in the long run — social democraticBritain remained a politically free regime. Dr. Cowling ig-nores the mixed or partially collectivist character of all

democratic regimes, no matter how capitalist, and exag-gerates the illiberal character of social democratic regimes.Whatever the salutary warning of Hayek about the il-liberalities of planned economies, Labour England was notfar along on a "road to serfdom." It takes a peculiar kind ofTory imagination to see a despot in Clement Attlee and JamesCallaghan while minimizing the threat that Hitler posed toliberal and Judeo-Christian civilization.

Maurice Cowling is right that one of the Second WorldWar's unintended consequences (from Churchill's if notStalin's point of view) was the Communization of half ofEurope. Churchill was aware of the tragic character of theconclusion of the war, as the title of his final war memoir,Triumph and Tragedy, attests. He recognized the un-paralleled threat Communism and Soviet power posed topolitical liberties and simple human decency. He did hisreasonable best after 1944 to limit the expansion of Sovietpower. He sent British Marines to Greece in December 1944to prevent the seizure of power by Communist partisans.Athens, a citadel of western civilization, remained a freecity. He encouraged the American authorities to liberate asmany of the great cities of Eastern and Central Europe aspossible, so that the liberation of Europe would be a genuineliberation.

But Churchill failed to convince Roosevelt, Truman andEisenhower of the need to establish a balance of power inEast-Central Europe that would minimize the threat theSoviet Union posed to the democracies and limit the scope ofpostwar Sovietization. Churchill, like Stalin, understoodwhat the Americans did not: that with the victorious armieswent their attendant regimes. He made his share of mistakes,including an unnecessarily obsequious deference toRoosevelt at Yalta when a firm anti-Stalin stance was im-perative. If the wartime alliance with the USSR necessitateda strengthening of Soviet power, it did not imply Sovietdomination of Central Europe. American realism, abstract-ing from the ideological character of the Soviet regime(much as Dr. Cowling abstracts from the ideologicalcharacter of the Nazi regime) and a sentimental idealismtowards the Soviets (which Churchill sometimes succumbedto) weakened the democracies' capacity to deal intelligentlywith the emerging Soviet threat. Regardless, and as JohnLukacs has noted, despite all these lamentable mistakes, aEurope half dominated by a totalitarian state is preferable to aEurope exclusively dominated by one.

I do not want to dwell on the implied anti-Americanism ofCowling's remark that a Europe dominated by Nazi Ger-many (in the absence of war) posed less of a threat toBritain's interests than a Europe dominated by the SovietUnion and America. I believe he cannot see sufficiently whatChurchill saw abundantly, namely the liberal and "Euro-pean" character of America. Even de Gaulle, for all hisseeming anti-Americanism, recognized that America was achild of Europe and a guardian, during a long civilizationalemergency, of Europe's civilization and liberties. But Dr.Cowling is a curious kind of "conservative." He has spentthe better part of two decades debunking the hero andstatesman of the contemporary Anglo-Saxon, nay, thedemocratic world. As de Tocqueville argues in Democracyin America, that task is usually reserved for radically"democratic" or egalitarian historians, who cannot believein the possibility and efficacy of individual action or ex-cellence. •

13

Eighty Days that Shook the World,D O O K S ; — and Produced a Rather Small Mouse

THE DUEL10 May-31 July 1940: The Eighty-Day Struggle BetweenChurchill and Hitler. By John Lukacs. Ticknor & Fields. 258pp. $19.95. ICS price $16

By Caspar W. Weinberger

This is a rather irritating short book, based on the notaltogether novel idea that the first 2xh months of World WarII's active phase was a personal duel between Churchill andHitler. However, from that premise, the author, who hastaught at a small Pennsylvania college for many years, positsthe idea that the whole war was decided during those 80days, and that it depended on a "duel of the minds" betweenthe two leaders of Great Britain and Germany.

Before we get into the recounting of the familiar details ofthe Battle for France, Dunkirk and the Royal Air Force'sdefense of Britain, there is a disquisition involving theoriesof history; thoughts about the mental characters of Hitler andChurchill (both were "powerful thinkers"); and conclusionsabout "Three enormous historical movements" —"Democracy, Communism, and National Socialism orFascism."

In short, there is much belabored and pretentious strug-gling to produce a rather small mouse: the concept that Chur-chill and Hitler stood for very different principles and con-cepts, and that Churchill's determination to stand and fightrather than allow a dreary drift in Britain and a weakness ofpolicy based on the idea mat war must be avoided at all costsmade all the difference between victory and defeat at a mostcrucial time.

There is another factor that makes the book irritating, andthat is the constant intrusion of the author into his history: "Iam writing this because on that night of the tenth of May inthe 1940th year of our Lord, Churchill stood for more thanEngland." One of the sillier passages tells us that the authorhas a "weakness for cognomology — that is the mysteriousway in which a person's name becomes a representation ofhis character." This is followed by many thoughts about howHitler's name was "hard-hitting . . . cold . . . had a cuttingand chilly sound," but Churchill's name had a "fluted cylin-drical second syllable giving clear form to the roundness ofthe first." There is much more — too much more along thisline, including the author's thoughts when he went to Chur-chill's funeral.

There is also a rather studied attempt to present Hitlerfairly. We learn that both "Churchill and Hitler wereidealists, but in different ways." This leads us into anamateurish attempt to psychoanalyze both men, leading tothe conclusion that "Hitler was a nationalist and Churchill apatriot." "Hitler was a man of ideas, and Churchill, a manof principles."

Caspar Weinberger served as US secretary of defense from 1981 to1987. An honorary member oflCS/USA, he is currently publisher ofForbes magazine and counsel to the law firm of Rogers and Wells.He was the speaker at the ICS 1985 Conference in Boston.

The author appears again when recounting his theory thatin 1940 Hitler did not care how much or how little of Francewould be occupied; his main interest apparently was that thePetain government should never become independent enoughto compromise its subservience to Germany. "I am writingthis because for England too that was the crux of thematter."

The real problem with all this (and there is much lesssubstance than meets the eye) is that the exciting narrative isconstantly interrupted, and occasionally completely stopped,while the author tells us what he is thinking and why hewrites what he has written. There are continued attempts toprobe the inner thoughts of his two protagonists and what theauthor thinks they are thinking and why.

Obviously a great deal of work has gone into this littlebook, and most of the usual and extensive secondary sourceshave been consulted. The real problem seems to be that, inhis constant effort to develop a new theory or a new formatfor telling the story of the first 80 days of the active phase ofWorld War II, the author has forced many of the known factsinto odd-shaped molds to support his somewhat convolutedthesis. Sometimes this leads him to odd conclusions, such asthat Hitler really let the British escape from Dunkirk, andthat Churchill and Roosevelt realized that their combinedpower was not going to be enough to defeat Germany andthat they needed the Russians.

"The Duel" ends after Hitler concudes that he cannot suc-cessfully invade England in 1940. It almost seems as if thiswere a book by an author who wanted to write about WorldWar II, and then tried to devise a format that would allowhim to do so, even though he had no really new material orideas. #

14

COVER STORY

Cigarette andTrade Cards

A Miniature Galleryof the Churchill Era

BY DR. CYRIL MAZANSKY

WinstaKTSBfcWsEscape from Pretoria.

WINSTON CHURCHILL'S fame, feats and featureshave all been voluminously described, documentedand drawn in a wide variety of media. Needless to

say, the printed word predominates over all others, but therecorded word & photographs by & about the man alsoabound. Collectibles in the form of "Churchilliana" andstamps are other major sources of interest relative to the in-dividual and the world around him. There is one area,however, which appears to have been given scant and cer-tainly no official, catalogued documentation: cigarette andtrade card part sets and individual cards.

My interest in card collecting originated merely as an ad-

junctive reference source for painting military miniaturefigures of the Victorian era. It is therefore but a short step toseek out the wealth of Churchill-related material.

My personally developed classification indicates thataspects which in one way or the other were associated withChurchill can be found in most sections. Major events,military matters, and important personalities were hislifeblood. One of the major reasons that cigarette and tradecards form such a rich source of reference material is that themajor period of card production corresponded with WSC'slifespan. It began in a serious way in the late nineteenth cen-tury and although trade card production continues today, theheyday was in the period before 1945. As a more trivial, yetnevertheless very pertinent level, the tobacco leaf, wrappedin the form of a cigar, is an integral part of the Churchillianimage.

Cigarette CompaniesSmoking originated with the North American Indians andwas introduced by Sir Walter Raleigh to the Britisharistocracy. Following the Industrial Revolution, it becamewidespread. Cigarette cards originated as stiffeners in thesoft packets, and were subsequently used as an advertisingmedium. The final step was to introduce a subject of intereston the cards, develop them into sets and so stimulate salesand brand loyalty.

Although it was an American cigarette company thatoriginally introduced cards to England, W.D. & H.O. Willswas the first British company to produce cards in England in1888. John Player & Sons rapidly followed suit. By the endof the nineteenth century, superbly printed cards were beingissued on many themes. In fact in 1894 the biggest Britishfirm, Ogden, had introduced its Guinea Gold photographicseries which covered all aspects of life at the turn of the cen-tury. An attempt by the American James Duke, who hadunited all his companies into the American Tobacco Com-pany, to acquire the major portion of British cigarette pro-duction, led the English to fight back. Cigarette companieswith names famous to collectors like Wills, Lambert &Butler, Player, Smith, Hignett, Ringer, Bigg & Adkins,pooled their resources to form the Imperial Tobacco Com-pany and fended off this early example of the hostiletakeover.

The Study of Cigarette CardsThe subjects chosen covered almost every conceivable aspectof life. They were carefully researched with the informationgenerally being very accurate, (although mistakes obviouslyoccurred). Illustration of the cards was beautiful. The vastmajority were in color. They took the form of drawings,caricatures, photographs or photographs of paintings, por-traits, and other realistic representation of documents, struc-tures, materials, animal and vegetable life, and minerals. Infact so detailed and accurate were they, that in the first worldwar cards of a military theme were subject to censorship.Since it was mainly men who smoked, the topics were aimedat attracting them: natural history, sport, the armed forces,beauties, transportation, entertainment, and so on. There isno better evidence for the stature in which cigarette card col-

Cyril Mazansky is a Boston radiologist, a collector of Churchill'sworks, and director of the ICS New England Chapter.

15

The young Parliamentarian, portrayed by Sweet Crop Smoking Mixture; Marlborough, Gladstone and Victoria, from three separate series.

lections are held than to indicate that major ones have beenaccepted by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, The BritishMuseum and the Bodleian Library at Oxford University.

Between the two world wars over two thousand series wereissued. Today most pre-1940 cards have disappeared, butsince the number printed ran into the billions, enough are stillavailable to form the basis for a vigorous, fascinating andvery stimulating pastime.

Churchill-Related CardsOnly a few examples can be given to illustrate the range ofChurchill-related material. A number are individual cardsfrom a set which may not be directly related to Churchillian-era events. Diligent search is often required to locate thematerial. British and Commonwealth cards naturally coverthe overwhelming majority of Churchill themes. However,without actually studying them I can comfortably assume thata number of American and European ones contain somereference material. There are three major categories intowhich Churchill-related material can be grouped: Churchillhimself; subjects in which he was directly involved; and per-sonalities and events of his lifetime.

Winston Churchill CardsThere is only one set which is completely devoted to SirWinston: a trade card set published in 1965 by A&BC(American & British Chewing Gum Limited). It consists of 55cards, beginning with a photograph with his mother andbrother when Churchill was at school at Ascot. Events andpersonalities of his entire life are covered in this set.Photographs with brief but detailed descriptions on the backof the cards include his marriage, various governmental posi-tions, the Second World War (the major group of cards) anda number devoted to the postwar years. Possibly a major flawin the descriptive parts of the set was referral to WSC as ' 'SirWinston" throughout the entire set. This is explained,however, by the set having been published posthumously.

Many sets published at the turn of the century and in thefirst decade on a variety of subjects include a photograph ofChurchill. Several used the same picture. Examples in-clude Cohen & Weenan's "Celebrities" of 1901, Adkin's1915 "Notabilities," and Ogden's Tab "Leading Generalsof the [Boer] War," describing WSC as a war correspondentand M.P. There are others from later decades of the century.In some of these his chronological age at the time of publica-

Stanley Baldwin, from Carreras' series of 50 "Notable MPs"; King George V, Haig and Foch, from Wills' "Allied Army Leaders" set.

STANLEY BALDWIN.H. MHO unai v.

CIGARETTES.

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16

THE C H U R C H I L L H A N D B O O KPART 2, SECTION 1 (REVISED 1991, FH70)

Part 2: A Bibliography of Works Concerning or Relating

to The Rt. Hon. Sir Winston S. Churchill, KG OM CHBY HFNRY ASHLEY REDBURN

ForewordPart 2 of The Churchill Handbook considers works

about Sir Winston Churchill: books, dissertations, ar-ticles, essays poetry, drama and novels. This is theSecond Revised Edition, with entries in chronologicalorder. Items in the first segment, Section A (works en-tirely about Churchill) should be referred to as Redburn" A l , " "A2 , " etc. in any reference to thisBibliography.

Chronological numbering, rather than alphabeticalorder by author as in the earlier edition, was adoptedafter conversations with experts convinced us that this ispreferable from a bibliographic standpoint. However,alphabetical order by author is maintained within in-dividual year groupings. It is also worth noting thatsubsequent editions or extensions of a work are groupedunder the date of the original, as for example the long-running, often-extended biography by Lewis Broad(1940-1963), item number A30.

The Broad biography also exemplifies my practice oflisting works separately (e.g. "30b," "30c," etc.)when substantial revision or extension of the text occur-red. Simple reprints do not merit this treatment and arenoted as part of the original entry.

This bibliography avoids whenever possible creditingworks to "anonymous," even when so stated: if thepublisher is the only name known, that is the namecredited. The text also attempts to convey the correctspelling and accenting for the numerous foreign titles,whose number is greatly increased from the First Edi-tion, thanks in large part to aid from libraries in Europeand Friends of the Churchill Societies around theworld.

Numbers from A Bibliography of the Works of SirWinston Churchill by Frederick Woods (last revised1975) are cross-referenced where applicable in the in-terests of bibliographical thoroughness. However, noattempt has been made to include or exclude worksbased on whether or not they appear in thatbibliography, which involves a different subject (seePart 1 of The Churchill Handbook, the "AmplifiedWoods List," to be reissued in revised form in 1991).

Every bibliography is obsolete the day it is published.Undoubtedly this one will result in new information,which is all to the good. Please send comments, ad-denda and corrigenda to the author at 7 Auriol Drive,Bedhampton, nr. Havant, Hampshire PO9 3LR,England.

Copyright © 1991 by Henry Ashley Redburn

2.01 (rev. 1991)

Author's AcknowledgmentsI wish to acknowledge once again the assistance of

foreign Embassies in London, scores of public andprivate libraries in Great Britain, the Commonwealthand the United States. My particular thanks to JamesLenehan of Radnor, Pennsylvania, USA; L.L. Thomasof Emsworth, Hampshire, England; Richard Lang-worth of Hopkinton, New Hampshire, USA; JohnPlumpton of Agincourt, Ontario, Canada; Curt Zoller ofMission Viejo, California, USA; Michael Wybrow ofGuildford, Surrey, England; and my late friend DaltonNewfield of Sacramento, California.

HENRY ASHLEY REDBURN

Table of ContentsSection A: Biographies and studies devoted to Chur-

chill and separately published, including unpublisheddissertations and theses, with an appendix on the Of-ficial Biography.

Section B: Works containing a chapter on Churchill,or substantial reference to him; and the most importanthistories and reference works for Churchill studies.

Section C: Articles and Essays on Churchill publishedin periodicals, newspapers or on audio tape; addressesand lectures delivered on public occasions.

Section D: Plays and Drama.Section E: Poetry.Section F: Miscellaneous, including Novels.

INTRODUCTION:THE 30 BEST WORKS ABOUT CHURCHILLBacked by diligent research, Ashley Redburn offers in

his "Section A" a rich resource for the student of WinstonChurchill, from full length biography to memoirs andspecialized studies, ranging the gamut from unctuous praiseto severe condemnation. Many Friends of the ChurchillSocieties have asked for a guide through this huge assort-ment: which of these 480 individual entries are the mostessential, the most worth reading or referencing?

While anyone's recommendations are inevitably personal,I have tried to rank the top five books in six categories basedon a consensus among advanced readers and collectors —and to "honorably mention" other worthy alternatives. Itcan be accepted mat works ranked first or second in eachcategory constitute the dozen indispensible works for anyChurchill library.

For those seeking these titles new and/or secondhand, Ihave also included notes on availability. " A " numbers arefrom Redburn Section A, which follows.

RICHARD M. LANGWORTH

The Thirty BestFULL BIOGRAPHIES

1. Winston S. Churchill, by Randolph Churchill and Mar-tin Gilbert (eight biographic and 13 companion volumes todate, ten more companions projected, Redburn A230,1966-date). The longest biography ever published, this is thetitle to demand if you were permitted only one work on Chur-chill. Concentrating on political events, it is lighter on Chur-chill's personal affairs, especially after Volume I, though thecompanion volumes contain many personal documents, andare more interesting to some than the basic biography.Criticized for taking no position, the official biography is infact unabashedly positive in its selection of material, but allthe facts are there so readers may judge for themselves.Availability: Volumes 1-2 are common, especially the bookclub editions. First editions of Volumes 3-6 are now scarceand expensive, as are the companion volumes, all of whichare out of print. While the U.S. biographic volumes 1-6 arealso out of print, Heinemann has kept the British uniformbindings on the market and has issued cheaper "popular edi-tions" and paperbacks.

2. The Last Lion \ Winston Spencer Churchill, by WilliamManchester (A375, 1983-date). Ultimately to number threevolumes, this is the longest work short of the officialbiography. A lyrical, romantic work, overwhelmingly pro-Churchill and not without factual errors, it nevertheless cap-tures his time and the events that drove him better than anyother full-scale biography. Criticized in England for beingpatronizing and gratuitous, it is really angled at readers lessthan familiar with British institutions and politics; here it ex-cels. Availability: good, with plenty of book club editions,though fine first editions now exceed their original price.

3. Winston Churchill, by Henry Pelling (A311, 1974).Generally held to be the best single-volume biography, welldocumented and easy to read; the author has no axes to grindand comes down evenly on most events. Availability: uncom-mon, but not expensive. Book club edition exists.

4. Winston Churchill, by Lewis Broad (ultimately twovolumes, A30, 1941-1972). Until Manchester's Last Lion,this was the most lengthy non-official biography, but notnearly as rakish or flashy. Nor is it up to date anymore, sinceBroad, who finished his last update around 1960, had accessto far fewer sources than Manchester, including no Compa-nion Volumes of the official biography. Nonetheless, it is animportant and readable work.

5. Winston Churchill (= Churchill | A Biography), byMartin Gilbert (A343, 1979). The official biographer useshis skill to provide a very readable short life whose strongestsuit is its color photos, including many rare books.

Honorable Mention: Other full biographies worthy of con-sideration include Kraus, Winston Churchill (A26); Sen-court, Winston Churchill (A29); Taylor, Informal Study ofGreatness, later The Amazing Mr. Churchill (A110); Long-ford, Winston Churchill (A308), and official biographerMartin Gilbert's latest, Churchill \ A Life (A435).

BIOGRAPHIES OF SPECIFIC PERIODS1. CHURCHILL 1874-1922, by his Godson, the Earl of

Birkenhead (A418, 1989). Based largely on the papers ofChurchill's friend F.E. Smith (d. 1930) this work was writtenby his son, who died before taking the story beyond 1922.While the early chapters are largely boilerplate, the bookbegins to "sing" c.1910, when Churchill met F.E. Smithand personal reminiscences begin. From here, this eloquentbiographer soars to a dazzling crescendo, finishing with acoda on Chartwell in the Wilderness Years which is aloneworth the price of the book. Availability: in print, 1991.

2. Churchill \ Young Man in Hurry 1874-1915, by TedMorgan (A369, 1982-1983). In places as dramatic as Man-chester's Last Lion, this belongs on the shelf, though I'venoticed certain sentences and paragraphs which read almostthe same as de Mendelssohn (see below). There are alsomore than a few quotes which Morgan has not putquotemarks around, implying that they are his own wordsrather than someone else's. Despite this, it is a book to lookfor, offering deeper inquiries into WSC's private life thanmost. Morgan accepts some common myths which lackevidence to back them up, and dwells overmuch on thedissolute aspects of Victorian society. Availability: still com-monly found.

3. The Age of Churchill \ Heritage and Adventure1874-1911, by Peter de Mendelssohn (A162, 1961). Allpublished, despite a projected three-volumes, this was writ-ten without access to the Churchill papers but is neverthelessa comprehensive and balanced account of Churchill's earlycareer, which is covered in great wads of cliches by the morepotted biographies. Researched using Churchill's ownworks, it is elaborately footnoted, the footnotes happily ap-pearing on the page where each applies. The best pre-1970Churchill biography. Availability: common.

4. Winston Churchill, by "Ephesian" (All , 1927-1940).Now at least 50 years out of date, this is still an importantcontemporary view of the mid-career Churchill. More thanothers of its period, it summarizes the life that already wouldhave been worth recording had World War II never hap-pened. Unlike most pre-1940 works, which tend toward ram-pant criticism, this one takes a more balanced approach, andis recommended for that reason. Availability: not difficult tofind, usually in good condition.

5. Winston Spencer Churchill, by A. MacCallum Scott(Al, 1905). One measure of young Winston's accomplish-ment was the appearance of the first biography when he wasonly 31. Scott's work is mainly notable for that, and in truthit's pretty dull going — the sequel, Winston Churchill inPeace and War (A6, 1916) includes the drama of World WarI and may be preferable. Still, one has to have this originalbiography on the shelf for comparison with all that cameafter it. Availability: scarce; fine copies are costly.

2.02 (rev. 1991)

THE CHURCHILL HANDBOOK PART 2, SECTION 2 (REVISED 1 9 9 1 , FH7O)

• l l a "Ephesian" [Roberts, C.E. Bechhofer]WINSTON CHURCHILL | BEING AN ACCOUNT OF THE

LIFE OF THE RIGHT HONOURABLE WINSTONLEONARD SPENCER CHURCHILL, P.C., C.H., T.D.,M.P.

"Private Lives" Library, London: Mills and Boon,September 1927; second edition, London: Mills andBoon, 1927; New York: McBride, 1928.

• l i b "Ephesian" (Roberts, C.E. Bechhofer)WINSTON CHURCHILL | BEING AN ACCOUNT OF THE

LIFE OF THE RIGHT HON. WINSTON LEONARDSPENCER CHURCHILL P.C., C.H., T.D., M.P.

"Private Lives" Library, London:- Newnes, 1936.Third revised edition (with author identified).

• l i e Roberts, C.E.B.WINSTON CHURCHILL

"Booklovers Library" Series, London: Hutchinson,1940. (Fourth edition without pseudonym).

1928

D 12 Member of the League to Enforce Public Economy, AMR. CHURCHILL'S BUDGET PLEDGES AND PERFOR-

MANCES: THE PROMISED ECONOMIES IN THECIVIL SERVICE

London: R. Cobden-Sanderson, 1928 (paperback).

• 13 Muir, John Ramsay B.RATING REFORM: THE RIGHT WAY AND THE WRONG

WAY | AN EXAMINATION OF CHURCHILL'S PRO-POSALS

London: Liberal Publications Department, 1928.

• 14 Sydenham of Combe, Col. The Lord, et al.THE WORLD CRISIS BY WINSTON CHURCHILL | A

CRITICISMLondon: Hutchinson & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., n.d.; PortWashington, New York: Kennikat Press, 1970.

Contributors:Bacon, Adm. Sir Reginald, "Mr. Churchill and

Jutland," Chap. V, pp 120-87;Bird, Maj-Gen. Sir W.D., "Mr. Churchill's Opin-

ions: Some Other Points of View," Chap. UJ, pp.66-91 (originally published in the Army Quarterly,see Section C of mis bibliography, 1927).

Maurice, Maj.-Gen. Sir F., "Joffre, Gallieni and theMarne," Chap. IV, pp. 92-119 (a lecture given atthe University of London, 10 May 1927, and pub-lished in slightly abbreviated form in ContemporaryReview, see Section C, 1927)-

Oman, Sir Charles, "The German Losses on theSomme, July-December 1916," Chap. II, pp.40-65;

Sydenham of Combe, Lord, "Mr. Churchill asHistorian," Chap. I, pp. 9-39, originally publishedin the Quarterly Review, see Section C, 1927.

1931

• 15 Germains, Victor WallaceTHE TRAGEDY OF WINSTON CHURCHILL

London: Hurst & Blackett Ltd., July 1931. Grey cloth;second impression in black cloth.

1932

• 16 Martin, HughBATTLE | THE LIFE STORY OF THE RT. HON.

WINSTON S. CHURCHILL= BATTLE | THE LIFE STORY OF WINSTON S.

CHURCHILL, PRIME MINISTER - STUDY OF AGENIUS [1940]

= COMBAT | BIOGRAPHIE DE LA VIE DE WINSTONCHURCHILL, PREMIER MINISTRE [French Edition,Preface by Andre Labarthe]London: Sampson, Low, Marston & Co., Ltd., 1932;Victor Gollancz Ltd., 1940; French edition, London:Hamish Hamilton, 1942. Woods D(b)45.

1934

• 17 Hay, Malcolm V.WINSTON CHURCHILL AND JAMES H OF ENGLAND

London: Harding and More Ltd., 1934 (hardback andsoftback).

1939

• 18 Rose, FranzDAS 1ST CHURCHILL

Munich & Berlin: J.F. Lehmanns Verlag, 1939.

1940

• 19 Arthur, Sir GeorgeCONCERNING WINSTON SPENCER CHURCHILL

London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1940; New York:H.C. Kinsey&Co., 1941.

• 20 Broad, LewisWINSTON CHURCHILL | MAN OF WAR

"Leaders of Britain" Series, London: Hutchinson &Co. Ltd., 1940 (paperback). A short predecessor to hislater, often-updated biography, see no. 30.

• 21 Buchan, WilliamWINSTON CHURCHILL

"How They Did It" Series No. 21, London: Pilot Press,n.d. [1940]; New York: Universal Distributors, 1941.

• 22 Cole, LloydMR. CHURCHILL AND THE CHURCH

Worthing, Sussex: privately published, n.d. [1940] in atleast three editions. (Pamphlet.)

• 23 Dawson, R. MacGregorWINSTON CHURCHILL AT THE ADMIRALTY, 1911-

1915Toronto: University of Toronto Press, London: OxfordUniversity Press, 1940. See also Section C. The author's"The Cabinet Minister and Administration | WinstonChurchill at the Admiralty, 1911-1914," of which this isa reproduction with exception of Sec. I of that article,pp 325-329.

D 24 De Stael-Holstein, Baron L.MR. CHURCHILL AND THE OPINION OF AMERICA

Stockholm: Stockholms Bokindustri Aktiebolag, 1940.Edited by the Neutral Institute of Sweden.

2.05 (rev. 1991)

• 25 Ferrao, CarlosCHURCHILL | OS HOMENS DA GUERRA, CoUeccas n

Lisbon: Parceria A.M. Periera, 1940 (paperback).

D 26a Kraus, ReneWINSTON CHURCHILL | A BIOGRAPHY

Philadelphia & New York: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1940;pirated edition, Shanghai: Esquire Book Company,1940.

• 26bWINSTON CHURCHILL | A BIOGRAPHY

Philadelphia & New York: J.B. Lippincqtt Co., 1941.Second edition, enlarged.

• 27 Phelan, JimCHURCHILL CAN UNITE IRELAND

"Victory Books" No. 6, London: Victor Gollance Ltd.,1940.

• 28 Sencourt, Robert [Gordon, Robert Esmonde]WINSTON CHURCHILL

London: Faber & Faber Ltd., November 1940; London:The Right Book Club, 1941.

1941

• 29 Abrams, MasonTHE PERSUASION OF WINSTON S. CHURCHILL 1933-

1941Master's Thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1941. (Un-published.)

• 29/1 AnonymousWAS WOLLTE CHURCHILL AUF DEM BALKAN?

Berlin: [publisher unnamed], 1941. A 28pp Anti-Churchill propaganda booklet.

• 29/2 Armed Forces in Iceland16th AUGUST 1941

Reykjavik, Iceland, 1941. Photo documentation ofChurchill visit and review at the first joint parade ofAmerican and British armed forces. Cover design byF.R. Stevenson, F.S.C. (Softbound.)

• 30a Broad, LewisWINSTON CHURCHILL 1874-1941

= WINSTON CHURCHILL | HOMBRE DE GUERRA(Mexican Ed.)

London, Hutchinson & Co., Ltd., November 1941;"Pocket Library" Series, London: National BookAssociation, 1941 (two volumes, paperback); MexicoCity: D.F. Editiones Minerva, 1942. (This work wassubsequently extended, translated and published in mostmajor European countries.)

• 30bWINSTON CHURCHILL 1874-1943

= WINSTON CHURCHILL / French trans, by CharlyGuyot

London: Hutchinson & Co., Ltd., 1943; Neuchatel andParis: Delachaux & Niestle S.A., 1943 (Swiss Frenchedition).

• 30cWINSTON CHURCHILL 1874-1945

= W. CHURCHILL IN SAYASI HAYATI [Turkish Ed.]London: Hutchinson & Co., Ltd. Istanbul: Kitap YaymaOdasi, 1945.

• 30dWINSTON CHURCHILL 1874-1946

= WINSTON CHURCHILL, PREMIER MINISTRE DEGUERRE (1939-1945) / French trans, by Jean-PierrePorretLondon: Hutchinson & Co., Ltd., February 1946;Neuchatel and Paris: Delachaux & Niesfle", 1946.

• 30eWINSTON CHURCHILL 1874-1951

London: Hutchinson & Co., Ltd., July 1951; NewYork: Philosophical Library, 1952.

• 30fWINSTON CHURCHILL, 1874-1952

London: Hutchinson & Co., Ltd., July 1952.

• 30gWINSTON CHURCHILL | ARCHITECT OF VICTORY

AND OF PEACELondon: Hutchinson & Co., Ltd., January 1956

• 30haWINSTON CHURCHILL | THE YEARS OF PREPARA-

TION | A BIOGRAPHY [Volume I of two]New York: Hawthorn books, 1958; London: Sidgwick& Jackson Ltd., 1963; Westport, Connecticut: Green-wood Press, 1972.

• 30hbWINSTON CHURCHILL | THE YEARS OF ACHIEVE-

MENT | A BIOGRAPHY [Volume H of two]New York: Hawthorn books, 1963; London: Sidgwick& Jackson Ltd., 1964; Westport, Connecticut: Green-wood Press, 1972.

• 31 Chaplin, E.D.W., collected byWINSTON CHURCHILL AND HARROW | MEMORIES

OF THE PRIME MINISTER'S SCHOOLDAYS 1888-1892

Harrow: The Harrow School Bookshop, n.d. [1941]; sec-ond revised edition with new introduction (standard anddeluxe bindings), 1941. Woods D(b)55.

• 32 Davis, Richard HardingTHE YOUNG WINSTON CHURCHILL | A BIOGRAPHY

OF THE STATESMAN WRITTEN IN 1906New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1941; Austin,Texas: Pemberton Press, 1961. (Republication ofChapter in of Real Soldiers of Fortune, 1906, see Sec-tion B.)

D 33 Ferdi, KatipCORCIL DIYOR KI . . .

Ankara: Chankaya Basimevi, 1941. (Turkish text.)

• 34 Fletcher, J.W.A CONDENSED LIFE OF THE RIGHT HONOURABLE

WINSTON SPENCER CHURCHILL, C.H.Sydney, Australia: New Century Press, 1941.

• 35 Guedalla, PhilipMR. CHURCHILL | A PORTRAIT

= M. CHURCHILL | UN PORTRAIT [French Ed.]= CHURCHILL | ETT PORTRATT [Swedish Ed.]= MR. CHURCHILL | UN BIOGRAPHIA DE GRAN

ESTADISTA INGLES [Argentine Ed.]London: Hodder & Stoughton; New York: Reynal &Hitchcock, 1941; London: Pan Books (shortened to endin May 1940, sourcelist deleted): 1951; Paris: La Jeune

2.06 (rev. 1991)

Parque, n.d. (paperback); Stockholm: P.A. Norstedt &Soners Forlag, 1942; Toronto: Musson, 1942; BuenosAires: Claridad, 1942; New York: Blue Ribbon Books,1943.

• 35/1 Hanson, MarionA STUDY OF WINSTON CHURCHILL AS AN ORATOR

Master's Thesis, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan,1941. (Unpublished.)

• 36 Hronek, JinCHURCHILL | ZTVOT BOJOVNJXA [Life of a Warrior]

Nakladem, Czechoslovakia & London, 1941. (Czechtext.)

• 37 Manning, Paul & Bronner, MiltonMR. ENGLAND: THE LIFE STORY OF WINSTON CHUR-

CHILL | THE FIGHTING BRITONPhiladelphia & Toronto: John C. Winston Co., 1941.

• 38 Mazeyrie, G., publisherLA TRISTE HISTOIRE DE WINSTON CHURCHILL,

DESCENDANT DE JOHN CHURCHILL DUC DEMARLBOROUGH | POUR SERVIR L'EDIFICATIONDES JEUNES FRANCAIS A LA FACON DES IMAGESD'EPINAL

Paris: G. Mazeyrie, 1941. (Satirical juvenile.)

• 39 Moir, PhyllisI WAS WINSTON CHURCHILL'S PRIVATE SECRETARY

= JAG VAR CHURCHILLS SEKRETERARE / Swedishtrans, by Gosta Olzon

= CHURCHILL INTIMO RICORDI DELLA SUASEGRETARIA PRIVATA [Italian ed.]New York: Wilfred Funk Inc., 1941 (two impressions);Stockholm: 1941; Sydney, Australia: Angus Robertson,1941; Rome: Edizioni della Catacombe, 1944. (Extractsserialized in Life, April 1941. Woods D(b)54.

• 40 Nott, StanleyTHE YOUNG CHURCHILL | A BIOGRAPHY

= CHURCHILL SOM UNG, EN BIOGRAFI / Swedishtrans, by Siri Thorngren OlinNew York: Coward McCann Inc., 1941; Stockholm:1942.

• 41 Pase, MartinCHURCHILLS REDEN UND TATEN IM SCHEIN-

WERFER DER PRESSE UND KARKATUR [Churchill'sSpeeches and Actions Under the Searchlight of Press andCartoons]

Leipzig & Berlin: Luhe-Verlag, n.d. [c. 1941].

• 42 Reed, John CollingwoodMAN OF VALOUR | WINSTON SPENCER CHURCHILL |

A CRITICAL APPRECIATION= UN HOMME AU COURAGE INDOMPTABLE |

WINSTON CHURCHILL [French Canadian tide]Toronto: Canadian Association of Broadcasters, 1941(softbound).

D 43 Soward, F.H.MOULDERS OF NATIONAL DESTINIES | WINSTON

CHURCHILL | FREEDOM'S CHAMPIONToronto: Oxford University Press, 1941. (A 20-pagebooklet.)

• 43/1 Wells, H.G.CHURCHILL

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Norte Editora, n.d. [1941].

1942• 43/2 Anderson, Robert Henry

PERSUASIVE ELEMENTS IN SELECTED WARSPEECHES OF WINSTON SPENCER CHURCHILL

Master's Thesis, University of Alabama, 1942. (Un-published.)

• 44 Burrow, E.J., publisherTHE EARLY LIFE OF WINSTON CHURCHILL

London, Cheltenham & Melbourne: E.J. Burrow, 1942.Comic book format, illustrated by "Mendoza."

• 45 Cunningham-Reid, D.F.C., M.P., Capt.BESIDES CHURCHILL — WHO?

London: W.H. Allen & Company, January 1942 (soft-bound in card wrappers).

• 46 Hawthorne, HildegardeLONG ADVENTURE | THE STORY OF WINSTON CHUR-

CHILLNew York & London: D. Appleton-Century Co., Inc.,1942.

• 47 "I .K."WINSTON CHURCHILL

Istanbul: Hilmi Kitabevi, 1942. (Turkish text.)

• 48 India League, compilersTHE PRIME MINISTER ON INDIA | AN EXAMINATION

OF MR. CHURCHILL'S STATEMENT ON INDIA INTHE HOUSE OF COMMONS ON THE 10TH SEPTEM-BER, 1942

London: India League, 1942.

• 49 Josyar, G.R.WINSTON CHURCHILL | SOME SIDELIGHTS

Mysore, India: Coronation Press, c. 1942.

• 50 Kiernan, R.H.CHURCHILL

London: George C. Harrap & Co., Ltd., May 1942.

• 50/1 McComb, Helen M.AN ANALYSIS OF THE PROSE STYLE OF WINSTON

CHURCHILLMaster!s Thesis, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan,1942. (Unpublished.)

• 51 Persich, WalterWINSTON CHURCHILL GANZ " P R I V A T " |

ABENTEURER, LORD UND VERBRECHER [WinstonChurchill Totally Private | Adventurer, Lord and Criminal]

= WINSTON CHURCHILL ZBLfSKA, DOBRDUM, LORDA ZLCDINEC [Czech ed.]

Berlin: Schaffer-Verlag; Prague: Orbis, 1942.

• 52 Prosveta, publisherGENIJE CERCIL?

Belgrade: Prosveta, 1942. (Serbo-Croat text.)

• 53 Wingfield-Stratford, EsmeCHURCHILL | THE MAKING OF A HERO

London: Victor Gollancz Ltd., 1942.

1943• 54 Allen, Daniel S.

WINSTON CHURCHILL'S ROLE IN THE FORMATIONOF BRITISH FOREIGN POLICY 1911-1914

Doctoral Dissertation, Philadelphia: University of Penn-sylvania, 1943.

2.07 (rev. 1991)

• 55 Burbridge, W.F.THE RIGHT HONOURABLE WINSTON LEONARD

SPENCER CHURCHILL P.C., C.H., F.R.S. | A GREATMAN | POLITICIAN TRAVELLER STATESMANAUTHOR

London & Bognor Regis: John Crowther, May 1943.(Card wrappers.)

• 56 George, R.E.G.WINSTON S. CHURCHILL

London: Faber & Faber, 1943.

• 57 Morton, H.V.ATLANTIC MEETING [Subtitled "An Account of Mr. Chur-

chill's Voyage in HMS 'Prince of Wales,' in August 1941,and the Conference with President Roosevelt which resultedin the Atlantic Charter

= ATLANTER HAVS M0TET [Norwegian ed.]London: Methuen & Co., Ltd.; New York: Dodd Mead;Toronto: Reginald Saunders, 1943; Oslo: Lutherstiftel-sens FSrlag, 1946.

• 58 Paneth, PhilipTHE PRIME MINISTER | WINSTON S. CHURCHILL | AS

SEEN BY HIS ENEMIES AND FRIENDS= WINSTON CHURCHILL ZOALS ZUN VRIENDEN EN

ZIJN VUANDEN HEM ZIEN / Dutch trans, by H.Agsmann

London: Alliance Press Ltd., 1943 (hardbound & soft-bound); Tilburg, Netherlands: W. Bergmans, 1945 &1946.

• 59 Seth, Hira LaiCHURCHILL ON INDIA | (LET HIS PAST RECORD

SPEAK)Sant Nagar, Lahore: First National Publishers, 1943;second enlarged edition, Lahore: Hero Publications,1944. (First appearance in volume form of Churchill'sspeech of 10 September 1942 and his letters to The Timeson his early positions regarding India; see also WoodsC256, C257.)

ADDENDA1944-1974 Books, Dissertations and Theses

The following books, dissertations and theses were discoveredafter publication of the following pages of the Bibliography (2.09onward). They have been assigned numbers at the place wherethey should appear in the numerical sequence. All are unpublishedunless otherwise stated.

• 60/1 Balanya, E.S.WINSTON CHURCHILL | VIDA DE UN HOMBRE DE

ACCIONMadrid: Editorial Pace, 1944.

• 60/2 Baskerville, Barnet A.A STUDY OF WINSTON S. CHURCHILL AS AN OPPOSI-

TION SPEAKER DURING THE YEARS FROM 1932TO 1938

Master's Thesis, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, 1944.

• 92/1 Grosser, William LawrenceWINSTON CHURCHILL'S FULTON, MISSOURI SPEECH

Master's Thesis, University of Michigan, 1947.

• 94/1 Moltke, KaiMR. CHURCHILLS ANDEN [=SECOND] FRONT

Copenhagen, 1947. Publisher not known.

• 94/2 Porter, Harry W.THE IMPERIAL POLICY OF WINSTON L.S. CHUR-

CHILL FROM 1930-1936 AS SET FORTH IN HISSPEECHES

Ph.D. Dissertation, school unknown, 1947.

D 96/1 Gulley, Halbert E.A STUDY OF SELECTED SPEECHES ON RELATIONS

WITH GERMANY DELIVERED BY WINSTONSPENCER CHURCHILL IN THE HOUSE OF COM-MONS 1935-1938

Ph.D. Dissertation, Iowa City, Iowa: State University ofIowa, 1948.

• 112/1 Evjenth, HakonWINSTON CHURCHILL

Stockholm: 1953. Publisher not known. Strangos,Norway: Tomas Fdrlag AB, 1953. Trans, by ArvidLundbergh.

• 112/2 Kronick, Bernard L.THE POLITICAL IDEAS OF WINSTON CHURCHILL

Ph.D. Dissertation, Berkeley: University of Californiaat Berkeley, 1953.

• 112/3 Moritz, Edward, Jr.WINSTON CHURCHILL AND SOCIAL REFORM

Ph.D. Dissertation, school unknown, 1953.

• 112/4 Steele, Donald EdwardTHE UNITED STATES ADDRESSES OF WINSTON

CHURCHILLMaster's Thesis, Stanford University, 1953.

• 128/1 Freeley, Austin J.A COMPARISON AND ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS OF

RHETORICAL INVENTION IN SELECTED WARTIMESPEECHES OF FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELTAND WINSTON SPENCER CHURCHILL

Ph.D. Dissertation, Evanston, Illinois: NorthwesternUniversity, 1955.

• 207/1 Jacques, Brian J.A DETAILED ANALYSIS OF CERTAIN ELEMENTS IN

SELECTED RADIO SPEECHES OF WINSTON S.CHURCHILL

Ph.D. Dissertation, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan,1965. (Analysis of elements in four Churchill WorldWar II radio speeches which concludes that Churchillhad a definite philosophy regarding oral rhetoric. Thestudy attempts to discover the techniques Churchill usedin adapting for radio a speech originally presented in theHouse of Commons, and analyzes his preparation anddelivery.)

• 263/1 Mayer, Frank A.THE CHURCHILL POSITION | THE APPEASEMENT

YEARS | 1932-1939M.A. Thesis, San Francisco: S.F. State College, 1969.

D Chartrand, Philip EdwardCHURCHILL AND RHODESIA IN 1921 | A STUDY IN

BRITISH COLONIAL DECISION-MAKINGPh.D. Dissertation, Syracuse (N.Y.) University, 1974;Ann Arbor, Michigan: Xerox University Microfilms,n.d.

2.08 (rev. 1991)

SPECIALIZED STUDIES1. Sword and Pen | A Survey of the Writings of Winston

Churchill, by Manfred Weidhorn (A316, 1974). The finestanalytical work on Churchill's writings; a scholarly, eruditecritique by a leading student of Churchill the writer.Availability: uncommon.

2. Churchill in America 1895-1961, by Robert Pilpel(A328, 1976). The author became "hooked" on Churchill inhis college days and pursued this unique study after gradua-tion. The result: a well documented and warm view ofWSC's many visits to his "mother's land," the prominentAmericans he met, what they said about him, and how his af-fection for America developed. Availability: not hard to find.

3. Churchill by His Contemporaries, edited by CharlesEade (A112, 1953). Easily the broadest collection of views:a diverse cast from Roosevelt to Reynaud, Malcolm Mug-geridge to Hitler. There is even an appraisal of Churchill thenovelist by Compton Mackenzie. An important referencewhich can always be opened at random. Availability: com-mon, especially in book club editions; firsts cost more.

4. Winston Churchill: His Life as a Painter, by Mary Soames(A433, 1990). While this is not nearly as complete as Coombs'Churchill \ His Paintings (A243), it is a far more intimate, balancedand readable study of the great man's favorite hobby, and the60-odd paintings it does offer are in large-scale color. Only thethird book on WSC's painting (the other was Churchill's ownPainting as a Pastime) it is clearly the one most worth owning.Availability: in print.

5. Churchill As Historian, by Maurice Ashley (A250,1968). His literary assistant during the writing of Marl-borough and English-Speaking Peoples, the author is highlyqualified to deliver the best book on Churchill as ahistorian. Imaginative endpapers display some of WSC'scorrected galleys. Availability: good.

Honorable Mention: Bardens, Churchill in Parliament(A241); Gretton, Former Naval Person (A254), Hyam,Elgin and Churchill at the Colonial Office (A255), Young,Churchill and Beaverbrook (A240); Seldon, Churchill's In-dian Summer (A365); Smith, Images of Greatness (A365).

ILLUSTRATED DOCUMENTARIES1. A Churchill Family Album, by Mary Soames (A372,

1982). Lovingly compiled, largely from family photos, fewseen before, its captions expertly identifying and comment-ing on each picture, this is the most important photodocumentary and among the five or six essential works onChurchill. Availability: fairly common in all editions.

2. Churchill \ A Photographic Portrait, by Martin Gilbert(A306, 1974). Running Family Album a close second, this isa more catholic photo collection with emphasis on thepolitical side, its captions equally expert and extensive.Highly recommended. Availability: scarce and getting ex-pensive; paperbacks (thick) are cheaper, but harder to find.

3. Churchill \ His Life in Photographs, by RandolphChurchill and Helmut Gernsheim (A126, 1955). The best

photo documentary through 1974, with the same qualities ofthe above works, it has rarely seen photos, expertly andlengthily captioned. Availability: common, but beware thered morocco Birthday Tribute, a limited edition by BeaulieuHeritage, often carrying a faked Churchill signature on thetitle page (ignorantly copied from the dummy gilt signatureon the cover). Lord Montagu of Beaulieu is still looking forthe culprit.

4. W.S.C. | A Cartoon Biography, compiled by FredUrquhart (A133, 1955). A gem of a book, by far the mostelaborate cartoon collection, from the very first caricature, inSpy of 1900, to cartoons on WSC's retirement as PrimeMinister. Critical Nazi and Soviet cartoons balance anassortment of the good, the bad and the ugly. Availability:high demand is pushing up prices of fine, bright, jacketedcopies, which are rare; scruffy copies are nearly common.

5. The Life and Times of Winston Churchill, by MalcolmThomson (A82, 1945-1965). So common it's often over-looked, this is one of the broadest collections of photos, andpacks a readable biography as well. Constantly updatedthrough Churchill's death, it is worth acquiring. Availability:common; look for the first edition with lovely four-colorendpapers portraying an allegory of Churchill's life.

MEMOIRS BY ASSOCIATES1. Fringes of Power, by Sir John Colville (A392,

1986-90). Outstanding diary covering early war years and1951-55 Premiership, with pithy short sketches of leadingfigures of both periods in the appendix. An outstandingprimary source. Availability: common.

2. Action This Day, edited by John Wheeler-Bennett(A261, 1968). Seven wartime colleagues refute LordMoran's meanderings on what it was really like to work forWSC. Availability: almost common.

3. Mr. Churchill's Secretary, by Elizabeth Nel (A151,1958). Written with warmth and humor, the best book by farby a member of the private office staff, with excellent ac-counts of the crafting of speeches. Still fresh after 30+years. Availability: good.

4. The War and Colonel Warden, by Gerald Pawle (A176,1963-74). Based on memoirs of Cdr. "Tommy" Thompson,Churchill's Naval Aide, indispensible to understanding thewartime journeys and conferences, among other things.Availability: scarce.

5. / Was Churchill's Shadow, by W.H. Thompson (A108,1951-57). First book on Churchill by his ubiquitous Scotlandyard bodyguard, covering the war years and before.Availability: scruffy copies common, fine jacketed first edi-tions scarce.

Honorable Mention: Begin with Det.-Sgt. Thompson'sother books, Sixty Minutes With Winston Churchill (A114,often found inscribed) and Assignment Churchill (A132); inthe same genre but not 100% on Churchill is Edmund Mur-ray's / Was Churchill's Bodyguard (A411). Consider alsoMy Years With Churchill by his valet Norman McGowan(A 150), Simply Churchillby male nurse Roy Howells (A 150).

2.03 (rev. 1991)

CRITICAL WORKS1. Churchill \ A Study in Failure, by Robert Rhodes James

(A272, 1970-73). An important work on Churchill's lostcauses through 1939. The author is grinding no personalaxes; his analytical work is among the balanced critiques.Availability: good.

2. The Yankee Marlborough, by R.W. Thompson (A180,1963). Based heavily on the negative views of formerassociate Desmond Morton (who'd been dropped by Chur-chill and never got over it) this is nevertheless one of themost interesting and valid critical works. "Paints Churchillas a man of flesh and blood, hopes and fears," wrote the lateDalton Newfield — "in other words, human. I like it ."Availability: uncommon.

3. The Tragedy of Winston Churchill, by Victor WallaceGermains (A15, 1931). Of all pre-1940 critiques, this bestsums up the case against Churchill's ever becoming PrimeMinister — or indeed any minister — after the ouster of theBaldwin Conservative Government of 1924-29. Penetrating

if not evenhanded, it will startle the reader with the depth ofbad feeling WSC had engendered. Availability: scarce.

4. Churchill | The Struggle for Survival 1940-1965, byLord Moran (A237, 1966). His doctor's windy diaries givean unprecedented, intimate view and offer much negativeopinion, but must be read alongside Colville's Fringes ofPower and Wheeler-Bennett's Action This Day (see above)for a valid appraisal. Too often, Moran saw Churchill anddrew judgments when WSC was not in top form. "LordMoran was never present when history was made," Colvillesaid, "but he was sometimes invited to lunch afterwards."Availability: common, especially book club editions.

5. British Bulldog, by Emrys Hughes (A103b, 1955). Aknock-down, drag-out attack by a Labour foe, this is morethorough than Hughes' original work (A103a), and is totallyuncharitable: even the great war speeches are criticized ashaving unnecessarily antagonized Hitler. Worth reading, forHughes was part of a Loyal Opposition who really had greataffection for "the old reactionary." Availability: scarce.

Section ABiographies, Studies and Dissertations Separately Published

1905

• 1 Scott, A. MacCallumWINSTON SPENCER CHURCHILL

London: Methuen & Co., 1905. The first biography

1907

• 2 Leech, H.J.MR. WINSTON CHURCHILL, M.P.

Manchester: Abel Heywood, 1907.

1909

• 3 AnonymousCOMPLETE LIFE OF THE RT. HON. WINSTON L.

SPENCER CHURCHILL"Life Stories of Success," No. 2. London: The Self-Help Press, n.d. (Paper wrappers.)

• 4 Batchelor, H. Crouch, compilerMR. WINSTON CHURCHILL ON THE LIBERAL PARTY

- BEFORE HE DONNED THEIR LIVERY AND AC-CEPTED THEIR PAY

London: Pall Mall Press, 1909. Woods D(a)l.

1912

• 5 "A Young Scot"MR. WINSTON CHURCHILL'S NEW PART

Edinburgh: Darien Press, 1912.

1916

• 6 Scott, A. MacCallum, M.P.WINSTON CHURCHILL IN PEACE AND WAR

London: George Newnes Ltd., 1916. Text completelydifferent from item 1.

1919

• 7 King, Joseph, M.P.THE POLITICAL GAMBLER | BEING THE RECORD OF

RT. HON. WINSTON CHURCHILL M.P., SECRE-TARY OF STATE FOR WAR

Glasgow: Reformers' Bookstall, August 1919. (Aneight-page pamphlet.)

• 8 Sitwell, OsbertTHE WINSTONBURG LINE | 3 SATIRES

London: Hendersons, n.d. (paperback). The threesatires originally appeared as "A Certain Statesman,"Daily Herald, 22 July 1919; "More About Morale,"Daily Herald, 28 July 1919; and "The Governess ofEurope," The Nation, 5 July 1919.

1924

• 9 Captain X [Gibb, Andrew Dewar]WITH WINSTON CHURCHILL AT THE FRONT

Glasgow: Cowans & Gray Ltd., 1924

1925

• 10 Keynes, John MaynardTHE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF MR. CHUR-

CHILL = THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OFECONOMIC PARITY [U.S. ed.]

London: Leonard and Virginia Woolf at the HogarthPress (paperback); New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co.Inc., 1925.

2.04 (rev. 1991)

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a n l fif ihv »Ai|Mi* 11M t-f h*r Lnl

i Kensiias.

Reverse of the cards opposite, showing the intriguing and detailed biographic sketches; another Young Winston, produced by Ogden's.

tion did not correspond with the illustration used. Severalsets used caricatures, for example: John Player's "StraightLine Characters." The descriptive back of this card begins,"Whatever his age, he will always be young." Perhaps thisexplains my former observation!

Cards With Events From Churchill's LifeChurchill began his career as a military man. Of the in-numerable sets of regiments of the British Army, somehowthe 4th (Queen's Own) Hussars was not a popular choice forillustration and description. Adequate examples are avail-able, however, of the 21st Lancers. Ogden's 1909 set, "Soldiersof the King," has a portrait of a trooper in uniform, verysimilar to the outfit Churchill wore (allowing for differencesof commissioned status). Players' famous 1900 set, "MilitarySeries," lists battle honours won by this regiment, the mostrecent being from the Crimea. The same manufacturer's setof "Regimental Colours & Cap Badges" (1907), illustratesthe regimental drum banner and cap badge.

Of the many decorations and awards Churchill received,one example, the Queens Sudan medal of 1896-98, is shownin Wills' 1906 set, "Medals." The Queen's South Africa

Medal 1899-1902 is pictured in Taddy's "British Medals andRibbons" (1912). Other sets have both these as well as otherawards he received.

Churchill's most audacious escapade occurred during theAnglo-Boer War, when military, heroic and literary rolesflourished. Most cigarette manufacturers paid great attentionto this drama. Many sets were produced, covering mainlycelebrities and events. A few cards of note include MajorGeneral Lord Kitchener in Gallaher's "The South AfricanSeries," Major-Gen. French (somewhat before Churchillhad befriended him) in F.J. Smith's "Boer War Series," andobviously Lieutenant-General Sir Ian Hamilton in Smith's"Boer War Studio Series."

The First World War period has many cards, too. By thisstage, as a 40-year-old with a solid reputation already behindhim and a member of the war cabinet, Churchill had well-established relationships with important political and militaryleaders; English, Allied and German. In addition to illustra-tions and descriptions of Churchill himself in these sets,many of those personalities are shown and many recur in dif-ferent sets. Kitchener, Haig, Joffre, Lloyd George, Smutsare but a few. Wills' "War Incidents" (1915) describes the

Reverse of the cards opposite, showing their numbers in the Wills Army Leaders set; Neville Chamberlain, the "MPs" series.

t o * aiHlii « n I!* itrrrn• K M In MdHHB iftlK Heh ta F l d N l l

F.-« . Sir D. Half, CC.B. IF . N . Sir 1<OI.ICI-.I Haik- >"•"• |

lKl:«liKftlwi>'< Mli«i !''.•»"•anil Sal!:!h-inl: rl.Il'i"!

of i-iltiiin' ui •••imni*jvil n: 1!) in.. -.In Ir.iiui I.'- w:

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i the decisive ati*cfe on taetim Mame, whicfe

h*ia to re*reat tawc Ai^ofi, l ie id^o JeU theFrench effea^tve ^ May '")!$.

W.D.Se H.O.WILLSI BRISTOL* LONDON

M». NEVILLE CHAMBeRLAIN.

17

Below and left: Polo playing (Mirrorpic's WSC series), a trooperresembling WSC and one of the medals he won. For collectors, theauthor recommends: London Cigarette Card Co., Sutton Rd,Somerton, Somerset TA11 6QP; W.L. Hood, 9 St. Peters Rd,Lowstoft, Suffolk NR 33 OLH; Murray Cards, 51 Watford Way,Hendon, London NW5 3JH; Albert's, 113 London Rd,Twickenham, Mdlsx. TW1 1EE; and the Cartophilic Society, c/oK.F. Fox, 116 Hill View Rd., Ensbury Park, Bournemouth BH105BK. (All UK.)

T R O O P E RBRITISH MtDAis& RIBBONS N"M9

OQDEN'S CIfci.nE.TTES

civilian flight from Antwerp; another set with the same titleportrays Australians in the Dardanelles.

Equally, the Second World War series of cards is verylarge but many sets concentrated on the equipment, precau-tions and preparations for the war. Coverage of the war itselfis not as detailed as the previous one, nor are its personalitiesshown in the same detail. However, as Churchill was nowthe leader of the British war effort, almost every set is perti-nent, either directly or indirectly. Lingford published in 1949a set of "British War leaders"; A&BC Gum has a 1970 settitled "Battle of Britain," consisting of 66 cards withnewspaper descriptions on the back from the Daily Mirror.These are all dated. Trucards has a similar titled set.

Cards Related To Churchill's WritingsPersonalities are obviously a major component, but Chur-chill's voluminous articles and books covering the Boer,First and Second World Wars, suggest a further area of in-terest. There are cards illustrating and describing his greatancestor, the Duke of Marlborough (Wills "Builders of theEmpire," 1898, plus other sets). Most of the personalitiesfrom his Great Contemporaries can be found in various sets,as with important personages in his History of The English-Speaking Peoples.

SummaryIn this brief review on the background to cigarette and tradecard collecting, I have given an even briefer overview of thewealth of material that exists relative to Sir Winston Chur-chill. This rich source of reference provides serious, colorfuland even whimsical information in a form with which mostof us are not very familiar. It is extremely valuable and greatlystimulating to collect and read. However, I believe there is amore fundamental argument for exploring this subject. If oneof our goals is to search out, research and catalogue all thathas been published about Churchill, cigarette and trade cardsmust seriously be considered.

Similar approaches have already been taken in allied areas,most recently in Churchill's orders, decorations and medals.The Society has published a thorough checklist of stamps,and continues to discuss and picture memorabilia. Yetcigarette and trade cards have been almost completely ig-nored. Hopefully I have aroused the interest of enoughpotential collectors to rectify the situation.

These little cards cover the full course of Churchill's life.Virtually all are available, although some may be rare, andnot inexpensive. They have the added benefit of providingnot only pictorial but also descriptive information, and in thisrespect they offer more than the other subjects mentionedabove. •

UOWhiNC STREET ».-.

Only one set of cardsexclusively devoted toChurchill was everpublished, in 1965, byAmerican & BritishChewing Gum Ltd.(Mirrorpic). It in-cludes Churchi l l -related people andplaces, such as No.Ten Downing Street(left) and the Housesof Parliament (right).

18

Churchillian Characteristics: Intellect"THE PROF"

IN ONE WAY or another, Lindemannwas in a position to meet all theprominent politicians of the day.

Among all these, Churchill was hand-picked by him. And what was it inChurchill that particularly attractedhim? His brain.

From the beginning, the Prof wasquite convinced that Churchill was oneof the great intellects of our age. Hestressed particularly his capacity forsimultaneously grasping the whole widerange of forces bearing on the worldsituation at any moment and his capacityto judge each new event for its in-fluence, not only on the point of its ap-parent application, but over the wholescene. He was tremendously impressedby the skill with which Churchill wasable to assemble his case when in thewilderness, meeting and overcomingMinisters who had all the advantage ofthe Civil Service working on their sideand of their secret information. He wasimpressed by the unremitting continuityof Churchill's appraisement of theworld scene and his comprehension ofso many diverse kinds of influence.

The Prof's admiration was certainlydirected to Churchill's intellectualgreatness — and to that only, and quiteconsistently so, throughout the longperiod of his close association.

The greatness of Churchill has beenso widely recognized and he has been somuch idolized, very justly, that it seemsabsurd to claim at this stage that there isanything more to be added to the univer-sal acclaim. And yet, when all has beensaid, I cannot escape the feeling thatthere is a certain deficiency.

The word "leadership" is used

FROM "A PERSONAL MEMOIR OF LORD CHERWELL" BY R.F. HARROD

Frederick Lindemann (Lord Cherwell) wasone of Churchill's most intimate and longestfriends, and a crucial scientific advisor dur-ing the war. Yet only two books were writtenabout him: Lord Birkenhead's excellentbiography, and R.F. Harrod's "The Prof."(London: Macmillan 1959), which the authormodestly called "a purely personalmemoir." Harrod's book, uncommon, isworth seeking out. Despite its author'sdisclaimer, it remains a marvelous source-work to the Churchill-Lindemann relation-ship. Consider this excerpt — and the im-pressive case it makes for Churchill as cur-riculum in colleges and universities.

— Editor.

without analysis. While recognizing thesublime passages in some of his wartimeutterances (when the situation itselfcalled for sublimity) I would not sup-pose that, simply as a speaker, Chur-chill has a unique place. He was nodoubt efficient in the handling of affairs,and he had a host of amiable qualities;but these alone did not raise him to thegreat height at which nonetheless wewish to place him.

I suggest that Churchill's real claim togreat pre-eminence — and I believe thatthe Prof would have endorsed this fromhis wide knowledge of Churchill over solong a period — is that he was one of thegreatest intellects of the twentieth cen-tury and one of the greatest intellectsthat has ever happened to hold the postof Prime Minister in any country.

We speak with respect, and evenveneration, of that eminent nineteenth-century Prime Minister, Gladstone. Hewas no doubt a man of greater eruditionthan Churchill; he was a man ofmeticulous detail and good oratoricalpower. But for intellectual capacity inits true sense — the power to grasp allthe myriad facets of world affairs andassess things in their just proportions —I do not suppose, to judge from therecords Gladstone has left, that he canhold a candle to Churchill. It is thisquality of sheer brain power that Ibelieve has not even now been suffi-ciently appreciated.

Failure to recognize the specificallyintellectual quality of Churchill wasevinced in discussions people liked tohave on whether they regarded Chur-chill or Roosevelt as the greater man.This might turn on their political com-plexions, Roosevelt appealing more to

19

WSCIN1937

one of leftward inclination, as beingsupposed to have a wider vision ofworld brotherhood. This was, ofcourse, to miss the essential point.Roosevelt was a man of great ability andgenerous views and an astute politician— perhaps too astute, since he therebybecame so much hated by theRepublicans; but no one could supposethat Roosevelt was one of the great in-tellects of our century.

Churchill's works are insufficientlystudied for the profound politicalphilosophy they contain. At the univer-sities, where the young are supposed tobe trained to think on political prin-ciples, one finds very second-ratewriters recommended for study. Howmany under-graduates could pass an ex-amination on the thought of Churchill,which is of such far greater value? It istrue that Churchill did not write a text-book of political principles; his wisdomis contained in obiter dicta in hisspeeches and historical writings, ormerely implied, or even has to be readbetween the lines; thus it needs bringingtogether by conscientious anddiscriminating scholarship. Burke gavehis political wisdom to the world in thesame manner; it has nonetheless beencarefully studied in the universities. Yetsurely Churchill has been a greaterpolitical thinker than Burke.

Thus I believe that the long intimacyof Churchill and the Prof rested on thefirm basis of an appreciation by each ofthe intellectual qualities of the other. Nodoubt there are also factors of tempera-ment, which govern the possibilities offriendship. Intellectual affinity is impor-tant if the friendship is to be durable. •

Churchill in StampsBY RICHARD M. LANGWORTH

PAGES 145-150: IN THE WAKE OF DUNKIRKThere is no lack of stamps to illustrate this portion of the

philatelic biography, so we rely here mainly on specific Churchillcommemoratives, rather than Churchill-related (C-R) issues. Theevents covered involved the few weeks after Dunkirk, the actionsof the Germans and French, and what Churchill had to say tothem both, to his own nation and to the world.

Catalogue numbers are Scott (#) and Stanley Gibbons (sg). Aslash mark (/) indicates a set with a common design, from whichany value may be used.

145. The Germans used a famous press photo of Churchill with amachine gun to concoct the propaganda leaflet illustrated here.Since the same photo later became the basis of two Churchillcommemoratives, Great Britain #729 (sg 963) and Maldives#524, sg 535 (also featuring a Lancaster), these stamps are ap-propriate. The British stamp was affixed in position on the Ger-man "wanted" poster; although the sizes are not quite the same itmakes for an effective display.

146. The events at Compiegne, where Hitler forced the French tosign an armistice in the enshrined coach where Marshal Foch haddictated terms to the defeated Germans in 1918. and the subse-quent split among French leaders, is covered here. France #967(sg 1478) a commemorative of the Resistance, notes the date ofinfamy. Petain (France #415/18. sg 690/93) formed a rumpgovernment for unoccupied France at Vichy, he was later tried asa traitor and exiled, but lived until 1950. Dc Gaulle (NewHebrides #144-45, overprinted for De Gaulle's death in 1970)was the highest-ranking French officer (and not very high at that)to dissent; in London he organized the Free French and broadcastwords of defiance to his countrymen.

147. Churchill's famous remark about De Gaulle being his own"Cross of Lorraine," is a suitable follow-up to page 146. Togo#767 (sg ?) is part of a DeGaulle commemorative set whichshows WSC and the General in Paris after the Liberation, andalso repeats the Cross of Lorraine pattern. New Hebrides#139-40 (sg ?) is the original of the De Gaulle overprints shownpreviously. A French Resistance poster signed by De Gaulle wasreproduced by both France #B377 (sg 1634) and Ajman (1970 DeGaulle commemorative). USA #915 (sg 912) adds France to thelist of "Overrun Countries" (issued 1943^4).

148. Churchill's June 4th speech deserves massive treatment, andwas given three pages. British Antarctic Territory #62-63 and#63a (sg 61-62 and MS63) and Jersey #27 (sg 35) cover its open-ing lines about "fighting on the seas and oceans" . . .

149. . . . while Maldives #427-31 (sg 538^2). Great Britain#436 (sg 677) and Grenada's mini-sheet (#573, sg MS 639)symbolize WSC's resolve to fight on the beaches and landinggrounds . . .

150. . . . and Gilbert and Ellicc Islands #236 (sg 242) Nicaragua#2357 (sg 1909) and the Grenada Grenadines version of theprevious mini sheet (#32, sg MS32) combine with an El SalvadorRoosevelt issue (#C114, sg 974) to recall Churchill's assurancethat the New World would eventually come to Britain's aid.

(To be continued)

145.

146.

WANTED AGAIN:

•or the second time in his life, Churchill found himself the•ubject of a wanted poster. Just after Dunkirk, German aircraft.dropped propaganda leaflets picturing WSC with a machine gun::ie line, "Save at least your families..." suggests that the•1'jrmans were by now resigned to a house-by-house invasion of•Jreat Britain.

r.ie photograph used«is cropped in itsl)7h application,?:i a British stamp:-..irking the•sntenary of WSC'sMrth.

WANTED

FOB INCITEMENT TO

MURDER

Thli gangitar, who you ••• In hit aUmam

in lha plotuia, Incltai you by hii •ximpU

la pailldpU* in • form of w«rf Bra In which

woman, children and ordinary civilians

•hall taka hading pul l .

Thto •IbaolMUlT a r indwl lattn ol

v/mttmn which to lorhldd»w by lh«

HAGUE CONVENTION

according to military law

Save at least your families from

the horrors of war 1

THE FBBNCH COLLAPSE

"The news from France is very bad, and I g r i eve for the g a l l a n t! u e n ? ^ f h ° f ^ ^ - . . N o t h i n g w i l l a l t e r our f e e l i n g s towards them and? K / ! ^ J

t h t , S e n a U S ° f F r e n c e " ^ 1 r i s e again. .We are suretha t in the end a l l w i l l cone r i g h t . " - W S C , 17 June 1940

On June 18th,France fe l l .At the news,Hitler appearsto dance a j i g(the film wo»doctored to soappear), whileChurchill leavesNo. 10 for aCabinet meeting.

Marshal Petain,who replacedReynaud as Premierand immediatelysued for peace,set up a rumpgovernment atVichy.

On May 17th,De Gaulle hastilyleft for London• ' m. )id arrest .:;;II.< Churchill:"'I'1 'ook withInm ihe honor»f J-r:ince."

APOGEE

THE CROSS OP LORRAINE

147.

Of all the crosses he had to bear, the Prime Minister later said.the heaviest of all is the Cross of Lorraine." General Charles

•DeGaulle, whose Free French were given refuge in London, held theBritish allies of last resort, and had his own ideas about thereconquest of France.

THE RESOLUTION

"...We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the

landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets,

OverrunFrance:18June1940

Leaderof theFreeFrench

149.we shall fight in the hills, we shall never, NEVER, surrender.

148.

THE RESOLUTION

"We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall

fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans,

THE RESOLUTION

"...And even if this Island or a large part of it were subjugated

and starving, then our Empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded

by the British Fleet, would carry on the struggle,

"We shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength

in the air; we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be.

1 5 0 u n t 1 1 the New World, with all its power and might, steps forth

to the rescue and liberation of the old." __4 June 1940

•'•Is*

CF.VPJ.KY OT 'Ht IUm Of SIN WINSTON CHUDO4U

Remarks for Churchill's BirthdayRequiem for Socialism and the Iron CurtainChurchill's Relevance to the Challenges of the Present

BY HARRY V. JAFFA

30 NOVEMBER 1990

Last year, on this occasion, I displayed to our assembledguests a cartoon by Conrad. As you may suspect I am seldomin sympathy with anything of Conrad's. But this time I was.Beneath the drawing, as I recall, were the words, "FromStettin on the Baltic, to Trieste on the Adriatic, an Iron Cur-tain has descended across the continent." The drawing itselfdisplayed a crumbling wall, and behind it the smiling face ofour Hero, flashing the famous victory sign. It was well toremember, I said, that the policy of containment of Com-munism — a policy on the eve of its victory — had its origin inChurchill's speech at Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri,in April of 1946.

As President Bush observed in 1989, that speech, knownin history as the Iron Curtain speech, was named by Churchillhimself, "The Sinews of Peace." Although Churchill wasalmost universally condemned at the time as a war-monger,we can see now, after 45 long, weary years, that his ownname for that speech — and its purpose — has been trium-phantly vindicated.

The last twelve months have witnessed the disintegration— with breathtaking swiftness — of the Communist govern-ments of eastern Europe. We have seen the reunification ofGermany, and its inclusion in NATO. Even last year at thistime, we could hardly believe that the USSR would give itsconsent to that reunification, and we were almost certain thatit would never consent to its inclusion in NATO. Now we seea collapsing, disintegrating USSR — hardly able to feed itself— turned almost wholly inward, its President going hat inhand to Berlin, begging for aid! The Soviet troops in easternGermany are not there to serve the Warsaw Pact — whichno longer exists — but because their government has no jobs,housing, or even food for them at home.

When has the wheel of fortune turned more rapidly?When have the principles of political — and economic —freedom been so truly vindicated? Let us remember that itwas Churchill who in 1920 attempted in vain to "strangle theinfant Bolshevism in its cradle." Let us recall that Churchill'swarnings against Hitler went unheeded until Hitler was onthe verge of conquering the world, and then it was Churchill'swar leadership which alone prevented Hitler's victory in1940, until Britain was joined in the fight by those whohitherto had been blind to their danger. But Churchill wouldnever have been a war leader, had his warnings in the mid-thirties been heeded. Never was there a war easier to pre-vent, by timely measures, than World War II.

Harry Jaffa is Salvatori Research Professor of PoliticalPhilosophy, Claremont College '8? Claremont Graduate School; andfounding President of the Winston Churchill Association, which hasaided the researches of Martin Gilbert, and others.

It is ironic that Churchill's greatest fame is the result of thefact that his wisdom then was disregarded. He is much lesswell known as the architect of the Cold War, although theTruman doctrine, NATO, the Marshall Plan, and the EECall flowed from the speeches he gave in Britain, America, andEurope, in the period when he was Leader of the Oppositionin Parliament, between 1945 and 1951. But Churchill'slegacy includes his philippics against socialism during thissame period, which are no less trenchant than those againstfascism and Communism. Consider the following excerptsfrom a speech in the Commons in 1949.

I was brought up to believe that taxation is a bad thing, butthe consuming power of the people a good thing. I wasbrought up to believe that trade should be regulated mainly bythe laws of supply and demand and that, apart from basicnecessaries in great emergencies, the price mechanism shouldadjust and correct undue spending at home . . . I was alsotaught that it was one of the first duties of Government to pro-mote that confidence on which credit and thrift . . . can alonestand and grow. I was taught to believe that these processes,working freely within the limits of the well-known laws forcorrecting monopoly . . . would produce a lively and con-tinuous improvement in prosperity. I still hold to those generalprinciples.

Socialists [on the other hand] regard taxation as good initself and as tending to level our society . . . The Socialists re-joice in government expenditure on a vast scale . . . and in-creased consuming power, except by the government itself. . . is an evil which must be curbed by every form of govern-ment intervention . . . Everything possible is done to

22

"Let us remember that it was Churchill who in1920 attempted to strangle the infant

Bolshevism in its cradle . . ."

v Have o c\gar luhile 1 tell youluhat a Poiucr for Peace our

Union would b e . . . "

1discourage and stigmatize the inventor.

The Chancellor [Labour's Snowden] speaks in slightingterms of profit earners . . . What a lot of contempt he put intoit _ "profit earners". There was an old Gladstonian expres-sion: "Let the money fructify in the pockets of the people."That is regarded as a monstrous device of a decadentcapitalist system . . . I want to ask how are the Governmentgoing to restore confidence and credit when they showthemselves in every mood and action the enemy of wealthgathered, accumulated or inherited in private hands; whenthey penalize enterprise and deny thrift and good housekeep-ing their due reward?

But Churchill condensed his indictment of socialism into onewithering barrage of sarcasm when he declared, "The in-herent vice of capitalism is the unequal sharing of blessings;the inherent virtue of socialism is the equal sharing ofmiseries."

This moreover puts us in mind of that dictum concerningproperty asserted by the Father of the American Constitu-tion, James Madison, when he said, in the tenth Federalist,that "the protection of different and unequal faculties of ac-quiring property [is] the first object of government." Onemight add that according to Madison, the U.S. Constitution isintended to provide equal protection to unequal abilities. Thisis just as surely what Abraham Lincoln meant when in 1864wrote to the Workingmen's Association of New York that"Property is ihe fruit of labor; property is desirable; it is apositive good in the world. That some should be rich showsthat others may become rich, and hence is just encourage-ment to industry and enterprise."

Unfortunately, the events of the last year have notrepresented an unambiguous triumph for the principles bywhich democracy and capitalism are inexorably linked. Presi-dent Bush's budget deal - his Munich on Capitol hill -

Reaction to the 1946 "Sinews of Peace" speech was remarkably uniform.Here are two examples, from the "Daily Worker" (left, 6 March 1946) andthe allegedly more conservative "Daily Mail" (13 March).

represented a sorry retreat from the anti-socialist traditionwhich is at the core of Anglo-American greatness, and whichhas been so gloriously upheld in recent years by both RonaldReagan and Margaret Thatcher. We had hoped thatReagan's legacy would be safe, at least for the immediatefuture, with someone who had invited us to read his lips. But,as it turned out, the hand was quicker than the eye. But thehand was not the hand of George Bush. In contemplating thetriumph of Tom Foley and George Mitchell, I was remindedirresistibly of the Fox and the Cat leading poor wooden-headed Pinocchio, off to the land where good little boys arenever supposed to go. What was most discouraging was theunrelenting socialist propaganda assault in all the media uponthe policies of Ronald Reagan, and the utterly false assertionsabout the Reagan years, as years in which the tax burden hadbeen shifted to those least able to pay. The truth, we know,was the exact opposite. Under the spurious banner of"fairness," socialistic propaganda — motivated by classhatred, and envy of initiative, enterprise, and individual suc-cess — seenis to be enjoying a renaissance in our own midst,even as it is being scorned to death in the erstwhileheartlands of Communism.

Something similar seems, alas, to be occurring also inChurchill's own homeland. No one else in recent history hasembodied Churchill's bulldog spirit better than MargaretThatcher. When she took office, Britain was dying of thecancer of socialism . . . The economy was stagnant, societywas listless, the ambitious and intelligent were emigrating.The trade unions, many of them dominated by out-and-outCommunists, threatened to ruin any government that men-aced the foundations of British socialism. British conser-vatism before Mrs. Thatcher had been wimpishly impotent.Her unrelenting struggle to break the power of those unionsis a story worthy of the traditions of both Lincoln and Chur-

23

" M e t h i n k s I s e e t h e o l d V - s i g n i n t h e h e a v e n s a b o v e . " T h e " S u n d a y T i m e s , " 2 9 N o v e m b e r 1 9 5 3 ; m i l e s t o n e m o d i f i e d b y u s . . .

chill. Without her victory in this struggle, privatization andlowered taxation — the revival of the British economy andthe British spirit — would not have been possible. Withoutthat victory England's sacrifices in the hot war against Hitler,and the cold war against Stalin, might have been in vain. Letus honor this great leader tonight, even as we honor hermodel and exemplar, Winston Churchill. As to her dismissalby her own party, we can only hope that Churchill's quotationfrom Plutarch, and morrow of his own defeat in 1945, willyet apply: "Ingratitude toward their great men [or women] isthe mark of strong peoples."

Still, we cannot forget the ravages of Britain's economyand society by British socialism, as a result of their ill-judgedrejection of Churchill in 1945. We can only hope thatnothing like it will occur now in Britain, as Mrs. Thatcherassumes a different role. Let us remember that many of SirWinston's greatest moments were in opposition, not only tothe party on the other side of the House, but as a back benchcritic of his own party.

Now however we have other immediate problems of nosmall magnitude. Having shown virtually no tenacity or firm-ness in his dealings with the Democrats on the Hill, perhapsPresident Bush has reserved all the purpose that is in him forhis dealings with Saddam Hussein. Abraham Lincoln oncedeclared, "Stand with anybody that stands Right. Stand withhim while he is right and PART with him when he goeswrong." Discouraged as we may be by the bad deal Mr. Bushstruck on the budget, let us give him every measure of sup-port that we can, to strengthen his hand in the Gulf.

I will not take time now to go into all the reasons why Ithink the President has been as right as can be, in all thesteps he has taken since last August 2nd. Surely, no evidenceis better of his rightness in this policy, than the support he hasbeen given every inch of the way by the Prime Minister of

Great Britain. We can only hope and pray that themurderous scoundrel on the other side will, in the interest of hisown survival, capitulate without trial by combat. But that willnot happen unless he knows we are deadly serious. And thatcannot happen, unless Saddam Hussein knows that we thepeople stand firmly with their Commanders-in-Chief. Let ushope that in the end this will prove to be the President's finesthour. Methinks I see the old V-sign in the heavens above.

Lastly, let me mention that we are witnessing, in theassault upon the President's Gulf policy, the revival of theold America First coalition. Few things are more vivid in mymemories of the Thirties than that amalgam of socialists,pacifists, and right-wing isolationists. In the immortal wordsof Yogi Berra, it sometimes seems like deja vu all over again.Especially when I compare and contrast Charles Lindbergh'swarnings in 1940 against our involvement in the war againstHitler, and the parallel passages in some of the recent effu-sions of the likes of Pat Buchanan.

I trust it will not seem irrelevant here to remind you thatfrom 1905 Churchill belonged to that small but influential cir-cle of Christian Zionists in Britain and that, as ColonialSecretary after World War I, it was he who put into effectthe Balfour Declaration, which had promised a Homeland forthe Jews in Palestine. That Homeland — which became theState of Israel in 1948 — was also endorsed by a joint resolu-tion of the United States Congress, 21 September 1922.The Churchillian roots of American policy in the Middle Eastare much deeper than is commonly known.

And so tonight I ask you to join with our toast to SirWinston Churchill on his 116th birthday, one to his worthysuccessor and emulator, Margaret Thatcher. And, finally, inhis hour of trial, to the pride of our nation, the men andwomen deployed in the Persian Gulf, and to theirCommander-in-Chief, the President of the United States. •

24

WOODS CORNERAddenda & Corrigenda to the "Bibliography of Works of Sir Winston Churchill," by Frederick Woods, 1975.

Why There Are No "States" of "Malakand Field Force"Why "Brodrick's Army" and "Free Trade" are so RareBY GLENN HOROWITZ

Al(a) Malakand Field ForceOver the years, much has been

written about possible issues, states andvariants of Churchill's first work,though much of that has been, at best,conjectural, leading in turn to muchmuddle. Simply, and hopefully tosimplify, may I offer the following.

The first printing consisted of 5000copies printed by the Aberdeen Univer-sity Press for Longmans, which dividedthe run between a "Home" issue (2000copies, a small percentage of whichwere shipped to the United States) and a"Colonial" issue (3000 copies in bothwrappers and Longmans's trademarkColonial Library pictorial clothbinding). Later in 1898 the plateswould be used for two printings of anew, authorially revised edition, issuedas part of Longmans' Silver Library;but for now that is not of directinterest.

Publication occurred on 14 March1898. Copies of the Home issue containa 32-page Longmans catalogue, printedon cheap stock, bound in at the rear; thecatalogues bear one of two dates —"12/97" or "3/98." Copies of theHome issue are also known with andwithout errata sheets (one short, onelonger) which corrects the worst ofuncle Moreton Frewen' s proofing errors;Longmans' records indicate that on 19April 1898, following a flurry oftelegrams between Bombay and Lon-don, 1700 copies of that errata were runoff. Based on this information, or snip-pets of it, Frederick Woods' Biblio-graphy argues for the existence of twostates of the Home issue: the first with a"12/97" catalogue and no errata sheetand the second, later one with a "3/98"catalogue and the errata.

In an unpublished manuscript revisionto Woods, Mr. Ronald Cohen of Mon-

Glenn Horowitz is a New York book-seller and Friend of ICS/USA.

The Colonial hardbound edition of the "Malakand," with the 1899 Silver Library Edition at right.

treal, Canada seconds Woods' surmisewhile adding two fresh wrinkles. FirstCohen suggests that not only do twostates of the Home issue exist, there arealso two states of the Colonial issue,determined by the presence, or lack, ofan errata. Cohen then cautions aboutmaking inferences as to issuance, asdoes Woods, based upon the placementof the errata in copies of the Homeissue. Apparently Mr. Cohen dis-covered that in 1898 Longmans had in-house staff tip the erratas in by hand,bankrupting Woods' categorical con-tention that the errata turns up in thesame place in all copies. Indeed, Cohenreveals, erratas can appear willy-nilly— in copies of both Home and Colonialissues!

Reference to separately printed pub-lisher's catalogues or errata sheets toascertain points of issuance is thorny. Inthe case of the Malakand the printing ofthe sheets was done in one place; cata-logues were bound into copies some-where else, and, finally, the printingand inserting of the errata sheets wereexecuted in still different locales.

That some copies contain cataloguesdated December (Churchill didn't evenpost the manuscript from India to hismother in London until 29 December1897) can be explained by the earlyMarch publication date: when sheets for

25

early spring books arrived in their shop,Longmans binders had yet to exhausttheir supply of "12/97" catalogues,which they then did prior to binding in"3/98" catalogues. Copies of theMalakand, therefore, would havereceived both, which is all, and nomore, that copies of the Home issuewith "12/97" catalogues tell us.

No doubt copies of Malakand withexamples of December and Marchcatalogues were in circulation whenLongmans consented, following Chur-chill's entreaties from Bombay, to printthe 1700 erratas. So to contend that allcopies with a "12/97" catalogue mustlack the errata and that all copies with a"3/98" catalogue will have it and thatthose sacrosanct combinations con-stitute distinct first and second states isspecious. (Churchillbooks Catalogue26, Winter 1989, offers a Malakandwith a "3/98" catalogue and no erratasheet.)

Over the years I have examinedcopies of Malakand which exhibit allpossible permutations of the catalogue/errata sheet combination, including twocopies with errata sheets and no cata-logues (possibly part of that smallnumber of copies exported to the UnitedStates). Churchill's contract stipulatedthat he receive "79 presentationcopies." The earliest Churchill could

WOODS CORNER. . .

have taken possession of his 79 (unlessLongmans shipped them to him in India)would have been in June 1899, twomonths after the errata sheets wereprinted, when he returned to London tolobby for a commission in Kitchener'sSudanese campaign. It would followthen that most presentation copiesshould have an errata, and a "3/98"catalogue.

The conclusion: copies of the Homeissue exist with a Longmans cataloguein the rear dated either "12/97" or"3/98," except in rare cases wherethere is no catalogue at all — the con-figuration of copies shipped to theUnited States; some copies have an er-rata sheet tipped in at various placesamongst the first dozen pages; somedon't; those with an errata were"distributed" later than 19 April 1898,the day 1700 erratas were printed. Fromthat evidence no states of issuance can,or should be, ascertained.

A6 Mr. Brodrick's ArmyA9 For Free Trade

The parallels between Churchill's1901 opposition to Secretary of War St.John Brodrick's Army Reforms andLord Randolph's 1886 battle withSecretary of State W.H. Smith overArmy Estimates are many and striking— down to the coincidence of Smith'srighthand at the War Office being noneother than Brodrick. "Alone in oppos-ing his own Conservative government,on 13 May 1901 Churchill made hisfirst great oration . . . the ex-officer ap-pealed to the very principles on behalfof which his father had resigned andruined himself . . . Thus the son beganhis long political journey . . . "(Weidhorn, Sword and Pen, 1974, pp.61-62.) Even in his initial assault onBrodrick Winston's identification withRandolph was unmistakable; he madethe House listen to him read aloud fromspeeches his father had delivered in thesame room twenty years earlier.

There is, however, one titanic dif-ference between the generational strug-gles: Winston won and launched one ofthe most productive Parliamentarycareers in English history, while Ran-dolph lost, resulting first in his resigna-tion as Chancellor of the Exchequer inDecember 1886, and soon after the endof his political life.

FORFREE TRADE

„<)

<ir i n i i K ( I K

r-T uunns> thesp-c i umg ibc

l b

r i p

Wrc «ii. in dl

i o \ S . C ' H I R C H J M , « • •

Did a sense of injustice, even a needto expiate adolescent shame, motivateChurchill in the Brodrick affair? ManyMPs thought yes, including Arthur Lee(late Lord Lee of Fareham who pre-sented Chequers to the nation as a coun-try residence for Prime Ministers), whothe day after the first anti-Brodrick blastcommented that Winston was wrong-headed "to confuse filial piety withpublic duty." Blatantly oedipal as theroots of his motives might now appear,Churchill was also earnest about hisposition — "a definitive divergence ofthought and sympathy from nearly allthose [Conservatives] thronging thebenches around me," he later wrote —and the Brodrick controversy marks theonset of his alienation from the Tories,the party of his father and class. Sensingthe constructive turmoil in Winston,John Burns, the veteran radical Fabian,wrote admiringly to Lady Randolph:". . . to share with his mother the hopethat he [Winston] will go further in thecareer he has chosen and on the ex-cellent lines of his courageous speech. . . [May 13] . . . "

What follows is conjectural, but Ithink right, or mostly right. Nowhere inprint have we found reference to a factthat may contribute to explaining the ex-treme rarity of Mr. Brodrick's Army(likewise For Free Trade, 1906: samepublisher, same format).

In 1901 Churchill was only a 27 yearold, first term MP. Who would havewanted to publish his early, decidedlyephemeral political speeches? No onebut Churchill himself, who wanted to

26

distribute them in permanent form to in-fluential MPs and politicians. Towardthat end I believe he underwrote the costof producing this pamphlet.

As to the "publisher:" for decadesArthur L. Humphreys (1865-1946)managed Hatchard's Picadilly book-store, running out of it what amountedto a vanity press — the address on thetitle page of both Brodrick and FreeTrade is "187 Picadilly, W," Hat-chard's address then and now. In 1895Humphreys published his first book,Oscariana, epigrams by Oscar Wildeculled from his writings by his wifeConstance, who during the months ittook to see the work through the press,apparently fell in love with Humphreysand "may have had an affair with him. . . " (Ellman, Oscar Wilde, NewYork, Knopf, p. 425). Constance's in-fatuation (the greater passion flowed, itseemed, from her) did little, however,to dampen the friendship between Wildeand Humphreys. Indeed during Wilde'simprisonment in Reading Gaol and laterexile in France, Humphreys remained astaunch supporter, and his was one ofthe few names on the wreath at Wilde'sParis funeral.

How Churchill and Humphreys hookedup remains unknown. A logical can-didate for intermediary would be FrankHarris, Wilde's great friend and Chur-chill's de facto "literary agent" for the1906 sale to Macmillan of the rights toLord Randolph Churchill. (One moreChurchillian connection to Humphreys:in 1906 Lord Rosebery's defensivemonograph on Lord Randolph boreHumphreys' imprint, though that isquite a common book.) Whomever didthe introducing, it seems evident thatonce Churchill determined to see hisearly reform speeches between covers(two full years had elapsed since theanti-Brodrick speeches) he enlistedHumphreys as his "publisher" — notonce but twice.

It may be coincidental but by anyquantifiable measure the two rarestbook-length works in Churchill's canonare Mr. Brodrick's Army and For'FreeTrade, also the only instances of Chur-chill's and Humphreys' names beingjuxtaposed on title pages.

& & & & &

"C22/1"'' What Americans Think About the BoerWar, " Colliers, 26 January 1901. Thisarticle, reprinted in A Cavalcade of Col-)))

DESPA TCH BOXIssue 68 Cover Poem

The poem for which you request at-tribution is "High Flight," by JohnGillespie Magee, Jr. (1922-1941). Bornof American parents in China, hereceived some of his education at RugbySchool in England. In 1940, Mageecrossed the border into Canada to "dohis bit" with the RCAF. He receivedhis pilot wings in June 1941 and shortlythereafter joined 412 Squadron, RCAFat Wellingore, England. On 11December 1941, during convoy patrol,Pilot Officer Magee was killed when hisSpitfire collided with another aircraft.He was buried in the cemetery at Scop-with, Lines., alongside the graves of 50fellow airmen. His headstone bears thefirst and last lines of his poem, whichwas composed several months beforehis death.

Since 1941, "High Flight" hasbecome legendary in the RCAF (knownsince 1975 as Air Command) and hasalso been set to music by Dr. LloydPfautsch (composer and conductor ofchoral music) for use at the U.S. AirForce Academy. Readers of FinestHour may recall that President Reaganused several lines of "High Flight" fora memorial service for members of the82nd Airborne Division killed in an air-craft accident at Gander, New-foundland.

- CAPT. J.R. GRODZINSKY, AIR COMMAND

HISTORICAL OFFICER, A.C. H.Q.

WESTWIN, MANITOBA, CANADA

What Hath Neville Wrought?In 1989 I saw an interesting "A&E"

presentation about Neville Chamberlain,which was quite disgusting from an

historical perspective. Interviewees inEngland attempted to suggest that thenotorious Munich agreement postponedWorld War n by a year which permittedEngland the time to save herself.

I suppose this is not a new theoryalthough the manner of expression madeit seem so. History powerfully suggeststhat Chamberlain's three trips toEurope, of which the last was toMunich, actually saved Hitler's regime.It seems quite clear that he would havebeen overthrown by powerful forces inGermany which at that time still sur-vived, but were crushed by the con-duct of Chamberlain and his regime.Thirdly, Chamberlain's actions prob-ably encouraged Stalin into the Nazi-Soviet pact of August 1939.

All this is so clear today, and sobrilliantly stated in Manchester's LastLion Volume II, that it takes me back tosee such contrary accounts being spreadupon the face of C-Span.

BILL HARVEY, GRAY PROFESSOR OF LAW

INDIANA UNIVERSITY, INDIANAPOLIS

The media is so slanted that one getsnumb to it, but this is indeed the thrustof revisionist argument; see the "Goingto War" articles and "Good Old Win-nie!" in "Datelines" this issue. ForBritain's role in prompting the Nazi-Soviet Pact, see "Churchill and theBaltic, " two parts, FH 53-54.

Farewell, Sir AntonyA year ago I had the pleasure of attend-

ing a dinner here for British Am-bassador Sir Antony and Lady Ackland,after which Sir Antony spoke about"perestroika" and took questions. I

British Ambassador to the United States Sir An-tony Ackland (left) will be succeeded this summerby Michael Gathercole (right).

asked him what he thought SirWinston's advice might be for the US-UK in handling the Soviets withperestroika in mind. The Ambassadorthought Sir Winston would advise in-cluding the 35 Helsinki countries in aunified approach to eastern Europe, thathe would refer to the lifting of the ' 'IronCurtain" and advise us to "be kind, begenerous, and don't let your guarddown!"

I want to stress that Sir Antony reallyenjoyed the question. I sensed that he litup and enjoyed being able to refer toChurchill. I'm sure he would make afine ICS speaker.

JON WALLACE, TULSA, OKLA. USA

The speech will likely occur inEngland, as Sir Antony will retire asBritish Ambassador this summer tobecome Provost of Eton. He will bereplaced by Sir Robin Renwick, KCM,CMG who will, like his predecessor,receive all ICS publications. While weare constantly on guard not to presumehow WSC might react to modern affairs,we think Sir Antony's conjecture is onrather solid ground.

continued overleaf. . .

WOODSCORNER. . .

lier's, Kenneth McArdle, editor (NewYork: A.S. Barnes and Co., 1959) isunrecorded by Woods. The Editorwould appreciate a photocopy of theoriginal.

- REPORTED BY MARVIN NICELY

Further Additions to Section D(b)"D(b)51/2"

Sir Evelyn Ruggles-Brise, by Shane Leslie,

London: Murray 1938. At pp 152-3, WSCletter to Ruggles-Brise on prison reform, 6May 1910.

"D(b)67/3"Ambassador on Special Mission, by the Vis-count Temple wood (Sam Hoare), London:Collins 1946. At pp 304-6, WSC letter toFranco on Anglo-Spanish relations, October1944.

"D(b)116/5"John Anderson, Viscount Waverley, by SirJohn Wheeler-Bennett, London: Macmillan

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1962. At pp 280-1, WSC letter to AvaWigram on Ralph's death, December 1936;at pp 383-4, letter to Anderson on hisresignation as chairman, Royal Commission,29 February 1952; at pp 315-6, letter to theKing on the King's duty should Churchill bekilled, 28 January 1945 (previously pub-lished in King George VI, D(b)112).

"D(b)116/6"Sir Winston Churchill Honorary Citizen ofthe United States, Worcester, Mass.: AchilleSt. Onge, 1963. Renumber from "116/5" toaccommodate the above new entry. •

DESPATCH BOX . . .

A Danish Remembrance(To Douglas Russell) I found your

Orders, Decorations and Medals of SirWinston Churchill (FH 67-68) of greatinterest, because you have been verycareful and particular, and because itreminds me of a personal contact withSir Winston when I was ADC to HisMajesty King Frederik IX during his1956 visit to London aboard the RoyalYacht Dannebrog.

Their Majesties gave a lunch to somedignitaries, among whom was SirWinston. I had the honour to receivehim on board, and before taking him toTheir Majesties I asked him to take aseat in the hall. When they were readyto receive him he prepared to rise,pushing himself forward in the chair.When it seemed suitable (to me) I put ahand under his left arm. As soon as hefelt my hand he dug in his heels andalmost jumped back into his seat!''Don't help me," he said — and startedall over again. He could do it himself —and so he did.

I think this little incident gives a clearpicture of the man who could fight anddo the things he did — an example forother democratic leaders. I admiredhim, and still do.

May I end my letter by saying that Iadmire your nation and your leaders inthese days when the USA and its alliesare fighting both for themselves andfor us in the West too. God blessAmerica.CHAMBERLAIN E. A. NIELSEN, FORMER HEAD

SECRETARIAT OF THE CHAPTER OF

ROYAL ORDERS OF DENMARK, COPENHAGEN

Finest Hour 67"Churchill in Stamps" (page 14)

states: " the great victory forChurchill's Admiralty was the sinkingof Graf Spee off Montevideo by HMSExeter, HMS Ajax and HMNZSAchilles.''' I have to tell you that theGraf Spee took refuge in the Rio Plateoff Montevideo, seeking the protectionof a neutral port. I believe the Rules ofNeutrality and Engagement at that timesaid a ship could so take refuge forsomething like 36 or 48 hours and thenhad to return to sea. I am sure the RoyalNavy would have been delighted to sinkthe Graf Spee given the opportunity, buther Captain decided to scuttle his ship inthe roads in the Rio Plate. It is therefore

not correct to give credit for the destruc-tion to the British Admiralty, nor yet toExeter, Ajax and Achilles.

DR. NORMAN RIGBY, VANCOUVER, BC

We did not say that Churchill's Ad-miralty sank the Graf Spee, but that hersinking was a great victory, which is dif-ferent. There was not enough space toexplain that she was hunted, cornered,took refuge, urgently wired for help,was promised none, put to sea when theUruguayans insisted, and scuttledherself rather than face the inevitablesinking at the hands of the British/NZsquadron — which certainly deservedcredit for the victory, and is what theygot from Churchill.

Finest Hour 68Thanks for correcting in issue 69 the

typo stating that WSC caught a pike inthe "mast" (moat) of Salisbury Hall.[Sorry Henry — typos are always socrucial!] Most likely he caught thismonster in 1904, when he was helpinghis mother clear duckweed. Also, theMosquito team commenced work atHatfield in 1938 and moved to SalisburyHall in 5 October 1939. Incidentally,the first taxiing of the Mosquito tookplace on 25 November 1940, five daysbefore WSC's 66th birthday.

HENRY E. CROOKS, WANTAGE, OXON, UK

Churchill and the FaroesI found an obscure reference to WSC

from The Flag Bulletin (Winchester,Mass., Vol. XVII, no. 5, 1978): SvenTito Achen's article, "The Flag of theFaroe Islands."

The Faroes are semi-autonomousunder the Danish Crown. Although themodern flag originated early this cen-tury, it was still unofficial at the time ofthe Nazi occupation of Denmark inApril 1940. The British Army soonthereafter took up station in the Faroes,and for obvious reasons, the FaroeseLogting (Parliament) decided no longerto fly the Danish flag from Faroeseships. Achen writes:

"Great Britain had already recog-nized — or rather insisted on — theFaroese flag as the only distinguishingmark of Faroese ships. On 25 April thiswas officially confirmed by the BritishGovernment in a BBC broadcast byWinston Churchill, at the time still FirstLord of the Admiralty. A party was heldthat night at Torshavn and ever since,25 April has been celebrated as Faroese

96. Vlag Faroereilanden

The Faroese flag comprises the usual Scandana-vian cross, in red edged with blue on a white field.("Vlaggen," Amsterdam: Becht's, 1960, courtesyDoeke J. Oostra.)

Flag Day."Can we then add to WSC's laurels the

title, "The Man Who Recognized theFlag of the Faroes"?

ANDREW S. ROGERS, LYNWOOD, WASH. USA

Andrew and the editor subsequentlychecked every possible source includingnewspapers for Churchill speeches onor near 25 April, and could find no men-tion of the Faroe Islands' flag. A letterto the Flag Bulletin produced no reply.Can readers advise on this?

Thanks for the Kind Words . . .It was a delightful surprise to receive

my copy of The Dream. I had notthought I had contributed enough to getone. I read it straight through, togetherwith your introduction, and it is evenbetter than I would have anticipated.Thanks very much.

TRUMAN RICHARDSON, SHERMAN, TEX. USA

We only have about 20 ' 'Dreams'' leftand still keep track of all donations,sending copies when any donor hits orexceeds US$100 or the equivalent.However, we often get backlogged, so ifyou are expecting a copy please be pa-tient.

* * *I am glad to have found out about the

Societies. I'd imagined there was amultitude of us who admire SirWinston's many accomplishments; but Ihad never conceived that so many wouldtoday be so dedicated to his contribu-tions, and insistent on cementing hisideals for future generations. I am proudto be a part of the effort.

FLORENTINE RAMIREZ, DALLAS, TEX. USA* * *

In 1990 we received The ChartwellBulletins, The 1988-89 Proceedings andThe Orders and Decorations booklet.We've enjoyed the calendars so much —and for others to see them as well. The

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work of all involved is appreciated.Enclosed is a postcard from the newly

opened Nixon library, showing Chur-chill standing, third from right. Thislibrary was stirring and memorable, butso was standing next to a life-sized SirWinston. [See photo at left. Ed.]

BEV & GARY BONINE

House of Commons Covers $7Please note: ICS Isle of Man covers

with House of Commons postmark (FH69 p7) cost $7 each owing to productionexpense. My apologies to any who weredisappointed at our failure to distributethem free, DAVE MARCUS, COVERS DIRECTOR

221 PEWTER LA., SILVER SPRING, MD 209M

£?!-:2

* * - . • • - * :

Churchill between 3-11 December 1909were published under what title? (L)

CHURCHILL TRIVIATEST your skill and knowledge! Vir-tually all questions can be answered inback issues of FINEST HOUR (but it'snot really cricket to check). Twenty-fourquestions appear in each issue, theanswers in the following issue.

Questions fall into six categories:Contemporaries (C), Literary (L), Mis-cellaneous (M), Personal (P), States-manship (S), and War (W).

EDITED BY BARBARA LANGWORTH

265. Who was Churchill's physicianwhose diaries caused a sensation? (C)

266. For what book did WSC write anew foreword 56 years after it was firstpublished? (L)

267. From whom were the only twowreaths placed on Churchill's grave athis funeral? (M)

268. What was the name Churchillgave to plans for his own funeral? (P)

269. When was Churchill's last visit tothe House of Commons? (S)

270. WSC said this about what countryin 1938: "All is over. Silent, mournful,abandoned, broken, (?) recedes into thedarkness." (W)

271. To whom did WSC say that hisfather died on the 24th of January — andso would he? (C)

272. Randolph Churchill collectedsome of WSC's articles on world af-fairs and published them under whattitle? (L)

273. Churchill wrote that when in theFourth Form "We were consideredsuch dunces we could only learn (what?). . . " (M)

274. How long were Winston andClementine married? (P)

275. Asquith said "the most brilliantstrategic conception that emerged dur-ing the whole of the war" about whatChurchill strategy? (S)

276. When was Churchill's first war-time visit to the US? (W)

277. With which U.S. President didChurchill play poker? (C)

278. Churchill's speeches from 1936 to1938 were published under what twotitles (US and UK)? (L)

279. What lady, who has written acharming book about Sir Winston, wasinstrumental in obtaining Churchill'shonorary US citizenship? (M)

280. When did Churchill collectstamps? (P)

281. Who beat Churchill in a Galluppoll as a potential replacement forChamberlain taken in April 1939? (S)

282. What was Scapa Flow? (W)

283. Churchill is often quoted describ-ing who as ' 'a modest man with much tobe modest about?" (C)

284. A series of speeches given by

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285. Where were Churchill'sfavorite painting venues? (M)

two

286. What was the name of Churchill'sarchitect when Chartwell was rebuilt?(P)

287. ''I'll kiss him on both cheeks — orall four if you'd prefer i t ," was saidabout who by Churchill? (S)

288. When and where did Churchillmeet Hitler? (W)

ANSWERS TO LAST TRIVIA(241) Max Aitken said Churchill'stheories of war were "harebrained."(242) London to Ladysmith via Pre-toria, Ian Hamilton's March andSavrola were published in 1900. (243)"Firth of Forth" was WSC's only navalpainting. (244) Somerset Maugham,Rudyard Kipling, Sir Walter Scott andRobert Louis Stevenson were somefavorite authors. (245) Chamberlain hadthe loyalty of the Conservative party in1940. (246) Operation Sea Lion wasHitler's name for a proposed invasion ofBritain. (247) The Duke of Windsorwas made Governor of the Bahamas.(248) "Painting as a Pastime" was in-itially an article. (249) Churchill was 65in 1940. (250) "Woomany" was hisnanny's nickname. (251) Russia was the"riddle . . . mystery . . . enigma."(252) WSC told the Czechoslovakianstheir freedom was deathless. (253)Robert Menzies and John Curtin werethe Australian PMs during WWII. (254)1953 saw the final volume of The Sec-ond World War. (255) A gun and apony were promised if young WSCstopped smoking. (256) WSC had firstwanted to be buried at Chartwell. (257)WSC thought that excessive taxation byBritain caused Irish unrest. (258) The"Phoney War" was the period betweenthe fall of Poland (Sep 1939) and the in-vasion of Norway (Apr 1940) whenthere was no actual fighting. (259) MmeOdette Pol-Roger sent Winston Cham-pagne. (260) The Anglo-Saxon Reviewwas Jennie's magazine. (261) Churchillwas on the cover of Time eight times:1923, 25, 39, 40, 41, 42, 50 & 51.(262) Harvard gave WSC an honorarydegree in 1943. (263) Churchill wasChancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in1915. (264) The Canadians were nottrained to fight on skis.

Churchill GalleryTwo great occasions: Churchill and President BeneS of Czecholsovakia reviewing Czech troops in Britain,

1941, from the Czech-American Svobodne Ceskoslovensko. June 1941. Opposite: The Comeback Trail: WSCcampaigning in the Hammersmith by-election, 1949. (His man lost it by a hair), courtesy of Life.

CESKOSLOVENSKOFREE CZECHOSLOVAKIA

Vestnik" " Ceskeho Narodniho

-^Sdruzeni VAmerice

Organ of theCzech AmericanNational Alliance"

Rocnik—Vol. II. Berwyn, III., 1. cervna (June) 1941. Cislo—No. 9.

"Sintered,as second-class matter February 8, 1940, at the post office at Berwyn, 111., under the Act of March 3, 1879."

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31

IMMORTAL WORDS

CHURCHILL ON IRAQ ANDTHE MIDDLE EAST

In War: ResolutionIf democracy and Parliamentary institutions are totriumph in this war, it is absolutely necessary thatGovernments resting upon them shall be able to actand dare, that the servants of the Crown shall notbe harassed by nagging and snarling, that enemypropaganda shall not be fed needlessly out of ourown hands and our reputation disparaged andundermined throughout the world.

— House of Commons, 2 July 1942

In Victory: MagnanimityIn the Middle East you have arid countries. In EastAfrica you have dripping countries. There is thegreatest difficulty to get anything to grow on theone place, and the greatest difficulty to preventthings smothering and choking you by their hurriedgrowth in the other. In the African countries youhave a docile, tractable population, who only re-quire to be well and wisely treated to develop greateconomic capacity and utility; whereas the regionsof the Middle East are unduly stocked with pep-pery, pugnacious, proud politicians andtheologians, who happen to be at the same time ex-tremely well armed, and extremely hard up.

— House of Commons, 14 July 1921

In Defeat: DefianceI am quite certain that the loose talk indulged in thenewspapers about the speedy evacuation ofMesopotamia [Iraq] earlier in the year was a factorwhich provoked and promoted the rebellion.Whatever your policy might be, it would certainlybe in the highest degree imprudent to let it bethought that this country, having accepted the man-date, having entered into territory of that kind, hav-ing incurred, accepted, and shouldered respon-sibilities towards every class inhabiting it, was in amoment of irritation or weakness going to castdown those responsibilities, to leave its obligationswholly undischarged, and to scuttle from the coun-try regardless of what might occur.

— House of Commons, 15 December 1920

In Peace: GoodwillWe mourn the death of the King of Iraq, his uncle,and Nuri Pasha. These three men were most loyalservants of their country and true friends of theirallies. They were swept away in the convulsion ofthe Arab peoples that is still going on. I trust thatcouncils of peace and moderation will prevail, andthat the Arab peoples and Israel will get the longperiod of prosperity and peaceful development theyneed. Our own record there is a fine one. Ourreputation rests on the great traditions of justice,fair government, and peace to which our ad-ministrators, soldiers and ambassadors have beenfaithful. The British monument in the Middle Eastis to be found in harbours, dams, roads andhospitals that we caused to be built, in the great oilindustry that we created and developed, in the lawand education which we brought, and in the gravesof our dead, who died in preserving those countriesfrom foreign invasion.

— Kensington Palace Hotel, London,6 January 1959