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Postgrad Practical Orientation in Epigraphy

Guide de l’epigraphiste (2000) [ZCN 120.G8 – Ref, floor 3] Antiquity + medieval:

Handbooks/surveys Selections Gk inscrs down to 1453 Latin inscrs down to Merovingian times Museum catalogues Thematic collections Updates to corpora Studies of inscrs Peripheral inscrs (Minoan/Mycenaean; Semitic; Celtic) Epigraphers Congresses

Annual supplements online: http://www.antiquite.ens.fr/ressources/publications-aux-p-e-n-s/guide-de-l-epigraphiste/article/presentation - June 2016

Handbooks Woodhead, A.G. (1981, 2nd edn) The Study of Greek inscriptions [CN 350.W6] McLean, B.H. (2002) An introduction to Greek epigraphy of the Hellenistic and

Roman periods from Alexander the Great down to the reign of Constantine (323 B.C.-A.D. 337) [CN 350.M35]

Calabi Limentani I. (1968, 2nd edn) Epigrafia latina (Milan-Varese) [CN 510.C2]

Cooley, A.E. (2012) The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy [CN 510.C665] Lassère, J-M. (2007, 2nd edn) Manuel d'épigraphie romaine 2 vols [CN 513.L37] Bruun, C. and Edmondson, J. eds (2015) The Oxford Handbook of Roman

Epigraphy [CN525.O94 + e-book]

General surveys Bodel, J., ed. (2001) Epigraphic evidence: ancient history from inscriptions

(Routledge) [CN 340.E7] Millar, F. (1983) ‘Epigraphy’, in M.H. Crawford (ed.) Sources for Ancient

History [DE 8.C7] Oliver, G.J. and Cooley, A.E. (2006) 'Inscriptions' in The Edinburgh Companion

to ancient Greece and Rome, eds E. Bispham et al. (Edinburgh UP) [DE 59.E3] Bodel, J. (2010) ‘Epigraphy’, in The Oxford Handbook of Roman Studies, eds A.

Barchiesi and W. Scheidel (Oxford University Press: Oxford) 106-22 [DG 209.O94]

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FINDING INSCRIPTIONS IN PUBLISHED FORM

http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/classics/postgrads/modules/epigraphy/bibliog/

http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/classics/postgrads/modules/epigraphy/bibliog/online/

GREEK

Main corpora Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum (CIG) [CN 360.C6]

1828-1877. Berlin Academy. Incl Christian/Jewish/ instrumentum domesticum. Inscriptiones Graecae (IG) [CN 360.I6] +

http://telota.bbaw.de/ig/editionindex.html lists volumes, editors, geog areas coveredReplaced CIG. IG I-III Attica.IG IV Argolid & Corinth etc. IG VIII Delphi, replaced by Fouilles de Delphes

Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiqua (MAMA) - http://mama.csad.ox.ac.uk/ = vol 11 online (Phrygia + Lykaonia)

Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien (IK) [CN 415.E7] Tituli Asiae Minoris (TAM)

ONLINE The Athenian Agora (1953-) [online]

American excavations. Some volumes devoted to inscriptions. Access online via JSTOR.

Inscriptions grecques et latines de la Syrie (IGLS) Neue Inschriften von Olympia (2013) Aphrodisias: ala2004 = Aphrodisias in Late Antiquity: the Late Roman and

Byzantine Inscriptions, C. Roueché [2nd edition 2004, updating 1st edn 1989]IAph 2007 = Inscriptions of Aphrodisias, J. Reynolds, C. Roueché, G. Bodard [online corpus of the inscriptions of Aphrodisias recorded up to 1994]

Attic Inscriptions Online (AIO) - website makes available the inscriptions of ancient Athens and Attica in English translation https://www.atticinscriptions.com/

Keeping up-to-date Supplementum epigraphicum graecum (SEG) [Arts Periodical] SEG online Bulletin épigraphique (Bull. Epig. or BE) in Revue des Etudes grecques [Arts

Periodical]

Collections of selected texts: Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum 3rd edn (Syll3., SIG3) [CN 360.D4] Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae (OGIS) [CN 360.D4] Inscriptiones Graecae ad Res Romanas Pertinentes (IGRR) [CN 360.I6]

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ML = Meiggs, R. & D. Lewis A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions to the end of the fifth century BC (revised edn) [DF 209.5.M3 – use 2nd edn]

Rhodes, P. & Osborne, R.G. (2003) Greek historical inscriptions: 404-323 BC (with introduction, translations, and commentaries) [DF 231.A1] - this replaces Tod (1948)

Thematic collections Roueché, C. (1993) Performers and partisans at Aphrodisias: in the Roman and

late Roman periods : a study based on inscriptions from the current excavations at Aphrodisias in Caria [DS 156.A6]

Sherk, R.K. (1969) Roman documents from the Greek East: Senatus consulta and Epistulae to the age of Augustus [DF 251.S4]

Electronic resources Searchable Greek Inscriptions: http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/main

Online - Erga: (PHI/Greek Epigraphy Project)  Extensive coverage, arranged geographically - includes IG; MAMA; IK; IRT; other regional and site corpora. NB also includes some Latin inscriptions from Greek East (eg Galatia) and other areas.  

Claros Concordance of Greek inscriptions (last updated in March 2015): http://www.moderna1.ih.csic.es/claros/cnc/2cnc.htm To allow finding new editions of published Gk inscrs : so that can use most uptodate version 

Onno van Nijf's Absolute Beginners' Guide to Greek and Roman Epigraphy: http://odur.let.rug.nl/~vannijf/epigraphy1.htm

Bibliotheca Classica Selecta: http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/EpiB.html Concordance IG - SEG and IG - IG: http://www.ig.uni-muenster.de/ Lexicon of Greek Personal Names searches: http://www.lgpn.ox.ac.uk/ Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents: http://www.csad.ox.ac.uk/, with

useful portal at http://www.csad.ox.ac.uk/CSAD/Links.html (2012) Poinikastas: epigraphic sources for early Greek writing:

http://poinikastas.csad.ox.ac.uk/- Anne Jeffrey archive: archaic Gk scripts

Sourcebooks Crawford, M.H. & Whitehead, D. (1983) Archaic and classical Greece : a

selection of ancient sources in translation [DF 209.5.C7] Fornara, C.W. (1977) Archaic times to the end of the Peloponnesian War [DF

222.F6] Harding, P. (1985) From the end of the Peloponnesian War to the battle of Ipsus

[DF 214.F7] Austin, M.M. (1981) The Hellenistic world from Alexander to the Roman

conquest : a selection of ancient sources in translation [DF 235.A1] Bagnall, R., Derow, P. (2004) Greek historical documents: the Hellenistic

period. Oxford. An earlier edition (1981): [DF 235.A1]

LACTOR series:

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1.      The Athenian Empire 2.      The Old Oligarch5.      Athenian Radical Democracy5a. Athenian Politics 9. Greek Historical Inscriptions, 359-323 BC12. The Culture of Athens

LATINMain corpora

Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL) [CN 520.C6] Berlin Academy 1863-. Geographical + XV Instrumentum; XVI diplomata; XVI milestones; XVIII Carmina epigraphica. 2nd edn - espec CIL II, Hispaniae: vast numbers of new inscrs; also signif = CIL VI – incl new frags from Aug Mausoleum. CIL Online http://cil.bbaw.de/

Ephemeris Epigraphica (EphEp) [CN 520.C6] Supplement to CIL, 1872- CIL VII replaced by Roman Inscriptions of Britain (RIB) [CN 590.C6]

Inscriptiones Italiae (InscrIt) [CN 530.I6]1931-. Replaces CIL I for important things like fasti.

Supplementa Italica (SupplIt) From 1981, by region/site. Supplementa Italica, Imagines [CN 520.C6] Inscriptions latines de Narbonnaise (ILN) Inscriptiones Latinae Christianae Veteres (ILCV) Inscriptiones Christianae Urbis Romae (ICUR )

Collections of selected texts: Inscriptiones Latinae Liberae Rei Publicae (ILLRP) [CN 525.D3] Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae (ILS) [CN 521.D3] EJ = Ehrenberg, V. & A.H.M. Jones Documents illustrating the reigns of

Augustus and Tiberius [DG 279.E4] - NB 2nd edn 1976 [see Braund 1985 below] SW, Gaius = Smallwood, E.M. (1967) Documents illustrating the Principates of

Gaius, Claudius, and Nero [DG 283.S6] McC & W = McCrum, M. & A.G. Woodhead (1961) Select documents of the

Principates of the Flavian Emperors [DG 286.M2] SW, Nerva = Smallwood, E.M. (1966) Documents illustrating the Principates of

Nerva, Trajan, and Hadrian [DG 292.S6] Epigrafia anfiteatrale dell'occidente romano [CN 528.E65]

Keeping up-to-date Année Epigraphique [Arts Periodical] Online at JSTOR JRS surveys (2007; 2012)

Sourcebooks Beard-North-Price (1998) Religions of Rome II Sourcebook (CUP) [BL

802.B3]

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Cooley, M.G.L. & A.E. (2014) Pompeii and Herculaneum. A Sourcebook [DG 70.P7]

Crawford, M.H. (1996) Roman Statutes [KE 110.R6] (Latin text, translations, commentary)

Futrell, A. (2006) The Roman Games [DG 95.F8] Gardner, J.F. & Wiedemann, T. (1991) The Roman household [DG 90.G2] Hope, V. (2007) Death in ancient Rome [DG 103.H6] Levick, B. (1985) The Government of the Roman Empire [DG 83.L3] Lewis, N. & M. Rheinhold (1951/55) Roman Civilization I & II [DG 13.L3] Parkin, T. and Pomeroy A. (2007) Roman Social History: a sourcebook [DG

78.R6] Shelton, J-A. (1998) As the Romans did : a sourcebook in Roman social history

[DG 78.S4] Sherk, R.K. (1984) Rome & the Greek East to the death of Augustus [DG 13.S4]

(1988) The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian [DG 275.R6] LACTOR series: 4.      Inscriptions of Roman Britain8. Inscriptions of the Roman Empire, AD 14-11717. The Age of Augustus 18. The High Tide of the Roman Empire19. Tiberius to Nero20. Flavians

Electronic resources Online databases:

EDH: http://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/home EDCS: http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_en.php EDR: http://www.edr-edr.it/English/introduc_en.php Bari database: http://www.edb.uniba.it/ Hispania Epigraphica: http://eda-bea.es/ IRT: http://inslib.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/index.html Monumenta Antiqua Electronica (Austria/ Noricum): http://www-gewi.uni-graz.at/monae/ Europeana Eagle Project: http://www.eagle-network.eu/resources/search-inscriptions/ RIB Online (Vol. 1) https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/

Current Epigraphy blog Warwick Epigraphy Twitter Année Philologique

UNDERSTANDING EPIGRAPHIC CORPORA Stemmata in CIL descripsi: I have seen and drawn up an entry for a previously unpublished

inscription contuli: I have checked an already published inscription by autopsy

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contuli quae supersunt: I have checked by autopsy what remains of an already published inscription

recognovi: I have corrected some minor errors in a previously published inscription

recognovi et emendavi: I have corrected some serious errors in a previously published inscription

recognovi, quantum potui emendavi: I have corrected a previously published inscription as far as what has been poorly preserved allows

frustra quaesivi: I have not been able to locate the inscription ex ectypo: from a squeeze

Dating inscriptions – lettering

GREEK Boustrophedon – Gortyn code, c.450 BC – ML 41 Stoichedon: Athens, 5th/4th c BC; also Delphi, Chios, Samos. IG, I3, 65: ll.10-17 Three-barred sigma debate – only before 445 BC?

o Athenian coinage decree: ML 45 = Fornara 97 o ML 37 = Fornara 81, treaty of alliance between Aths and Segesta 418/17

BC.o Miletus decree, IG I3 21 – 426/5 rather than 450/49 BC? o Tracy, S.V. (1995) Athenian Democracy in Transition: Attic Letter-

Cutters of 340 to 290 BC

LATIN Lapis Satricanus: CIL I2, 2832 a. 6th/5th c BC? Decree of L. Aemilius Paullus, Spain, CIL I2, 614; CIL II, 5041; ILS 15 –

190/89 BC Statue in honour of Sulla, CIL VI 1297 - 80s BC Dedication to Augustus, Herculaneum, AE 1979, 169 [ie 27 BC- AD 14] Marble slab, Trajanic, tomb 78 Isola Sacra, IPOstie-A, 61 = ISIS 95 Dedication to Antoninus Pius, Ostia, CIL XIV 97 – AD 139 Dedication to Commodus Ostia, CIL XIV 4388, AD 189 Dedication to Gordian III, Ostia – AE 1889, 103 – mid-3rd c AD Constantius II, Forum Romanum, AD 334-361 Philocalus – Pope Damasus, panegyric of St Agnes, late 4th c AD

Other styles: Election poster from Pompeii Wax Tablet from Pompeii – AD 59, Iucundus tablet 113:

Cn Pompeio Grospho Grospho / Pompeio Gaviano II vir iur dic / vi idus ivlias / privatus colonorum Coloniae / Veneriae Corneliae Pompei/anorum ser scripsi me / accepisse ab L Caecilio Iucundo / sestertios mille sescentos 

Vindolanda Birthday Party tablet, c. AD 100: Cl · Seuerá · Lepidinae [suae] / [salu]tem / iii idus Septemb[res] soror addie[m] / sollemnem n[a]talem meum rogo / libenter [f]aciás ut uenias / ad nos i[u]cundiorem mihi [diem] interuentú tuo facturá si / [...] / Cerial[em tu]um salute Aelius meus / <ó?>

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et filiol[u]s salutant / sperabo te soror / uale soro[r] anima / mea ita u[al]eam / karissima et haue 

Epigraphers do it with a squeeze!o Paper impression o Advantageso Disadvantageso Ex ectypoo Advantages of photoso Disadvantages of photos

Examples:o CIL III 8831, baking mould from near Split (Croatia)

Miscenius | Ampliatus | facit | Salonas(!).o Palimpsest – CIL XIII 7448 – sandstone pedestal:

In h(onorem) d(omus) d(ivinae) Genio | [c]enturiae Satto|n[i]us Aeneas (centurio) po(suit)

In h(onorem) d(omus) d(ivinae) Genio | [(centuriae)] C(ai) So(sii) Cupiti | Primius Auso | optio pos(u)it.

EDITING AN INSCRIPTION Ashmolean Museum, inv. Chandler 3-14

630 basis marm. litteris parvis HVEBN. Via Flaminia vinea episcopi Montispolitiani MET., similiter SMET. (ms.) LIG. (Neap. 34). In vinea quadam extra portam Flumentanam inter viam Flaminiam Tiberimque SMET. (ed.). Via Flaminia prope portam ad sinistram exeunti in vinea quadam PIGH., via Flaminia LIG. (Neap. 39). Extra portam Flumentanam in vinea Hieronymi de Ceuolis MANVT. Nella vigna di Ieronimo Ceuli zecchiere pont. al muro chinato fuori di porta del popolo LIG. (Taur.). Via Flaminia in hortis Spanocchii WGH. CIACC. Extra portam via Flaminia, nunc in aedd. Caesiis WAELSC. errore, ut videtur. —Oxonium translata MARM. OXON. ubi adhuc extat.Gudius ms. 130, 4, ad Grut. ed. 2; Selden marm. ArundelL 52, VI; Chandler marm. Oxon. 131, 14 (inde Orelli 1588).

Looking for clues: Reflectance Transformation Imaging: Chandler 3-90

Find out more on the Ashmolean Latin Inscriptions Project – blog, Reading, Writing Romans http://www.ashmolean.org/ashwpress/latininscriptions/

AshLI 13 C3-14 DEDICATION TO SILVANUS, ROME

Description Monument: A white marble altar (not basis, as in CIL), with a focus on top (h.

0.65; w. 0.30; d. 0.23). On the left side is a jug, and on the right a patera. The

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altar’s rear is roughly finished. It is in a fairly good condition, but is damaged on the left at the rear.

Text: Inscribed area on front face, within a moulded frame: h. 0.31; w. 0.18. Triangular interpuncts occur in the last four lines only. Ligorio and Matal gave accurate transcriptions, but added in more regular interpuncts. In line 9, there is a ligature of NI at the end of the line; the I in Minicio has not been omitted by mistake, as suggested in some earlier editions.

Lettering: 0.08. Date: 1st August AD 108 (consular date, ll.9-12)

EditionSilvano sacrum sodal(icio) / eius et Larum donum / posuit Ti(berius) Claudius Aug(usti) / lib(ertus) Fortunatus a / 5 cura amicorum / idemque dedicavit / et epulum dedit / decuris n(umero) IIII / k(alendis) Augustis C(aio) Mini-/10cio Fundano et / C(aio) Vettennio Se/vero co(n)s(ulibus)

Ligature: line 9 NI

Translation‘Tiberius Claudius Fortunatus, freedman of the emperor, set (this) up sacred to Silvanus, as a gift for the association of Silvanus and the Lares through the agency of his friends and he also dedicated (it) and gave a feast to officials, four in number, on the 1st August in the consulship of Gaius Minicius Fundanus and Gaius Vettennius Severus.’

Apparatus Line 2: ICIOS ET LARVM (Ligorio, Turin ms) Lines 2-3: on one line (Orelli) Line 3: POS TI CLAVDIVS AVG (de Winghe MS. 17872-3) Line 6 IDEMQ (Smet, in Lips) Line 8: DECVPIS (Manutius); DE. CVPIIS (Ligorio, ms Turin); DE CVRIS

(Selden, Maittaire); DECVRÌS (Gruter) Line 9: AVGVTIS (Maittaire); MIN/CIO (Sirmond; de Winghe MS. 17872-3,

Smet, Lips, Morillon); MINI/CIO (with ligatured NI, Manutius and Cittadini in MS Bib Marc); M..N (Selden); MINV (Prideaux, Maittaire); MINI/CÌO (Gruter); MIN/CIO (Orelli, sic for MINVCIO) ; MMI/CIO (Waelscapple)

Line 11: VEITENNIO (Selden, Maittaire, Chandler); VETTENNIO (Sirmond, Cittadini, Morillon, Prideaux)

Photographs CSAD

LocationsThis inscription is described as found in a ‘vinea/vineyard’ (i.e., villa – for its meaning, see Coffin 1979: p.viii) just outside the porta Flumentana (i.e. beyond the modern piazza del Popolo), between the via Flaminia and the Tiber river, which belonged to Cardinal Giovanni Ricci of Montepulciano during the years 1547-49 (Coffin 1979: p.174, p.219). This provenance is given by Ligorio (MS. Napoli cod. XIII B.7, with an accurate

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transcription of the text in MS. Napoli cod. XIII B.10), Matal (= Metellus MS. cod. Vat. Lat. 6039), and Smet (Naples MS. V E-4). It is more vaguely described by Morillon (MS. OTM Hs I D 27) as found beyond the Porta del Popolo on the via Flaminia. Other sources (Ligorio MS. Turin; Manutius 1566; Prideaux 1676; Gruter 1707; Chandler 1763, Syllabus pars tertia p.xvi) describe it as found beyond the porta Flumentana between the via Flaminia and the Tiber in a vinea belonging to Hieronimo Ceuli [= Cevoli], who belonged to a rich banking family and was active from around 1549 until his death in 1579 (Delumeau 1957-59: vol.1, p.463 + vol. 2, pp.661, 861, 881), probably reflecting the villa’s change of ownership during the second half of the sixteenth century. Cittadini (MS. Bib. Marciana), however, recorded its discovery in the vinea Spannocchi outside the Porta del Popolo. Waelscapple (1554) stated that the inscription was currently in the Palazzo Cesi, in error (as noted in CIL), and his edition of the text shows other confusion, since he gives two versions of the text on opposite pages of his folio.

It was bought by Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel, and was initially displayed in his London house (Selden 1629). It belongs to the Arundel Collection, given to the University of Oxford by Henry Howard, Earl of Arundel, in 1667 (Prideaux 1676). The Arundel marbles were first displayed in the ‘Garden of Antiquities’ outside the new Sheldonian Theatre from 1668/9 (Sturdy and Moorcraft 1999), and were subsequently transferred indoors in 1715 to ‘The Marble School’, an upper gallery in the Bodleian quadrangle. In 1749, they were transferred downstairs to the ground floor in the former School of Moral Philosophy, and at some point then ended up in the basement of the (Old) Ashmolean Museum on Broad Street (now the Museum of the History of Science) (Munby 2013). It is included in a list of antique marbles transferred from the Ashmolean Museum basement room to the marble rooms of the Randolph Building in January 1888 (Archive MS. ‘Marbles sent from Ashmolean Museum’ p.28 no.137). The Ashmolean Museum in its current location was built behind the University Galleries, was opened in 1894, and finally the University Galleries and Ashmolean were amalgamated by statute in 1908. The inscription is on display in the Rome Gallery.

CommentaryAlong with the Lares and Penates, Silvanus was thought to have a role in protecting the household. Consequently, joint dedications to Silvanus and the Lares are fairly common at Rome, and the combination was especially popular among imperial slaves and freedmen (Dorcey (1992) p.24). Another dedication to Silvanus by an imperial freedman Fortunatus, through the agency of his friends, may be by the same individual (CIL VI 604). The consular date given at the end is AD 108.

BibliographyEditionsMatal {= Metellus} MS. cod. Vat. Lat. 6039 f.263; Smet MS. Naples V E-4 f.92; Ligorio, Napoli, Libri delle Antichità cod. XIII B.7 (1550/60) = book 34 p.67 (following Smet) (= Orlandi 2008: p.66); Ligorio, Napoli, Libri delle Antichità cod. XIII B.10 (1550/60) = book 39 186v (= Orlandi 2009: p.248); Ligorio MS. Turin vol. 15 f.111 (following Manutius); Waelscapple (1554) MS. Berlin Staatsbibl. Lat. A61s f.74’ (two versions given of the text on f.73’ and f.74); Manutius (1566) p.458, no.15; Lips [Smet] (1588) f.27 no.8; Morillon, MS. OTM Hs I D 27, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Amsterdam f.43;

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Pighe, Berlin MS. Lat. fol. 61h. f.38/LXXIII; Cittadini MS. cod. Bib. Marciana Lat. XIV, 116 (= 4661) f.168; de Winghe Bibliotheque Royale de Belgique MS. 17872, vol. 1 f.77 (= Ciacconio Raff. {i.e. Alfonso Chacón} f.141, according to CIL); Sirmond MS. BNF Paris suppl. Lat. 1419 = Lat. 10808, no. 297; Gude MS. 130, 4, ad Grut. ed. 2 (according to CIL); Selden (1629) p.52 no.6; Prideaux (1676) p.113, no.49; Gruter (1707) p.63 no.1 (following Smet); Maittaire (1732) p.34, no.44 + p.560; Chandler (1763) p.131, no.14; Orelli (1828) I 1588 (following Chandler); CIL VI.1 no.630 [Hübner] (1876); ILS 1699 + 3541 (Dessau 1955)Online:

EDCS-17300773 [accessed 25/08/14]Works citedAshmolean Museum Department of Antiquities MS. ‘Marbles sent from Ashmolean

Museum’ Chandler, R. (1763) Marmora Oxoniensia (Oxford: Clarendon Press)Cittadini, Celso [Cittadinius] (1553-1627) MS. cod. Bib. Marciana Lat. XIV, 116 (= 4661) ‘Inscriptiones antiquae a Celso Cittadini exscriptae cum annotationibus anno

1604’ (from scan kindly provided by Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana)Coffin, D.R. (1979) The Villa in the Life of Renaissance Rome (Princeton, NJ: Princeton

University Press)Delumeau, J. (1957-59) Vie économique et sociale de Rome dans la seconde moitié du XVI siècle (Paris: Boccard)Dorcey, P.F. (1992) The Cult of Silvanus. A Study in Roman Folk Religion (Leiden: Brill)Gruter, J. (1707) Inscriptiones Antiquae Totius Orbis Romani (Amsterdam)Ligorio, P. Antichità romane vol. 15 ‘R’ (Archivio di Stato, Torino: Warburg photocopy, 19/5/1975)Lips, J. (1547–1606) [= Lipsius, I.] [M. Smet] (1588) Inscriptionum antiquarum quae passim per Europam liber accessit auctarium a Iusto Lipsio (Lyon: Plantiniana) Maittaire, M. (1732, 2nd edn) Marmorum, Arundellianorum, Seldenianorum, Aliorumque Academiae Oxoniensi Donatorum (London: William Bowyer)Manutius, A. (1566) Orthographiae Ratio (Venice)Matal, J. [Metellus] MS. cod. Vat. Lat. 6039 Morillon, Antonius MS. OTM Hs I D 27, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Amsterdam (from scan kindly provided by Universiteit van Amsterdam, Universiteitsbibliotheek, Bibliotheek Bijzondere Collecties)Munby, J. (2013) ‘A rare collection: Oxford museums past and present’, in Excalibur: Essays on Antiquity and the History of Collecting in Honour of Arthur MacGregor, eds H. Wiegel and M. Vickers (Oxford: BAR Int. ser. 2512) 75-85Orelli, J.C. (1828) Inscriptionum Latinarum Selectarum Amplissima Collectio vols I-II

(Turici)Orlandi, S., ed. (2008) Pirro Ligorio. Libri delle iscrizioni latine e greche. Libri delle

Antichità Napoli, Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli. Codici ligoriana Vol. 7 Cod. XIII B.7/ Libri XXXIV-XXXVIII (Rome: De Luca Editori d’Arte)

Orlandi, S., ed. (2009) Pirro Ligorio. Libro delle iscrizioni dei sepolcri antichi. Libri delle Antichità Napoli, Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli. Codici ligoriana Vol. 8 Cod. XIII B.8/ Libri XXXIX (Rome: De Luca Editori d’Arte)

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Pighe, S.V. [Pighius] Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz MS. Lat. fol. 61h. (from scan kindly provided by Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin)Prideaux, H. (1676) Marmora Oxoniensia ex Arundellianis, Seldenianis aliisque conflata (Oxford)Selden, J. (1629) Marmora Arundelliana (London)Sirmond, J. [Sirmondus] Recueil d'inscriptions copiées par Sirmond. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Département des manuscrits, Latin 10808 [consulted online 03/10/13 at http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b9077728w]Smet, M. Inscriptiones antiquae per urbem Romam diligenter collectae atque ex alis cum Italiae tum Hispaniae locis studiose conquisitae fidelissimeque ut in ipsis marmoribus legebantur descriptae, Naples MS. V E-4 [Naples: Biblioteca nazionale, 1990: Warburg facsimile]Sturdy, D. and N. Moorcraft (1999) ‘Christopher Wren and Oxford’s garden of antiquities’, Minerva 10.1: 25-28Waelscapple, M. van (1554) Sylloge epigraphica [MS. Berlin Staatsbibl. Lat. A61s, Warburg facsimile]Winghe, P. de [Winghius] (1560-1592) Inscriptiones Sacrae et Prophanae Collectae Romae et in Aliis Italiae Urbibus, Bibliotheque Royale de Belgique MS. 17872 vol.1 (Warburg facsimile)

AshLI 89 C3-90 A BOY’S EPITAPH, ROME

Description Monument: A stele of white marble (h. 0.384; w. 0.213; d. 0.043), incised in

relief with a rounded pediment flanked by a pseudo-acroterion on each side (in a modern mount, which conceals the rear). The centre of the pediment is decorated with something, possibly a garland. The stele is missing its bottom right corner. The front surface is very worn, and parts of the inscription hardly legible. In the centre of the top edge is a hole, probably relating to its modern display.

Text: The inscription is enclosed within a simple moulded rectangular frame (h. 0.241; w. 0.154). In line 1, DM is centred, as a heading.

Letters: 0.019 (line 1); 0.013 (line 2); c.0.015 thereafter, but the letters are rather too worn to be accurately measured. Underlined letters are derived from earlier editions, but can no longer be seen.

Date: perhaps second century AD (from use of DM formula, tria nomina) (Solin (2003) vol. 1, p.605)

Editiond(is) m(anibus) / L(ucio) Annaio Firm(---) / vixit annis V / m(ensibus) II d(iebus) VI h(oris) VI /5 qui natus est / nonis Iuliis / defunctus / est IIII idus / Septembres /10 Annaia Feru/sa vernae su/o karissimo

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Translation‘To the spirits of the dead. For Lucius Annaius Firm(---), lived 5 years, 2 months, 6 days, 6 hours, who was born on the 7th July and died on the 10th September. Annaia Ferusa (did this) for her dearest household slave.’

Apparatus Line 2 [F]IRM (Chandler); FIRM. (Fabretti, Orelli); L/I/IAIO (Hübner in CIL) Line 3 [VIXI]T (Chandler); VIXIT (Fabretti, Orelli) Line 6 IV[////] (Chandler, Hübner); IVLIIS (Fabretti, Orelli); no line division

between lines 5-6 (Orelli) Line 7 DEFVN[C]TVS (Chandler); no line division between lines 7-8 (Orelli) Lines 8-12 EST IIII /D/S│SEPTE…│AN…│SA. VE…│O KARI… (Chandler);

EST II////│/////│/N///│//V////│OI////// Hübner) Line 9 SEPTEMBRIS (Prideaux, Fabretti, Orelli) Line 11 VE[RAEN SV] (Chandler); SA VERN visible on RTI Line 12 Downstroke of K is visible on RTI

Photographs CSAD RTI

LocationsThe exact findspot of this inscription is unknown, but, according to Chandler (1763: p.xviii), it was once on display in Rome at the Palazzo of Cardinal Crescenzi, near the Pantheon in Rome. At least thirteen inscriptions from Cardinal Crescenzi’s residence at Rome ended up among the Arundel Marbles by 1628, when Selden’s first edition of Marmora Arundelliana appeared, but C3-90 was not included in that work. It is first recorded in Oxford as part of the Arundel Collection, presented to the University in 1667 by Henry Howard, grandson of Thomas Howard 2nd Earl of Arundel (who died in 1646) (Prideaux 1676). The Arundel marbles were first displayed in the ‘Garden of Antiquities’ outside the new Sheldonian Theatre from 1668/9 (Sturdy and Moorcraft 1999), and this particular inscription is recorded as on display there (‘in the Theatre Yard’) in 1710 by Thomas Hearne (Doble 1886: vol. 2, p.379). They were subsequently transferred indoors in 1715 to ‘The Marble School’, an upper gallery in the Bodleian quadrangle. In 1749, they were transferred downstairs to the ground floor in the former School of Moral Philosophy, and at some point then ended up in the basement of the (Old) Ashmolean Museum on Broad Street (now the Museum of the History of Science) (Munby 2013). The Ashmolean Museum in its current location was built behind the University Galleries, was opened in 1894, and finally the University Galleries and Ashmolean were amalgamated by statute in 1908. The stele is currently in a storeroom.

CommentaryThis epitaph is set up by a woman, Annaia Ferusa, whose social status is unclear. Ferusa is an alternative form of the Greek name Pherusa. She commemorates her verna, whose abbreviated cognomen could be expanded in a variety of ways. The term verna is usually interpreted as referring to a slave who was born and brought up within a household

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(Herrmann-Otto 1994). Such slaves often appear to have been favoured by their owners (see also C3-65 and C3-122). Despite being a 5-year old household slave, this child possesses tria nomina, sharing the nomen of the epitaph’s dedicator, indicating that he had been freed. This may reflect two trends in Roman society: firstly, that slaves could have monetary value only once they had reached the age of five (Digest 7.7.6.1, Ulpian); and secondly, that the category of vernae was exempt from the usual rules on granting freedom (Mander 2013: p.124), and could be freed below the normally prescribed age limits (thirty). The close relationship that is evident here (not least through the precision with which the age at death is given) between Annaia Ferusa and her slave may well have resulted in her granting him his freedom. It is possible that she did so as he was on his death-bed, so that he might die free (Weaver 2001: p.103). Given his description as vernae suo karissimo, it is clear that even once freed, the original close relationship was uppermost in the mind of Annaia Ferusa at any rate (Herrmann-Otto 1994: p.58).

BibliographyEditionsPrideaux (1676) p.77, no.6; Fabretti (1702) p.347 no.8; Maittaire (1732) p.39, no.85; Chandler (1763) p.138, no.90; Orelli (1828) II 4341; CIL VI.2 no.11673 [Hübner] (1882).Online:

EDCS-17201353 [accessed 21/07/14] EDR 142777 [last updated 20/1/16, Benedetti] [accessed 28/08/16]

Works citedChandler, R. (1763) Marmora Oxoniensia (Oxford: Clarendon Press) Doble, C.E., ed. (1886) Remarks and Collections of Thomas Hearne Vol. 2 (March 20 1707-May 23 1710) (Oxford: Clarendon Press/ Oxford Historical Society)Fabretti, R. (1702) Inscriptionum antiquarum quae in aedibus paternis asseruantur explicatio et additamentum (Rome)Herrmann-Otto, E. (1994) Ex Ancilla Natus. (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner)Maittaire, M. (1732, 2nd edn) Marmorum, Arundellianorum, Seldenianorum, Aliorumque Academiae Oxoniensi Donatorum (London: William Bowyer)Mander, J. (2013) Portraits of Children on Roman Funerary Monuments (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) Munby, J. (2013) ‘A rare collection: Oxford museums past and present’, in Excalibur: Essays on Antiquity and the History of Collecting in Honour of Arthur MacGregor, eds H. Wiegel and M. Vickers (Oxford: BAR Int. ser. 2512) 75-85Orelli, J.C. (1828) Inscriptionum Latinarum Selectarum Amplissima Collectio vols I-II (Turici)Prideaux, H. (1676) Marmora Oxoniensia ex Arundellianis, Seldenianis aliisque conflata (Oxford)Solin, H. (2003) Die griechischen Personennamen in Rom. Ein Namenbuch (2nd edn) 3 vols (Berlin: De Gruyter)Sturdy, D. and N. Moorcraft (1999) ‘Christopher Wren and Oxford’s garden of antiquities’, Minerva 10.1: 25-28

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Weaver, P. (2001) ‘Reconstructing lower-class Roman families’, in S. Dixon, ed. Childhood, Class and Kin in the Roman World (London and New York: Routledge) 101-14

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Understanding epigraphic publicationsDIACRITIC SIGNS

Abbreviations:a(bc) = An abbreviated word, which the editor has written out in full.

Damage suffered by the inscription:ABC = Letters which can be read, but whose meaning and context is

unclear. Could belong to the start, middle, or end of a word, or to more than one word.

[abc] = Letters which have been lost through damage to the inscription, but which the editor has supplied. If there is damage both at the end of one line and at the beginning of the next, the brackets should be added in both places.1

abc = Letters read by a previous editor, but that have since disappeared.

Letters erased in antiquity:[[abc]] = Letters erased in antiquity, but which can still be read clearly or

probably. <<abc>> = Letters inscribed on top of other erased letters, and which can be

read clearly.

Errors in the inscribed text:`abc´ = An ancient addition to correct or supplement the text. Details of

where this has occurred are added to app. crit.{abc} = Letters included by mistake in the inscription, which the editor has

removed.<abc> = Letters omitted by mistake from the inscription, which the editor

has added.┌abc┐ = Letters corrected by the editor. This is not used of non-standard

orthography or grammar, but of definite errors. App. crit. should state what is on the inscription. For example, C. ┌f.┐ in text; E pro F lapis (‘stone has E instead of F’) in app. crit.

(a)bc = Letters added by the editor to comply with standard orthography.Appearance of letters and monument:á, é, í, ó, ú = Marks showing that vowels are long in quantity.ì = I longa (ie taller than other letters around it). Other taller letters are

indicated in app. crit. only. abc = Letters or symbols represented differently on the inscription (such ((abc)) as inverted or backwards letters, numerals, or symbols), but which (abc) are not in need of correction or supplement. For example (mulieris)

1 Example: [hoc sepulcrum si quis] vend[ere aut][alienare voluerit in]feret ae[rario]

The same applies for other types of brackets.

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stands for the symbol of a backwards C. Large numbers over 1,000 that are difficult to understand can also be written out in words rather than reproducing the symbols.

crux = Describes a picture inserted into an inscription.((crux))âb = Letters joined in a ligature (each letter which is joined to the next

letter is indicated by circumflex accent). abc = Interpunct.(vac.) = space left deliberately blank within the inscriptionabc║ abc = Distinguishes different sides or parts of a monument; these may be

specified as being in fronte (‘on the front’), in latere intuentibus sinistro (‘on the left side’), in latere intuentibus dextro (‘on the right side’), in postica (‘on the rear’). Marks off letters not inscribed in their proper place.

(!) = An editorial note advising that the reader should examine something carefully.

sic = An error which the editor has not corrected.