Introduction Types of construction Commonly used building materials Fire resistant building materials Fire Resistance Ratings of Structural Elements Designing of a fire-resistive building Conclusions References

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Aim : To provide better or more protection against building with the use of fire resistiveConstruction materials to increase the safety of life and property.

OBJECTIVE :• To study the meaning of fire safety in a building.• To enlist the various materials and techniques of fire resistance.• To identify the fire resistive effect of different dimensions of materials.• To understand the fire resistive ratings of different materials.• To analyze the literature study and conclude the dissertation.

INTRODUCTION :

Construction in which the floors, walls, roof, and other components are built exclusively of non combustible materials, with fire-endurance ratings equal to or greater than those mandated by law.

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In a fire resistant construction, the maximum use of non-combustible materials should be encouraged. All the structural elements such as beams, columns, lintel, floors and roofs, load bearing walls or partition walls etc. Should be constructed in such a way that they should continue to function as structural members at least for the period which may be sufficient for the occupants to escape.

The load bearing walls or columns of masonry should be thicker in section so that they may successfully act as fire barrier for a considerable time

So far as possible fire resisting materials should be used in construction

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TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION :

1. Fireproof construction2. Noncombustible construction3. Exterior protected construction4. Wood construction

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TYPE 1. FIREPROOF CONSTRUCTION (Fire Resistive Construction)

Construction of buildings that resist fire damage and prevent the spread of fire. Fireproof building containing only no burning components, Such as steel, terra-cotta,

plaster, and concrete Fire-resistance requirements can range from 3 to 4 hour. Buildings may be used as high-rise office buildings, shopping centers, or residential units. For buildings 15 m in height or above. Buildings may be used as high-rise office buildings, shopping centers, or residential units.

Fire-resistance requirements have the following ratings as a range.

Exterior bearing walls: 3 to 4 hours. Interior bearing walls: 2 to 4 hours. Columns: 2 to 4 hours. Beams, girders, trusses, and arches: 2 to 4 hours. Floors: 2 to 3 hours. Roof: 1-1/2 to 2 hours.

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TYPE 2. NONCOMBUSTIBLE CONSTRUCTION

Construction using masonry materials, Brick or concrete, on the outside walls of the structure, And noncombustible materials for the roof and floor. For buildings 15 m in height or above Fire-resistance requirements can range from 2to 3 hour. Construction using masonry materials, Brick or concrete, on the outside walls of the structure, And

noncombustible materials for the roof and floor. Buildings may be used as office buildings.

Fire-resistance requirements shall have, as a minimum, the following ratings:

Exterior bearing walls: 0 to 2 hours. Interior bearing walls: 0 to 2 hours. Columns: 0 to 2 hours. Beams, girders, trusses, arches: 0 to 2 hours. Floors: 0 to 2 hours. Roof: 0 to 1 hour.

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TYPE 3. EXTERIOR PROTECTED CONSTRUCTION (Ordinary Building)

Construction in which all structural elements of exterior walls are of non-combustible materials Fire-resistance requirements for all elements can range from 0 to 1 hour. Buildings may be retail stores, mixed occupancy, dwellings, and apartment buildings. Only the exterior load-bearing walls shall be noncombustible or limited combustible, and shall have as a

minimum a 1-hour rating.

They also may be required to be protected and to have the following fire-resistance ratings:

Interior bearing walls: 0 to 1 hour. Columns: 0 to 1 hour. Beams, girders, trusses, arches: 0 to 1 hour. Floors: 0 to 1 hour. Roof: 0 to 1 hour.

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TYPE 4. WOOD CONSTRUCTION

The construction in which the exterior wall or bearing wall, roof and floor wholly or partially of wood Structural members are entirely or partially made from wood or other approved combustible material. Fire-resistance requirements for all elements can range from 0 to 1 hour.

Exterior and interior bearing walls shall have, as a minimum, the following fire-resistance ratings:

Exterior bearing walls: 2 hours. Interior bearing walls: 1 to 2 hours

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1. TIMBER2. BRICK3. STONE 4. STEEL5. CONCRETE6. GLASS7. PLASTER OR MORTAR

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1. TIMBER

Wood is the oldest material used by humans for construction after stone.Exceptionally strong relative to its weight

A good heat and electrical insulator It is a renewable and biodegradable resource. Environmentally friendly Strong and lightweight Easy to install, Durable, Cost effective, Flexible

Timber has a unique property of self insulation and slow burning and offers considerable resistance to fire Additional fire resistance is achieved through impregnation of timber with large quantities of fire-

retarding chemicals The commonly used chemical for this purpose are ammonium phosphate and sulphate, borax and boric

acid, zinc chloride etc. This treatment retards increase in temperature during fire, decrease rate of flame spread

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2. BRICK

Bricks are used for building and pavement all throughout the world. Bricks are usually laid flat and are usually bonded forming a structure to increase its stability and strength.

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Common Burnt Clay Bricks

Sand Lime Bricks

Engineering Bricks

Concrete Bricks

Fly ash Clay Bricks

First class bricks moulded from good clay can stand exposure to fire for a considerable length of time

The properties of bricks which render them fire resistant are the materials of construction and the component of fire-resistive materials in brick i.e. clay

3. STONE

The usage of stone in a fire resistive construction should be strictly restricted to the minimum

Hot stone when subjected to sudden cooling develops crack and can lead to failure of structure

Lime stone is least recommended as it get ruined by an ordinary fire Only compact sand stone having fine grains may be used as it can stand the

exposure to moderate fire without serious cracks

4. STEEL

Steel has a very low fire resistance value With increase in temperature, the co-efficient of elasticity of metal falls

appreciably rendering the structural members soft and free to expand When the members in this state came in contact with water used for

extinguishing the fire, they tend to contract, twist or distort and thus the stability of the entire structure is endangered.

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5. CONCRETE

Concrete is a composite material composed mainly of water, aggregate, and cement. Often, additives and reinforcements (such as rebar) are included in the mixture to achieve the desired physical properties of the finished material.

Normal concrete High Strength Concrete High Performance Concrete Light Weight Concrete Self-Compacting Concrete Shotcrete Pervious Concrete

The influence of fire on concrete varies with the nature of its coarse aggregate and its density it has been noticed that in an average fire, the concrete surface gets disintegrated for a depth of about

25mm This is due to the de hydration of mortar in concrete by the fire Hence in a reinforced concrete fire resistant construction, the thickness of clear cover should be more

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5. CONCRETE contd.

Normal concrete High Strength Concrete

High Performance Concrete

Light Weight Concrete Self-Compacting ConcreteShotcrete

Pervious Concrete

6. GLASS

Glass is an amorphous solid material which is often transparent and has widespread practical, technological, and decorative usage

Flat Glass Fiber Glass Laminated Safety Glass Tempered Safety Glass Colored Structural Glass Glass Building Blocks Heat-Resistant Glass Glass for Electrical Uses

Glass conduct heat faster than metal because of its low thermal conductivity When glass is subjected to sudden and extreme variation of temperature, it fractures or cracks. By the use of glass reinforced with steel wire netting, such cracks can be minimized The reinforced glass has a higher melting point then the ordinary glass, and such it is commonly used for

fire resisting doors, windows, sky-lights etc.

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Flat Glass Fiber Glass Laminated Safety GlassTempered Safety Glass

Colored Glass Glass Building Blocks Heat-Resistant Glass

6. GLASS contd.

7. PLASTER OR MORTAR

Plaster Is a building material used for coating walls and ceilings.

Mortar Is a workable paste used to bind building blocks such as stones, bricks, and concrete masonry units together, fill and seal the irregular gaps between them, and sometimes add decorative colors or patterns in masonry walls.

Plaster or mortar are incombustible and as such, by suitable choice of the type of mortar, the walls or ceiling of a building can be made more fire resistant

The resistance of the plaster to fire hazards can be increased by using it in thicker layer

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SNo. Structural Element Type Of Construction

Type1

Type 2

Type3

Type 4

1 Exterior walls :

a) Fire separation less than 3.7 m i) Bearing 4 2 2 1

ii) Nonbearing 2 1½ 1 1

b) Fire separation of 3.7 m or more butless than 9 m

i) Bearing 4 2 2 1

ii) Nonbearing 1½ 1½ 1 1

c) Fire separation of 9 m or more i) Bearing 4 2 2 1

ii) Nonbearing 1 1 1 1

2 Fire walls 4 2 2 2

Fire Resistance Ratings of Structural Elements (in Hours)

National building code 20055/22/2015

SNo. Structural Element Type Of Construction

Type1

Type 2

Type3

Type 4

3 Fire separation assemblies (like firecheck doors)

4 2 2 2

4 Fire enclosures of exit ways, exit wayhallways, and stairways

2 2 2 2

5 Shaft other than exit ways elevatorhoist ways

2 2 2 2

6 Exit way access corridors 1 1 1 1

7 Vertical separation of tenant spaces 1 1 1 1

8 Dwelling unit separation 1 1 1 1

Nonload bearing partitions At least an hour half

Fire Resistance Ratings of Structural Elements (in Hours)

National building code 20055/22/2015

SNo. Structural Element Type Of Construction

Type1

Type 2

Type3

Type 4

9 Interior bearing walls, bearingpartitions, columns, girders, trusses(other than roof trusses) and framing

i) Supporting more thanone floor

4 2 2 2

ii) Supporting one flooronly

3 1½ 1 1

iii) Supporting a roofonly

3 1½ 1 1

10 Structural members support walls 3 1½ 1 1

11 Floor construction including walls 3 1½ 1 1

12 Roof construction i) 5 m or less in height tolowest member

2 1½ 1 1

ii) More than 5 m butless than 6.7 m inheight to lowest member

1 1 1 1

iii) 6.7 m or more inheight to lowest member

0 2 0 0

FIRE-RESISTANT GLASS FOR WINDOWS CONCRETE STUCCO GYPSUM BRICK

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FIRE-RESISTANT GLASS FOR WINDOWS

Glass is a poor conductor of heat and expends little during heating. Cracks are formed in glass when it is cooled after heating.

Windows, important for visibility and light, can nonetheless be a fire hazard.

Even before a window is in direct contact with flames, the intense heat of a nearby fire can cause the glass to break. And a broken window allows flames to enter a building easily.

In addition, the heat from a fire outside might be enough to simply ignite flammable items inside a home without direct contact.

To protect your house, consider installing fire-resistant windows.

One example is dual-paned glass windows, which double the time it would take for fire to break the windows.

The outer layer will break first before the inner layer.

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CONCRETE

It is one of the most common building materials, is also an excellent fire-resistant material. It is noncombustible and has low thermal conductivity,

meaning that it takes a long time for fire to affect its structural, load-bearing ability, and it protects from the spread of fire.

It's actually significantly more fire-resistant than steel, and often used to reinforce and protect steel from fire.

The exact fire-resistance properties change depending on the type and amount of aggregate used.

Concrete is often listed among the best fire-resistant roofing materials.

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STUCCO

Stucco is a material made of an aggregate, a binder, and water.

It is used as decorative coating for walls and ceilings and as a sculptural and artistic material in architecture. Stucco may be used to cover less visually appealing construction materials such as metal, concrete or clay brick and adobe.

Modern stucco is made of Portland cement, sand and lime, and it serves as an excellent and durable fire-resistant finish material for buildings.

It can cover any structural material, such as brick or wood. It usually consists of two or three coats over metal

reinforcing mesh. A one-inch (2.54-centimeter) layer of stucco can easily lend a 1-hour fire rating to a wall

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GYPSUM

Many structural materials will require underlying gypsum sheathing in order to achieve a good fire-resistant rating, and gypsum board is the most commonly used fire-resistant interior finish.

Gypsum board, also known as drywall, consists of a layer of gypsum sandwiched between two sheets of paper.

In addition, gypsum board has a noncombustible core that contains chemically combined water (in calcium sulfate). When affected by fire, the first thing that happens is that this water comes out as steam. This effectively impedes the transfer of heat through the gypsum board. And even after the water is gone, the gypsum core continues to resist fire penetration for a time.

Builders often use multiple layers of gypsum board to increase the fire-resistance rating.

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BRICK

As bricks are made in a fire kiln, they're already highly resistant to fire.

brick is also commonly cited as among the best building materials for fire protection.

Depending on the construction and thickness of the wall, a brick wall can achieve a 1-hour to 4-hour fire-resistance rating.

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Designing of a fire resistive building

The building is designed for the 4h fire rating as per NBC: 2005

Column:

Concrete column is provided. Fully exposed : 450mm width, 35mm cover 50 Percent exposed : 350mm width, 35mm cover One face exposed : 240mm width, 25mm cover

Windows:

Fire-resistant windows are installed in the

building

Dual-panel glass windows are used, which

double the time it would take for fire to break

the windows.

Fully exposed

50 Percent exposed

One face exposed

Dual-panel glass

Walls:

Clay bricks are used for wall construction

170mm thick wall is provided

The thickness of plaster on both side is

25mm

Floors:

Reinforced concrete floor is provided

The thickness of floor is 170mm

The cover of floor is 45mm

Staircase:

Hollow concrete blocks are used for

construction of wall of staircase

The thickness of concrete block is 150mm

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Clay bricks

Hollow concrete

blocks

Reinforced concrete floor

Staircase contd.

The vent

openings is

provided 5 m

above the

external wall

and top.

The vent openings

Doors:

Teak wood is used for

doors

50mm thick wood

panels are used

The doors have the 2h

fire resistance

Beams:

Reinforced concrete

beam is provided

The width of the beam

is 280mm

The thickness of cover

is 70mm

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Reinforced concrete beam

Furniture:

The furniture is

made of

Sheesham wood

The furniture

have the 2h fire

resistance

Furniture

The Fire resistive approach of construction enables the building to become self-sustainable in case ofcritical situations like that of a hazardous Fire. Thereby, it is of utmost need to inculcate varioustechniques to Fire proof the building.

This dissertation concludes with the study of all possible ways to achieve the same. The literaturestudied drawn out suggesting that the fire-resistive materials should be used to ensure safety of lifeand property.

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Fire-resistance rating is essentially important, which is basically the other factor in determining theconstruction class of a building based on its typology.

The building materials used in the construction of the building elements above will have a fire-resistance rating. Fire-resistance rating typically means the duration for which a passive fireprotection system can withstand a standard fire resistance test.

In the end, this study marks its end by concluding that in order to safeguard a building from Fire,one must make the building using the various strategies mentioned in detail with efficientapplication.

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National building code 2005 Indian standard: fire safety of buildings : IS 1642 : 1989 Building construction –by Sushil Kumar Building materials in India: 50 years –T.N.Gupta

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