first european footholds in north america. spanish colonization failed efforts in eastern north...
TRANSCRIPT
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First European Footholdsin North America
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Spanish Colonization
• Failed efforts in Eastern North American were searches for wealth and natives
• Hopes for discoveries similar to Aztecs or Incas failed: no gold or empires found in North
• Juan Ponce de Leon failed to find fountain of youth, gold or empire
• 1565: Base established at St. Augustine, Florida
• Friars journeyed into southwest: New Mexico, mixture of missionaries and brutal encomienda ranchers
San Miguel is the oldest church in the US (1610)
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French Colonization• Initial attempts to colonize
St Lawrence river area failed, due to Indian defense
• 1564: Huguenots (Calvinists) created colony in today’s South Carolina, but killed by Spanish
• French fur traders gradually built relations with Indians, and exploited fur resources for sale in France
• 1598-1604: Gov’t-sponsored outposts established in Acadia
• Champlain established French outpost in eastern Canada
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Virginia: 1607
• Public joint-stock company—share risk, share investment, driven to create short-term profits
• 1607: founded as economic venture—desperate financial failure
– Initial disdain for hard work
– Systematic fraud by officials against shareholders
– High death rate: malnutrition, disease, warfare
– Continued fighting with Powhatans
Jamestown, 1607
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Virginia: 1607
• Most settlers are men; few intend to stay entire life in America
• Indentured servitude: serve for 7 years to pay for voyage
• 1619: Slavery introduced to Virginia
• John Smith: former military leader instilled some sense of order
• Tobacco becomes profitable crop, especially after use of slavery
• House of Burgesses: representation for landowning adult males
• Financial failure led to Virginia becoming Royal Colony in 1624
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Massachusetts Pilgrims: 1620
• Mayflower sails with Separatist “Pilgrims”
• Intend to separate completely from Church of England; persecuted by James I; left England to live in Holland
• William Bradford: devout separatist
• Intending to land in “Virginia,” land on northern shore of Cape Cod
• Mayflower Compact: create political organization loyal to king
• Mixture of adventurers and devout Separatists
• Thanksgiving: praise for surviving difficult first year
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Massachusetts Bay Colony
• “Great Migration” of Puritans to Massachusetts Bay Colony
• Intend to create “City on a Hill” and purify Church of England
• John Winthrop: deeply religious lawyer, elected governor 12 times
• 1630-1640 saw 10,000 settlers emigrate to MBC
• Founded Boston; Soon incorporated Plymouth colony
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Conclusions
• Colonists represented desire for personal freedoms -- religious and financial.
• Most colonists left England in pursuit of personal improvement, not as a desire simply to leave England.
• Colonists were fiercely independent, but considered themselves English.
• Government in every colony evolved towards democratic systems, even those that were originally patterned on monarchies.
• Focus on large plantations in the south, with nascent industry and small farms in the north, created social differences between north and south.
• The original colonial borders became the borders of the first states.
Powhatan Indian