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Financial System Architecture Adap%ng to Systemic Concerns Darrell Duffie Stanford University Pacific Ins<tute for the Mathema<cal Sciences, Summer School Economics and Mathema<cs of Systemic Risk and Financial Networks Vancouver, July, 2014

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Page 1: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

 Financial  System  Architecture  Adap%ng  to  Systemic  Concerns  

Darrell  Duffie  Stanford  University  

 Pacific  Ins<tute  for  the  Mathema<cal  Sciences,  Summer  School  

 Economics  and  Mathema<cs  of  Systemic  Risk  and  Financial  Networks  Vancouver,  July,  2014  

Page 2: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

Capital  and  Liquidity  Provision  

ULTIMATE  USER  OF  CAPITAL  (ISSUER-­‐BORROWER)  

BANK  

INVESTMENT  COMPANIES    (CLO-­‐SPV,  ETF,  Mutual  Fund,  Hedge  Fund,  REIT,  BDC,  PE,  VC)  

UI  

UI  

UI  UI  

UI  UI  

ULTIMATE  INVESTORS  

UI  

Page 3: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

payment  and  

seXlement  

             underwri<ng  

 market  making  

 hedging  

credit  provision  with  maturity  transforma<on  

Volcker  boundary  of    U.S.  banking  system  

other  trading  

Page 4: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

 Policy  changes  affec<ng  market  structure  

•  Bank  capital  and  liquidity  rules  (Basel,  stress  tests)    •  Bank  ac<vity  limits  (Volcker)    •  Deriva<ves  market  compe<<on  and  transparency    •  Collateral,  central  clearing,  counterparty  limits  

•  Monetary  policy  (ZLB,  LSAP,  RRP)    

 

Page 5: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

Frac<on  of  U.S.  Private  Credit  Provided  by  Banks  

0.0%  

10.0%  

20.0%  

30.0%  

40.0%  

50.0%  

60.0%  1952  

1955  

1958  

1961  

1964  

1967  

1970  

1973  

1976  

1979  

1982  

1985  

1988  

1991  

1994  

1997  

2000  

2003  

2006  

2009  

2012  

Data  Source:  Federal  Reserve,  BIS,  adjusted  for  breakpoints  

Page 6: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

   

D1  D2  

D3  

asset  manager  

U5  

U6   U3   U4  

U2   U1  

asset  manager  

U1  

U3  

U2  

U5  

U6  

U4  

U5  U3  

U6  U2  

U4  

U1  

E D  E  

OTC  (dealer  as  principal)    

direct  exchange  

agency  intermedia7on  

Secondary  Market  Architecture  

Page 7: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

   

D1  D2  

D3  

U5  

U3  

U4  

asset  manager  

U1  

U2  

                         OTC  mul7lateral  trading  facili7es    (swap  execu7on  facility,  bond  trading  pla>orm)    

 Hybrid  OTC  Market  Approaches  

TF  

TF   TF  

Page 8: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

CCP  

Page 9: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

A B

C

100

90 80

A B

C

CCP  

10 20

10

Central  Clearing  

Page 10: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

A B

C

100

90 80

A B

C

100 100

10

CCP1  

CCP2  

90 80

Page 11: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

CCP  Default  Management  Waterfall  

Failed  member  margin  and  default  fund  contribu<on.  

Surviving  members  default  fund  contribu<ons.  

More  CCP  capital.  

Replenishment  contribu<ons    to  default  fund.  

Payment  to    surviving  members  to  accept  failed  swaps      

   CCP  capital.  

Page 12: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

Selected  Sources  •  The  Clearing  House,  “Central  Counterpar<es:  Recommenda<ons  to  

Promote  Financial  Stability  and  Resilience,”  December  2012.    •  CDS  Default  Management  Working  Group,    “Principles  and  Best  Prac<ces  

for  Managing  a  Defaul<ng  Clearing  Member’s  Remaining  Porjolio  and  Shorjall  in  Available  Funds,”    January,  2011.  

 •  CommiXee  on  Payment  and  SeXlement  Systems,  Board  of  the  

Interna<onal  Organiza<on  of  Securi<es  Commissions,  “Recovery  and  Resolu<on  of  Financial  Market  Infrastructures,”Consulta<ve  Report,  July  2012.      

•  Duffie,  Darrell  and  David  A.  Skeel  (2012)A  Dialogue  on  the  Costs  and  Benefits  of  Automa<c  Stays  for  Deriva<ves  and  Repurchase  Agreements.”    

•  EllioX,  David  “Central  Counterparty  Loss-­‐Alloca<on  Rules,”  Bank  of  England,  Financial  Stability  Paper  Number  20,  April  2013.    

     

Page 13: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

Selected  Sources,  con<nued  

•  “Applica<on  of  the  Key  AXributes  of  Effec<ve  Resolu<on  Regimes  to  Non-­‐Bank  Financial  Ins<tu<ons,”  Consulta<ve  Document,  Financial  Stability  Board,  August  2013.    

 •  CommiXee  on  Payment  and  SeXlement  Systems,  Board  of  the  

Interna<onal  Organiza<on  of  Securi<es  Commissions,  “Recovery  of  Financial  Market  Infrastructures,”  Consulta<ve  Report,  August,  2013.      

•  ISDA,  David  “CCP  Loss  Alloca<on  at  the  End  of  the  Waterfall,”  August,  2013.  

   •  Consulta<on  on  a  possible  recovery  and  resolu<on  framework  for  financial  

ins<tu<ons  other  than  banks,  EU  Consulta<on  Document,  October  2012.      •  DIRECTIVE  2014/59/EU  OF  THE  EUROPEAN  PARLIAMENT  AND  OF  THE  

COUNCIL  of  15  May  2014,  establishing  a  framework  for  the  recovery  and  resolu<on  of  credit  ins<tu<ons  and  investment  firms,  Official  Journal  of  the  European  Union,  June  12,  2014.  

     

Page 14: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

           BUYER    (Cash  investor        e.g.  MMF)  

TRI-­‐PARTY  REPO  

FACILITY  

     SELLER  

     (Dealer)  

Cash  

   Securi7es  

           Tri-­‐Party  Repo                            

Cash  

   Securi7es  

Page 15: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

Tri-­‐party  Repo  Clearing    

S2  S1  

S3  

B1  

B2  

B3  

   TPR              agent    

Page 16: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

     

                             Confirm        Select                Transfer          Transfer    trade          collateral              cash                securi<es    

           SELLER            e.g.    

   Tri-­‐party  repo  environment  

 Trade

 

           BUYER          

Page 17: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

   Transfers  

Cash  Investor  Accounts      

Securi<es  

Cash  

Securi<es  

Cash  

Dealer  Accounts      

Tri-­‐party  environment      

Page 18: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

A  systemic  flaw      

S2  S1  

S3  

B1  

B2  

B3  

   big  complex                  bank  

   TPR  facility                                    

Page 19: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

CPSS-­‐IOSCO  FMI  Principle  9  “An  FMI  should  conduct  its  money  se4lements  in  central-­‐bank  money  where  prac<cal  and  available.    If  central  bank  money  is  not  used,  an  FMI  should  minimize  and  strictly  control  the  credit  and  liquidity  risk  arising  from  the  use  of  commercial  bank  money.”      “One  way  an  FMI  could  minimize  these  risks  is  to    limit  its  ac<vi<es  and  opera<ons  to  clearing  and  seXlement  and  closely  related  processes.”  (CHIPS)    

Page 20: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

$0

$20

$40

$60

$80

$100

$120

$140

$160

$180

$200

$0

$20

$40

$60

$80

$100

$120

$140

$160

$180

$200

7/17/08 7/31/08 8/14/08 8/28/08 9/11/08 9/25/08

Thou

sand

s  

Thou

sand

s  

Billions Billions Lehman Bankruptcy

US Treasuries and Strips

Source: Copeland, Martin, Walker (2011) FRBNY

Agency Debentures

Agency MBS

Non Fed-Eligible

Cash

Other Fed-Eligible

Lehman’s  tri-­‐party  repo  book  

Page 21: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

0  

200  

400  

600  

800  

1,000  

1,200  

1,400  

10/28  10/21  10/14  10/7  9/30  9/23  9/16  9/9  9/2  8/26  8/19  8/12  8/5  7/29  7/22  7/15  7/8  

$  billion

s  

Source:  Duffie  (2012)  

Ins<tu<onal  investment  in  prime  money  market  mutual  funds      

September  2008  Run  on  Money  Market  Funds  

Page 22: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

HEDGE  

FUND  A  

HEDGE  

FUND  B  

DEALER  BANK  

(PRIME  BROKER)  

CASH    AND  

SECURITIES  

       INVESTOR  

CASH  SECURITIES  

Prime-­‐Brokerage  

Page 23: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

Morgan  Stanley  collateral  received  that  can  be  pledged  

($  billions)  

Nov 05

798

877

Aug 08

Nov 08

294 283

Mar 09

953

May 08

Nov 07

948

Nov 06

942

Data  Source:    Singh  (2009)

Page 24: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

Morgan  Stanley’s  Liquidity  Loss          Sept.  12-­‐22,  2008  

$176.8  billion  

$91.5  billion  

$85.3  billion  

Prime  brokerage  liquidity  loss  

       � New  York  $44.8  billion  

�  London  $17.6  billion  

 

 Conduit  finance  roll  off  ($8.8  billion)  

Other  ($3.4  billion)

Repo  haircut  widening  ($4.0  billion)

Debt  maturing/buyback  ($5.4  billion)

Deriva7ves  collateral  loss  ($7.3  billion)  

Duffie  (2011)                            Data  source:  Morgan  Stanley-­‐FRBNY  FCIC  disclosure  

     Prime  Broker  $56.4b  

Page 25: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

HEDGE  

FUND    

PRIME  BROKER  ONE  

ASSETS  

 INVESTOR  

CASH   SECURITIES  

Mul<ple  prime  brokers  

PRIME  BROKER  

TWO  

ASSETS  

 INVESTOR  

CASH   SECURITIES  

Page 26: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

HEDGE  

FUND    

DEALER  BANK  

(PRIME  BROKER)  

Cash  and  Securi7es  

       Prime-­‐Brokerage  Custodian  

Page 27: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

Who  handles  the  bonds?  

0  

500  

1000  

1500  

2000  

2500  

3000  

3500  

4000  

2001   2002   2003   2004   2005   2006   2007   2008   2009   2010   2011   2012   2013  

Bond  Fund+ETF   Dealer  Bonds  Financed  

Data  sources.  ICI:  AUM,  bond  mutual  funds  +  ETFs.  FRBNY:  primary  dealer  daily  financing  (securi<es  out)  of  UST  +  agencies  +  MBS  +  corporate  bonds  (first  quarter).    

Assets  (b

illion  USD

)  

Page 28: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

How  are  REIT  assets  growing?  

0  

50  

100  

150  

200  

250  

300  

350  

400  

2005   2006   2007   2008   2009   2010   2011   2012   2013  

Agency  assets   Repo  liabili<es  

Amou

nt  (b

illion  USD

)  

Data  source:  Flow  of  Funds  L127  

Page 29: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

Dealers  and  Hedge  Funds  

 $-­‐        

 $50.00    

 $100.00    

 $150.00    

 $200.00    

 $250.00    

 $300.00    

 $350.00    

Fixed  Income  Hedge  Fund  AUM   Dealer  Corp  Bond  Inventory  

Data  sources.  Dealer  inventories:  FRBNY  (March).  Fixed  income  hedge  funds  AUM  (Barclay)    

Asset  level  (b

illions)  

Page 30: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

Average  daily  bond  market  turnover  

0  

0.001  

0.002  

0.003  

0.004  

0.005  

0.006  

0.007  

0.008  

2002   2003   2004   2005   2006   2007   2008   2009   2010   2011   2012   2013  

Municipal  bonds   Corporate  bonds  

Daily  volum

e/ou

tstand

ing  (percent)    

Data  source:  SIFMA  

Page 31: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

                                                                   Average  Daily  Trading  Volum

e  ($  billions)  

0  

10  

20  

30  

40  

50  

60  

70  

80  

90  

US10YR   MBS   CORP  

Data  Source:  Campbell,  Li,  Im  (2014)    BrokerTec:  US10YR.  TRACE:  MBS  30yr  FNMA  TBA  3%,  3.5%,  4%.  CORP  100  most  traded  IG.    

Trading  volume  

Page 32: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

UST10yr:  Volume  and  Vola<lity  

0  

2  

4  

6  

8  

10  

12  

14  

16  

5/16/11  

7/16/11  

9/16/11  

11/16/11  

1/16/12  

3/16/12  

5/16/12  

7/16/12  

9/16/12  

11/16/12  

1/16/13  

3/16/13  

5/16/13  

7/16/13  

9/16/13  

11/16/13  

10YR-­‐VIX   VOLUME/4  

Data  sources:  CME:  UST10yr-­‐VIX.    BrokerTec:  UST10yr  daily  volume  ($  billions).      

Page 33: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

Daily  Average  Volume:  Interest  Rate  Deriva<ves    

0  

200  

400  

600  

800  

1000  

1200  

1400  

1600  

1995   1998   2001   2004   2007   2010   2013  

US-­‐OTC   US-­‐EXCH   UK-­‐OTC  

Daily  average  volum

e  (  $

 billions)  

Data  sources.  BIS:  OTC  Triennial  (April),    U.S.  exchanges  Table  23A  (March).  

Page 34: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

Amount  x  of  safer  asset  

Amou

nt  y  of  risk

ier  a

sset   Risk-­‐weighted  assets  are  limited  by    

available  capital  c.    

Page 35: Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns( · Financial!System!Architecture! Adap%ng(to(SystemicConcerns(Darrell!Duffie! Stanford!University!! Pacific!Ins

Amount  of  safe  assets  

Amou

nt  of  risk

y  assets   The  leverage  rule  could  be  distor<onary,  by  

penalizing  safe  assets  rela<ve  to  risky  assets.