finishing processes

7/23/2019 Finishing Processes

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FINISHING PROCESSES

SUBMITTED BY:

ROHI GOYAL(041821)

PRATIUSH TYAGI(041816)

SUMEET TREHAN(041823)

AMIT CHADHA(041806)

LALIT MOHAN (041813)

RAJESH UMAR(04181!)


2/60

ANODISING

" A#$%&' & * +,-.#&/, ,% +$ $%& +.,*-, $ * ,+*5

" I+ * 7$&%, ,*+, -$$&$# ,&+*#-,9

-,*+, * %&,,#+ *-, +$7$*7. *#%-.*#, +., -+*5 +-+, -5$, +$ +., ,+*5*-,

" T.& 7$-, %,&, &+ #*, $ +., *-+ +.*+

+., 7*+ +$ , +,*+,% $ +., *#$%, 7$+&$# $*# ,5,-+&- -&-&+ +.& ,5,-+$5+&- 7$-,


3/60

ANODISING OF A5

" I# +., *#$%& 7$-,9 +., #*+*5 $;&%,

5*, $# A5 & ,75*-,% * +.&-


4/60

" I# -$$&, ,#&$#,#+ +., +.&-&-$,+,9 =.&5, +.#, 5*, * ,

&-&,#+ &5%, -$#%&+&$#" T., *#$%&- 5*, & /&+, 7$$ *#%

$%, +$ ,+ $$% -$$&$# 7$+,-+&$# *

,*5 $ +., 5*, & #$*55 %$#, .$+=*+, $ +,*


5/60

" T., 7**,+, $ +.& 7$-, #,,% +$ ,-*,55 -$#+$55,% +$ ,+ *;& -$$&$#7$+,-+&$#

" T., $;&%, 5*, & *# ,5,-+&-*5 *+$ *#% *5$# * &+ & ,, $ *5+ &+ =&55 , * , $$%7$+,-+&$# **+ *5*#&- -$$&$#

" B,$, ,*5 %&,,#+ %, -*# , *%%,% +$+., $;&%, 5*, $ -$5$

" T., *-, =&55 ,-$, .*% *#% *&5 ,&+*#++$ =,*9 **&$# *#% -*+-.


6/60

" H$=,, 9 *#$%& =&55 #$+ &, * 5$#

+, 7$+,-+&$# **+ +$# *-&% $

*,

" T.& & %, +$ +., %,-,*,% +*&5&+ $

+., $;&%, 5*, *+ .&. *# 5$= 7H


7/60

METHODS OF ANODISING

" BATCH ANODISING:?

I#$5, *-


8/60

CONTINOUS COIL ANODISING

I#$5, -$#+$ #=% $ 7,?$55,% -$&5

+.$. * ,&, $ *#$%& ,+-. *#%

-5,*# +*#


9/60

ANODISINGS BENEFITS

" D*&5&+

" C$5$ +*&5&+

" E*, $ M*+,#*#-," A,+.,+&-

" C$+

" H,*5+. *#% *,+


10/60

MECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS

" A#$%& =&55 *&, +., *-,9 -, +., $;&%, -,*+,%$--7&, $, 7*-, +.*# +., *, ,+*5 -$#,+,%

" T.& =&55 ,#,*55 #$+ , $ -$#,/,#-, ,;-,7+ -*,$# *55 .$5, +.,*%,% +$ *--,7+ -,=*#$%&

* -*, -,= +$ %9 +. +., +.,*%,% .$5, *#,,% +$ , -.*,% =&+. * +*7 +$ ,+$, +., $&*5%&,#&$#

" I# -*, $ #+.,*%,% .$5, +.*+ *--,7+ -,= $ 7 *5&.+5 $,&',% .$5, +$ *55$= +., %&,#&$# -.*#,* , *77$7&*+,


11/60

USES

" A#$%&,% A5 -*# , $#% &P$% #*#$9-$$


12/60

PD PROCESS

" I+ & * +,-.#&/, ,% +$ %,7$&+ +. &5 $

*&$ *+,&*5 $#+$ *&$ *-, (, $

,&-$#%-+$ =*,) 7.&-*5 ,*#

" I+ & #%*,#+*55 * *7$&*+&$# -$*++,-.#&/,9 $5 +*#, $ *+,&*5 $# *#

*+$&- 5,,5

" I+ & *# *5+,#*+&, 7$-, +$ ,5,-+$75*+


13/60

HO DOES PD OR

" PD 7$-,, *, -*&,% $+ #%,

*- -$#%&+&$#

" T., 7$-, $5, $ +,7:?

E*7$*+&$#

T*#7$+*+&$#

R,*-+&$#D,7$&+&$#


14/60

EAPORATION

" D +.& +*,9 * +*,+9 -$#&+ $

+., *+,&*5 +$ , %,7$&+,% & $*%,%

* .&. ,#, $-, -. * * ,*

$ ,5,-+$# $ &$#

" T.& %&5$%, *+$ $ +., *-, $

+., +*,+9 *7$& +.,


15/60

TRANSPORTATION

" T.& 7$-, &75 -$#&+ $ +.,

$,,#+ $ *7$&,% *+$ $ +.,

+*,+ +$ +., +*+, +$ , -$*+,% *#%

=&55 ,#,*55 , * +*&.+ 5, **&


16/60

REACTION

" I# $, -*, -$*+ =&55 -$#&+ $ ,+*5$;&%,9 #&+&%,9 -*&%, *#% $+., -.*+,&*5

" I# +.,, -*,9 +., +*,+ =&55 -$#&+ $ +.,,+*5 T., *+$ $ ,+*5 =&55 +.,# ,*-+ =&+.+., *77$7&*+, * % +., +*#7$+ +*,

" F$ +., *$, ,;*75,9 +., ,*-+&, *, *

, $;,#9 #&+$,#9 *#% ,+.*#,


17/60

DEPOSITION

" T.& & +., 7$-, $ -$*+ &5% 7 $#

+., +*+, *-,

" D,7,#% $# +., *-+*5 7$-,9 $,

,*-+&$# ,+=,,# +*,+ *+,&*5 *#% +.,

,*-+&, *, * *5$ +*


18/60

U*,

" I7$,% .*%#, *#% =,* ,&+*#-,

" R,%-,% &-+&$#

" I7$,% $;&%*+&$# ,&+*#-," L$#, -$7$#,#+ 5&,


19/60

ADANTAGES

" M*+,&*5 -*# , %,7$&+,% =&+. &7$,%7$7,+&, -$7*,% +$ +., +*+,*+,&*5

" A5$+ *# +7, $ $*#&- *+,&*5 -*#, ,% * =,55 * $,


20/60

DISADANTAGES

" I+ & ,;+,,5 %&&-5+ +$ -$*+ #%,-+*#% &&5* *-, ,*+,

" H&. -*7&+*5 -$+

" S$, 7$-,, $7,*+, *+ *- *#%+,7 ,/&


21/60

APPLICATIONS

" A,$7*-,

" A+$$+&,

" S&-*5,%&-*5" D&, *#% $5% $ *55 *##, $ *+,&*5

7$-,

" C++ +$$5" F&, *


22/60

CD PROCESS

" CD & -.,&-*5 ,*-+&$# =.&-.

+*#$ *,$ $5,-5,9 -*55,%

7,-$9 +$ * $5&% *+,&*59 +., $

$ +. &5 $ 7$=%,9 $# +., *-, $ *+*+,

" T.& 7$-, & =&%,5 ,% +$ *&-*+,

,&-$#%-+$ %,&-,


23/60

TYPES OF CD PROCESSES

" CD -$, 7$-,, -. *:?

A+$7.,&- P,, C.,&-*5 *7$D,7$&+&$# (APCD)

M,+*5?O*#&- C.,&-*5 *7$D,7$&+&$# (MOCD)

L*, C.,&-*5 *7$ D,7$&+&$#

(PCD)P.$+$-.,&-*5 *7$ D,7$&+&$# (PCD)


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HO DOES CD ORS

" P,-$ *, ($+,# %&5+,% -*&,*,) *, %,5&,,% +$ ,*-+&$#-.*, *+ *77$;&*+,5 *&,#+ +,7

" A +., 7* $, $ -$, +$ -$#+*-+=&+. * .,*+,% +*+,9 +., ,*-+ $%,-$7$, $ * $5&% 7.*, =.&-.

*#% *, %,7$&+,% $#+$ +., +*+,


25/60

COATING CHARACTERISTICS

" F, *,%

" I7,&$

" H&. 7&+

" H*%, +.*# &&5* *+,&*5 7$%-,% -$#,#+&$#*5 -,*&- *&-*+&$#7$-,,

" T.,, -$*+ *, *55 $#5 * ,=&-$# +.&-< *#% ,#,*55 %,7$&+,% *+*&5 5$= *+,


26/60

CD APPARATUS

" G* %,5&, +,

" R,*-+$ -.*,

" S+*+, 5$*% ,-.*#&

" E#, $-,

" *- +,

" E;.*+ +,

" E;.*+ +,*+,#+ +,

" P$-, -$#+$5 ,/&7,#+


27/60

ENERGY SOURCES

" R,&+&, .,*+ , +, #*-,

" R*%&*#+ .,*+ , .*5$,# 5*7

" R*%&$ ,/,#- .,*+ , %-+&$#.,*+

" L*,

" O+., $-, * -5%, U?&&5, 5&.+$ 5*, * * $-, $ 7.$+$ ,#,


28/60

PRECURSORS

" M*+,&*5 *, %,7$&+,% $ +., *,$ +*+,% CD

" T. 7,-$ $ CD 7$-,, + ,

$5*+&5,9 + *+ +., *, +&, +*5, ,#$. +$, *5, +$ , %,5&,,% +$ +., ,*-+$

" G,#,*55 7,-$ -$7$#% =&55 $#5 7$&%,* , ,5,,#+ +$ +., %,7$&+,% *+,&*59 =&+.

$+., , $5*+&5&,% % +., CD 7$-,


29/60

TYPICAL PRECURSOR

MATERIALS

" H*5&%,?T&C549 T*C5> ,+-

" H%&%,?S&H49 G,H49NH3 ,+-

" M,+*5 A5


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CD G* P$%-+

" A# $+,# #,5,-+,% ?7$%-+ $ +., CD

7$-, *, $5*+&5, *,

" H$=,, +.,, *, * , +$;&-9

5**5, $ -$$&, $ + , +,*+,%

*77$7&*+,5

" A#*5& $ +., $?*, -*# 5,*% +$ *

,++, #%,+*#% $ +., CD ,-+&$#

,-.*#&


31/60

APPLICATIONS

" C$*+

" S,&-$#%-+$ *#% ,5*+,% %,&-,

" D,#, +-+*5 7*+

" O7+&-*5 &,

" C$7$&+,

" P$%-+&$# $ #$,5 7$=%, *#% &,

" C*+*5+

" N*#$*-.,


32/60


33/60

Galvanization

Introduction:

Galvanization$ galvanisation,, +$ *# $ ,,*5

,5,-+$-.,&-*5 7$-,, #*,% *+, +., I+*5&*#-&,#+&+ L&& G*5*#&


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H&+$

" O&*559 *5*#&'*+&$# =* +., *%&+*+&$# $ ,5,-+&- .$-


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D,&+&$#

" K- -$*+ 7,,#+ $;&%*+&$# $ +., 7$+,-+,%

,+*5 $ * *&,9 *#% *-+ * *

*-&&-&*5 *#$%,& +.& *&, & %**,% K-

$;&%, & * , =.&+, %+ +.*+ ( -$#+*+ +$ &$#$;&%,) %$, #$+ -*, * ,*


36/60

HOT DIP GALANIKING

H$+?%&7 *5*#&' & +., 7$-, $ -$*+ &$#$ +,,5 =&+. * +. '- 5*, 7* +.,+,,5 +.$. * $5+,# *+. $ '- *+ *+,7,*+, $ *$#% 4>0C K- + +$$ '- $;&%,9 * *&5 +$# *+,&*5 +.*++$7 +., + 7$+,-+ +., +,,5 ,5$=$ +., ,5,,#+ G*5*#&',% +,,5 & =&%,5,% *775&-*+&$# =.,, + ,&+*#-, &

#,,%,%9 *#% -*# , &%,#+&&,% +.,-+*5&'*+&$# 7*++,# $# +., *-, ($+,#-*55,% * 7*#5,)


37/60

G*5*#&',% -$*+

" T., *$, 7.$+$&-$*7. *#% *--$7*# &,,7,,#+ * +7&-*5 -$ ,-+&$# $ * .$+ %&7 *5*#&',%-$*+ T., $+,$+ (E+*) 5*, $ +., -$*+ & $,%* * -$, $ 7, '- +.*+ & -*&,% $+ $# +., *+,&*5* &+ & =&+.%*=# $ +., $5+,# '- *+. T.,

#%,5 ,&, $ '-&$# *55$ +., -$*+ *, +.,,5+ $ * ,+*55&-*5 ,*-+&$# ,+=,,# $5+,# '- *#%+., +,,5 $ &$# *+,&*5 , *5*#&',% A +., '-&$#*55$ $9 +., =&55 $= 7,7,#%&-5*5 +$ +., +,,5*-, T., ,,-+ +.& .* $# -$#, *#% ,%, $

*+,&*5 & +.*+ +., -$*+ +.,, & ,#,*55 +.&-


38/60


39/60

" T., *5*#&',% -$*+ &+,5 & -$#&%,,% +$ , * ,5 ,-++, T.& & ,-*, +., ,*-+&$# ,+=,,# +., $5+,# '- *#% +.,+,,5 =&55 #$+ $-- #5, +., +,,5 *-, & -.,&-*55 -5,*# I#,,-+9 * *5*#&',% -$*+ +.*+ *77,* $#% *#% -$#+$ & *-+ $#% *#% -$#+$ I * -$*+ .$5% ,-$, %**,%.$=,,9 +., '- =&55 -$#+, +$ 7$&%, -*+.$%&- 7$+,-+&$# +$ +.,,;7$,% +,,5 E,# & *,* * -. * 14 -. 5,#+. *#%$

=&%+. ,-$, ,;7$,%9 +., $#% '- =&55 7$&%, -*+.$%&-7$+,-+&$# +$ +.& *,* * 5$# * +., -$*+ 5*+" A $ ,-.*#&-*5 7$+,-+&$#9 +., *5*#&',% '- -$*+ 5&+,*55

,-$, 7*+ $ +., +,,5 +*+, +.9 *# *%.,&$# $#% $# +.,$%, $ ,,*5 +.$*#% 7& ,;&+ ,+=,,# +., +=$ A5$9 -, +.,'-&$# *55$ *, .*%, +.*# +., #%,5 +,,59 +., =&55 7$&%,,;-,55,#+ **&$# ,&+*#-, +$ +., *5*#&',% *+&-5, T., E+* 5*, &

,5*+&,5 %-+&5, *#% *5$ -$#+&+, +$ +., 7$+,-+&$# $ +.,*5*#&',% *+,&*5 7$&% $$% &7*-+ ,&+*#-, T.,-$*+&$# $ *55 +.,, 5*, +$ 7$%-, +., *5*#&',% -$*+$&%, +$.#, *#% ,&+*#-, +$ ,-.*#&-*5 %**, +*#7$+9,,-+&$# *#% ,&-,


40/60

7$-,:

" T., 7$-, $ .$+ %&7 *5*#&' ,5+ * ,+*55&-*5 $#%,+=,,# '- *#% +,,5 =&+. * ,&, $ %&+-+ &$#?'- *55$ T.,,5+ -$*+,% +,,5 -*# , ,% -. +., *, =* * #-$*+,%G*5*#&',% +,,5 -*# , =,5%,%9 .$=,, $#, + ,;,-&, -*+&$#*$#% +., ,5+ '- , $ =,5% G*5*#&',% +,,5 &&+*5, $ .&. +,7,*+, *775&-*+&$# $ 7 +$ 200C U, *++,7,*, *$, +.& 5,,5 =&55 ,5+ 7,,5 $ +., '- *+ +.,

+,,+*55&- 5*, G*5*#&',% .,,+ +,,5 & -$$#5 ,% *+$$+&, *#*-+, +$ ,#.*#-, -$$&$# 7,$*#-, $ ,;+,&$$% 7*#,5 $ $, $%,5

" S+,,5 +&7 -*# , .$+?%&7 *5*#&',% * -$#+$ 5, H$+?%&7*5*#&',% +,,5 +&7 (*5$ $,+&, 5$$,5 ,,,% +$ **5*#&',% &$#) & ,;+,#&,5 ,% $ *775&-*+&$# ,/& +.,

+,#+. $ +,,5 *#% ,&+*#-, +$ -$$&$# A775&-*+&$# -5%,:$$ *#% =*55 -$#, *775&*#-, *#% *+$$+&, $% 7*+O#, -$$# , & ,+*5 7*&5


41/60

A55 *5*#&' -$#&+ $ $ #%*,#+*5

+,7:

" S*-, 7,7**+&$#

" P,5;

" G*5*#&'

" F&.

PICKLINGPICKLING FlUXING GALVANIZINGGALVANIZING


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PICKLINGPICKLING FlUXING GALVANIZINGGALVANIZING

FINISHINGFINISHING


43/60

" T., 7,7**+&$# +,7 -$#&+ $ -5,*# *#% 7&-


44/60

F*-+$ *,-+ +., +.&-


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T., -.,&-*5 -$7$&+&$# $ +,,5:

" T., -.,&-*5 -$7$&+&$# $ +., +,,5 & , &7$+*#+ +$ +., /*5&+ $+., *5*#&',% -$*+ -, * ,+*55&-*5 ,*-+&$# ,+=,,# +., '-*#% +., &$# & $--

" A *# ,;*75,9 &5&-$# -$#+,#+ +., +,,5 ,+=,,# 00> ? 011*#% *$, 02> =&55 -*, +., '-&$# *55$ 5*, +$ $=*#$*55 *+ I# *-+9 +., &5&-$# -*, +., *5*#&' ,*-+&$# +$-$#+, #**+,% *#% +., $+,$+ 7, '- 5*, & ,,#+*55-$#,% +., 7$-, T.& #$+ $#5 -*, +., -$*+ +$ ,+.&-


46/60

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

T., ,#,&- -$7$&+&$# $ * +,,5 +$ , *5*#&',% +.*+=&55 7$%-, *# *--,7+*5, -$*+ =&55 , -*$# 5,+.*# 02>9 7.$7.$$ 5, +.*# 00> *#%*#*#,, 5, +.*# 13 A5$9 * %&-,% *$,9

$%, +$ *$&% +., *%,, ,,-+ $ &5&-$# $# +.,*5*#&',% -$*+ &5&-$# -$#+,#+ +., +,,5 .$5% , +., *#, $ 0?004 $ 01>?02> S+,,5 =&+. +.,,,-$,#%,% 5,,5 .$5% %,,5$7 * #$*5*5*#&',% -$*+ H$=,,9 .$5% +., -$7$&+&$# $

+.,, ,5,,#+ *55 $+&%, *# $ +., 7,&$5 +*+,%*#,9 +., +,,5 =&55 $+ 5&


47/60

S*-, -$#%&+&$# $ +,,5:

" I# ,#,*59 $. +,,5 *-, =&55 -*,

+., *5*#&' ,*-+&$# +$ 7$%-, +.&-


48/60

B*+. &,&$# +&,

" G*5*#&' & * %&&$# 7$-,

" A =&+. *55 %&&$# 7$-,,9 +., ,*-+&$#

,+=,,# +., $5+,# '- *#% +., +,,5 $ &$# =&55

7$-,,% /&-


49/60

B*+. =&+.%*=*5 *+,

" T., =&+.%*=*5 *+, $ *+,&*5 $ +.,*5*#&' *+. .* +., ,*+,+ ,,-+ $# +.,$+,$+ 5*, $ 7, '-

" A *7&% =&+.%*=*5 =&55 7$%-, +., +.&-


50/60

STEEL C$$5 *+,

" S5$=, -$$5 *+,9 -. * +.$, ,;7,&,#-,%=&+. *& -$$5 $ ,,# =&+. +.&-


51/60

B,#,&+ $ G*5*#&'

" L$=,+ F&+ C$+ ? H$+ D&7 G*5*#&' & 5$=, &+ -$+ +.*#*# $+., -$$#5 7,-&&,% 7$+,-+&, -$*+ $ +,,5

" L, M*+,#*#-,L$=,+ L$# T, C$+ ? E,# -*, =.,,+., &+&*5 -$+ $ .$+ %&7 *5*#&' & .&., +.*# *5+,#*+&,-$*+ .$+ %&7 *5*#&' & *5$+ *&*5 $, -$+ ,,-+&, +., 5$# +, ,-*, &+ 5*+ 5$#, *#% #,,% 5, *+,#*#-,

" L$# L&, ? T., 5&, ,;7,-+*#- $ .$+ %&7 *5*#&',% -$*+ $#+7&-*5 +-+*5 ,, & * ,;-, $ >0 ,* $+ *5,#&$#,#+9 *#% 20 +$ 2> ,* 759 ,,# ,,, *# *#%-$*+*5 ,;7$,

" R,5&*&5&+ ? G*5*#&' *+ M,+*575*+, & -*&,% $+ +$ +., *77$7&*+,ASTM +*#%*% $ .$+ %&7 *5*#&' C$*+ 5&, *#%

7,$*#-, *, ,5&*5, *#% 7,%&-+*5," T$.,+ C$*+ ? A .$+ %&7 *5*#&',% -$*+ .* * #&/,

,+*55&-*5 +-+, =.&-. &, $++*#% ,&+*#-, +$,-.*#&-*5 %**, +*#7$+9 ,,-+&$#9 *#% ,&-,


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" A+$*+&- P$+,-+&$# F$ D**,% A,* ? H$+ D&7 G*5*#&',%-$*+ -$$%, 7,,,#+&*55 +$ +,,59 7$&% -*+.$%&- $ *-&&-&*57$+,-+&$# +$ *55 *,* $ +,,5 ,;7$,% +.$. %**, U#5&


53/60

Chrome plating& * &. +,*+,#+ +&5&'+., ,5,-+$5+&- %,7$&+$# $ -.$& T., $+-$$# $ $ -.$, 75*+ & +., +.%,-$*+&, bright chrome9 =.&-. & +7&-*55 *

10 5*, $, * #%,5 #&-


54/60

T.,, *, +=$ +7, $ -.$& 75*+:

1. INDUSTRI! C"R#$% &!TING

'. D%C#RTI(% C"R#$% &!TING

I#%+&*5 C.$& 75*+ & *5$ -*55,% *

H*% $ ,#,,,% -.$,

T. + + & % + & 5


55/60

T.,, *, +=$ +7, $ %+&*5

-.$& 75*+ $5+&$#:

1. "e)avalent chromium *+. =.$,* ,%&,#+ & -.$&- *#.%&%,

2 T&*5,#+ -.$& *+. =.$, *

,%&,#+ & -.$& 5*+, $-.$& -.5$&%,

T&*5,#+ -.$& *+. *, #$+ ,+

-$$#9 %, +$ ,+&-+&$#-$#-,# -$5$9 &++5,#,9 *#% 75*++.&-


56/60

"ard Chrome &lating" M$+ 7,$75, =$5% #$+ , , *&5&* =&+. .*% -.$, 75*+ H*%

-.$& 75*+ & -.$, 75*+ +.*+ .* ,,# *775&,% * * *&5 .,*-$*+ (*55 ,*,% +.$*#%+. $ *# -.) $ =,* ,&+*#-,9

5&-&+9 $&5 ,+,#+&$#9 *#% $+., =,* 77$, S$, ,;*75, =$5% ,.%*5&- -5%, $%9 $55,9 7&+$# $5% *-,9 +.,*% &%,9# $,9 ,+- H*% -.$, & #$+ ,*55 .*%, +.*# $+., -.$, 75*+&+ & -*55,% .*% -.$& ,-*, &+ & +.&-< ,#$. +.*+ * .*%#,,*,,#+ -*# , 7,$,% $# &+ *#% +., -.$, .*%#, -*# ,,*,%9 =.,,* +.#, 75*+ =&55 ,*< 5&


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D,-$*+&, -.$, 75*+"

D,-$*+&, -.$, 75*+ & $,+&, -*55,% #&-


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INTRODUCTION TO THE

CHROME PLATING PROCESS

" C.$, 75*+ & #$+ %&&-5+ 7$&% +., 7*+ .* ,,#7$7,5 -5,*#,% *#% +., $55$= ,/&,,#+ ,+:

1 P,7**+&$# $ +., -.$&- *-&% (CO3) $5+&$#(D$ #$+*-/&, +., .%$,#*+,% H2CO4 Q -.$&- *-&%

-+*5)2 T,7,*+, -$#+$5 $ +., *+. (75*+ $5+&$#)

3 P,7**+&$# $ 5,*% *#$%, (7,$;&%,)

4 A&+*+&$# ,+.$% $ +., *+. (5,)

> P5*+ -,#+ %,#&+ -$#+$5 *#% %*+&$# (-$#+$55,)6 ,#+&5*+&$# ($ *,+)


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H,;**5,#+ -.$&

" H,;**5,#+ -.$& $ C(I) -$7$#% *, +.$,=.&-. -$#+* +., ,5,,#+ -.$& +., 6 $;&%*+&$#+*+, -.$*+, *, $+,# ,% * 7&,#+ $7.$+$*7.9 *#% 7$+,-.#&-9 %,9 7*+9


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S*-&&-&*5 A#$%,

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