financial.services.industry in turkey

Investment Support and Promotion Agency of Turkey

The Financial Services Sector in Turkey

1

February 2014

Investment Support and Promotion Agency of Turkey ©2014 Deloitte Turkey. Member of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited

2

Glossary of Terms

Acronym Definition

ATM Automated Teller Machine

AUM Assets Under Management

BIST Borsa Istanbul

BKM Interbank Card Center

BRSA Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency

CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate

CAR Capital Adequacy Ratio

CBRT Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey

CEO Chief Executive Officer

CMB Capital Markets Board of Turkey

CRD Capital Requirements Directive

EBRD European Bank of Reconstruction and Development

EGM Pension Monitoring Center

EIU Economist Intelligence Unit

EU European Union

FCI Factors Chain International

FDI Foreign Direct Investment

FİDER Turkish Leasing Agency

GDP Gross Domestic Product

IFC Istanbul Financial Center

HATMER Life Insurance Information and Monitoring Center

Acronym Definition

HAYMER Insurance Claims Follow-up and Monitoring System

IMF International Monetary Fund

IMKB Istanbul Stock Exchange before 2012

ISE Istanbul Stock Exchange

ISPAT The Republic of Turkey Prime Ministry Investment Support and Promotion Agency

N/D No Data

NPL Non-Performing Loan

O/N Overnight

OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

OIC Organization of the Islamic Cooperation

Q Quarter

ROA Return on Assets

ROE Return on Equity

SAGMER Health Insurance Information and Monitoring Center

SME Small and Medium Enterprises

TBB Turkish Bank Association

TEB Turkish Economy Bank

TL Turkish Lira


3

Glossary of Terms

Acronym Definition

TSRB Insurance Association of Turkey

TSPAKB The Association of Capital Market Intermediary Institutions of Turkey

UK United Kingdom

USA United States of America

USD United States Dollar

WB World Bank


4

Table of Contents

Executive Summary 5

A. Overview of Economic Indicators in Turkey 6-12

i. Turkey’s Macroeconomic Outlook 7-8

ii. FDI in the Financial Services Sector in

Turkey 9-10

iii. Mergers and Acquisitions 11-12

B. A Detailed Look at the Financial Services

Sector 13-67

i. A Brief Overview of the Global Financial

Services Sector 14-17

ii. The Banking Sector in Turkey 18-37

iii. Insurance and Pension Funds in Turkey 38-51

iv. Financial Leasing in Turkey 52-57

v. Factoring in Turkey 58-61

vi. Consumer Financing in Turkey 62-66

C. The Detailed Outlook on Capital Markets 67-72

i. Borsa Istanbul 68-71

ii. Brokerage Firms 72

D. Turkey’s Competitive Landscape 73-82

i. Turkey’s Workforce and Skilled Labor

within Financial Services 74-75

ii. Disposable Income 74

iii. Major Projects Financed by Turkish

Banks 77

iv. The Financial Sector’s 2018 Targets 78

v. Istanbul Financial Center Initiative 79-80

vi. Major Financial Sector Stakeholders 81-82


• Turkey has demonstrated robust macroeconomic growth in recent years thanks to the government’s ambitious growth program and is expected to sustain it over the next 5 years according to international economic organizations. According to OECD forecasts, real GDP growth is projected to rise approximately 4% in 2014 and 2015, while the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) expects an annual average growth rate of 5% until 2017.

• According to the EIU, even though around 78% of bank assets globally were located in developed markets in 2012, and 22% in developing countries, this ratio is expected to change by 2017, and the trend will shift towards emerging markets.

• Turkey’s financial services sector continued to show healthy growth with an expanding loan base and favorable liquidity conditions. Total asset size grew a CAGR 19% between 2008 and the third quarter of 2012 surpassing a total asset size of TL 2,140 billion.

• The asset quality the of Turkish banks improved as asset size grew a staggering CAGR 21% between 2003 and September 2013 exceeding TL 1,630 billion with an asset to GDP ratio of 97% in 2012.

• Despite the Eurozone crisis, Turkey’s loan expansion continued to grow as the economy grew. Total loans exceeded TL 794 billion in 2012, while the loan to deposit ratio surpassed 103% in 2012.

5

Executive Summary

• The Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) remained well above international standards as the average CAR for banks were 17.3% in 2012, while the same ratio was 34.2% for development and investment banks and 13.9% for participation banks.

• The share of life insurance premiums increased a CAGR of 14%, while non-life insurance premiums grew at a CAGR of 17% from 2009 to 2012.

• Financial leasing receivables between 2008 and 2012 increased at a CAGR of 3.2% exceeding TL 16 billion in 2012, while total assets in the factoring sector reached TL 18.1 billion in 2012, which accounts for a 16% increase compared to the previous year.

• Capital markets in Turkey also had an advantageous year in 2012. In 2012, Borsa Istanbul’s BIST-100 index had the highest index return percentage in the world with 61%.

• Turkey’s ambitious 2023 goal is to transform Istanbul into a prominent financial center. Turkey’s large population of young people, qualified labor force and rapidly developing markets along with its geographic location makes Istanbul an ideal candidate for a finance hub.


6

A. Overview of Economic

Indicators in Turkey

i. Turkey’s Macroeconomic Outlook

ii. FDI in the Financial Services Sector in Turkey

iii. Mergers and Acquisitions


7

Turkey’s fast-growing economy is expected to attract more investments in the future.

• Turkey has undergone profound economic transformation over the last decade and its economic fundamentals are quite solid. It is the 17th largest economy in the world and the 6th largest economy in Europe with a current GDP of approximately USD 820 billion in 2013.

• Having boomed as fast as 9.3% and 8.8% in real terms in 2010 and 2011, OECD projects a real GDP growth of around 4% in 2014 and 2015, while EIU projects on average 5% growth until 2017.

• Monetary policy played a vital role in reining in inflation over recent years. Turkish inflation has stayed under 10% since 2004 and year-end inflation was 7.4% in 2013. EIU forecasts that average inflation will further ease to 4% by 2018.

Source: TurkStat

Figure 1: GDP Growth Rate (Constant Prices)

Figure 2: Inflation, 2004-2013

0%

3%

6%

9%

12%

15%

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Source: TurkStat, OECD, EIU *f: forecast

-6%

-1%

4%

9%

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014f

2015f

2016f

2017f

EIU*


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Borrowing Lending

8

Turkey’s investment environment has become increasingly more welcoming to foreign investors.

• Overnight lending rates have been steadily decreasing over the years, reaching 7.5% in September 2013, which is a 500 basis point decrease since 2002.

• Fitch Ratings announced Turkey’s investment grade rating as BBB in November 2012 and Standard & Poor’s announced a BB+ rating in March 2013. These events signal further upgrades and are expected to boost the inflow of institutional funding.

• Moody's raised Turkey’s government bond ratings to Baa3 and revised its outlook to stable from positive in May 2013. These rating upgrades are due to sustained economic growth, rapid progress on structural and institutional reforms and improving public finance metrics.

Figure 3: The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey O/N Interest Rates

Source: CBRT

Rating

(Local

Currency)

Outlook

(Local

Currency)

Rating

(Foreign

Currency)

Outlook (Foreign

Currency)

Standard

& Poor’s BBB Stable BB+ Negative

Fitch BBB Stable BBB- Stable

Moody’s Baa3 Stable Ba1 Positive

JCR BBB- Stable BBB- Stable

Table 1: Turkey’s Credit Ratings

Source: Moody’s (May 2013), S&P (February 2014), Fitch (December 2013), JCR (May 2013)


9

Turkey has attracted significant foreign direct investments in the last decade.

• Turkey has become an attractive destination for foreign direct investments (FDIs). After 2002, weak FDI inflows then experienced an incremental increase and reached a record level of USD 22 billion in 2007.

• The decrease of inflows in 2009 was due to the global economic crisis, which lowered FDI across the globe including Turkey. However, according to 2011 totals, Turkey has recovered well from the global crisis.

• In 2013, FDI inflow rose to USD 12.9 billion, compared to USD 8.6 billion in 2009.

Source: World Bank DataBank

Figure 4: FDI Inflows to Turkey, 2003-2013

1.7 2.7

10

20.1 22

19.7

8.6 9

16

12.5

12.9

0

5

10

15

20

25

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

US

D B

illio

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6.1

0.8 1.6

5.8

1.9

3.4

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

US

D B

illio

n

Figure 5: Total FDI in the Financial Services Sector, 2008-2013

Source: Ministry of Economy, CBRT Note: FDI does not include Sberbank’s acquisition of Denizbank ,since Sberbank bought Dexia’s shares of Denizbank.

• Financial services is one of the most popular sectors for foreign direct investments. In 2012, the financial services sector accounted for 15.4% of the total FDIs in Turkey.

• In 2013, total FDI in financial services reached USD 3.42 billion, which accounts for 26% of the total FDIs in Turkey.


10

The Financial Services Sector and Major M&As in 2013: The financial services sector was in second place for M&As which included both local and foreign investments.

227

86

100

119

135

315

460

656

707

746

773

1

1.6

0 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000

Other

Internet&Mobile Services

Construction

Restaurants&Hospitality

Tourism

Real Estate

Logistics&Transportation

Media

Retail

Manufacturing

Food&Beverage

Infrastructure

Financial Services

Energy

USD Million

Figure 6: M&A Deal Values in 2013 (Disclosed)

• The financial services sector had the second highest M&A disclosed deal values in 2013 with USD 1.6 million, coming in right after energy-related deals.

• The totals shown for M&As include both local and foreign deals.

• The total number of business deals in 2013 was 259. Financial services had a total of 24 deals placing it in third place overall, after energy-related and manufacturing deals.

• In 2013, a total of 217 deals were finalized. Financial services accounted for 10 deals, placing the sector in the top 10 for number of deals.

Source: Deloitte M&A Report 2013


11

Major M&As in the financial services sector amounts to USD 1.6 billion in 2013.

Acquirer Origin Target Stake Deal Value

(USD Million)

Allianz SE Germany YapıKredi Sigorta 74.0% 882

Commercial Bank of Qatar Qatar Alternatif Bank 70.8% 448

Khazanah Nasional Berhad

Malaysia Acıbadem Sağlık ve Hayat Sigorta

90.0% 252

Alternatifbank A.Ş.* Turkey Alternatif Finansal Kiralama 100.0% 69

Private Investors (Enver Çevik, Hasan Özsoy)

Turkey ICG Investments 100.0% 6

UCP Holdings, Inc. USA Cosmos Yatırım Ortaklığı 11.9% 1

Azimut Italy Global Menkul Değerler 50.0% N/D

Denizbank Turkey Citibank A.Ş. (Consumer Banking Business)

100.0% N/D

Mediterra Capital Turkey ACP Sigorta ve Reasürans Brokerlığı

66.7% N/D

Fibabanka Turkey Societe Generale's Turkish Consumer Loan Business

100.0% N/D

Table 2: Selected Financial Services M&As in 2013

Source: Deloitte M&A Report 2013 * Sberbank bought Dexia’s shares of Denizbank, therefore the amount is not included as FDI.


0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

0

5

10

15

20

25

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

US

D B

illio

n

Total Deal Value

Financial Investor Deals

Ratio to Total Deal Value (%)

12

Private equity activities in Turkey reached USD 17.5 billion in 2013.

Figure 7: Private Equity Activity, 2013 (Disclosed)

• A total number of 35 transactions were realized in 2013, which accounted for 12% of the total annual deal volume.

• Turkey has become one of the key destinations in the world for private equity activities. There are many major private equity and venture capital firms in Turkey. These firms include, but are not limited to, Turkven, Carlyle, 3i, Blackstone, KKR and Abraaj Capital.

• In regards to deal numbers, the manufacturing, e-commerce and food & beverage sectors shared the lead with 4 transactions each, followed by the real estate, technology, retail and energy sectors each with 3 transactions.

• For financial services, two deals were completed and are summarized in the table below.

Source: Deloitte M&A Report 2013

Acquirer Origin Target Stake Deal Value

(USD Million)

Khazanah Nasional Berhad Malaysia Acıbadem Sağlık ve Hayat Sigorta

90.0% 252

Mediterra Capital Turkey ACP Sigorta ve Reasürans Brokerlığı

100.0% N/D

Table 3: Private Equity Activity Selected Players


B. A Detailed Look at the Financial

Services Sector

i. A Brief Overview of the Global Financial Services Sector

ii. The Banking Sector in Turkey

iii. Insurance and Pension Funds in Turkey

iv. Financial Leasing in Turkey

v. Factoring in Turkey

vi. Consumer Financing in Turkey

13


-20%-10%

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%

North America Western Europe

Asia and Australia Turkey

World

14

Global asset size exceeded USD 100 trillion in 2012.

• According to EIU, although approximately 78% of banking assets were located in developed markets in 2012, and 22% in developing countries, this ratio is expected to change by 2017, where the trend will shift towards emerging markets. According to estimations, emerging markets will account for 34% of banking sector assets in 2017.

• Global assets grew almost CAGR 4% between 2007 and 2012 and are expected to further increase CAGR 5% from 2012 to 2017, surpassing USD 149 trillion in 2017.

• Moreover, it is important to note that global outstanding bank loans are forecasted to rise in nominal terms to USD 96.3 trillion in 2013 and reach USD 129.9 trillion by 2017. Turkey experienced higher year-over-year loan growth rates compared to the world average and other regions between 2009 and 2012 and yearly growth rates are projected to remain over 15% until 2017.

Figure 9: Year-Over-Year Loan Growth in Turkey and Other Regions

Source: EIU f: forecast

US

D T

rillio

n

Figure 8: Total Global Asset Size

Source: EIU Note: EIU calculation for the world is based on the 51 largest countries. f: forecast

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014f

2015f

2016f

2017f

CAGR 4.5%


• Life insurance premiums grew a CAGR 3.4% globally, while non-life insurance premiums had a CAGR 4.5% growth rate from 2009 to 2012. The total premium volume in 2012 exceeded USD 4.6 trillion.

• In 2012, the largest life insurance premium growth was witnessed in the USA, with a total of more than USD 587,000 million. Turkey, on the other hand, came in with more than USD 1,740 million ranking 43rd worldwide in overall life insurance premiums.

• The USA also ranked number one in non-life insurance premiums with USD 703,128 million followed by Japan with USD 129,740 million and Germany with 125,597 million. Turkey was ranked 29th worldwide with total non-life premiums of USD 9,140 million in 2012, which was a nominal increase of 7.9% from the previous year.

• A Swiss Re Sigma study expects insurance premium growth to improve further in the near future.

15

Insurance premiums grew across the globe in 2012 despite the challenging global economy.

0

1.000.000

2.000.000

3.000.000

4.000.000

5.000.000

2009 2010 2011 2012

Life Non-Life

US

D M

illio

n

Figure 10: Global Insurance Premium Volume

Source: TSRB, Swiss Re


• Turkey’s asset size is relatively lower than developed economies like the UK and France. Even though Turkey’s banks are under penetrated are starting to reach their full potential. Therefore, it will increase its asset size and reach its full potential in the future.

16

Turkey is one of the fastest growing countries in terms of bank asset size, and this reflects opportunities for growth

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

France

UK

CA

GR

20

03

-20

12

CAGR 2013-2017

Figure 11: Banking Sector Total Asset Growth by Country

Source: EIU, Deloitte Analysis Note: Growth rates are calculated in terms of USD, bubble size represents asset size in 2012 in terms of USD.

Czech Republic

Turkey

Brazil Romania

Russia

Poland

India

427% 398%

163%

106% 94% 89% 87% 63% 60%

Figure 12: Banking Assets Percentage of GDP Ratio Comparison, 2012

Source: EIU

• Turkey’s total asset size, calculated in terms of USD, is expected to increase almost CAGR 11% from 2013 to 2017 outpacing that of countries such as Poland, Brazil, France, the Czech Republic and the UK.

©2014 Deloitte Turkey. Member of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited

Major milestones in Financial Services Industry of Turkey

17

1982-2000 2001-2006

Personal Pension Savings and Investment System Law

Banking Act, Law No. 5411

Regulation on Measurement and Evaluation of Capital Adequacy of Banks

Mortgage Law, Official Gazette No. 26454

Implementation of Basel II standards in Turkey

Record profitability of the banking sector in Turkey

Law No. 6361 regarding Financial Leasing, Factoring and Financial Institutions

Establishment of Insurance Information and Monitoring Center - TRAMER, SAGMER, HATMER, HAYMER

All local or foreign insurance , reinsurance and pension companies operating in Turkey are members of the Insurance Association of Turkey

New Capital Market Law No. 6362

2007-2012 2013-…

Capital Market Law

Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) Market opens

Banking Regulation And Supervision Agency (BRSA) founded

Consolidation of the Market from 100 Banks to 49 Banks

Takasbank is Authorized by CMB as the National Numbering Agency of Turkey

Start of internet banking services

Source: BRSA, CMB

Figure 13: Milestones of Turkey’s Financial Services Industry

Establishment of Borsa Istanbul A.Ş. with Law No. 6362

Implementation of Basel III standards in Turkey

Public banks will be able to establish participation banks


• Turkey’s financial sector is among the best in the world with an ever growing asset size, and has a strong equity structure to protect it against shocks that may arise from loans or turbulent market conditions.

• The financial sector’s asset size has been growing. It achieved a double digit CAGR rate of almost 20% between 2008 and the third quarter of 2012 exceeding TL 2 trillion.

• Banks, including the Central Bank, represented 70% of total assets, reaching a value of TL 1,497 billion, while insurance represented 2% of total assets with TL 47 billion.

18

Turkey’s powerful banking sector represents 70% of the financial sector’s assets size.

0

500

1.000

1.500

2.000

2.500

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012Q3

Banking

Central Bank

Insurance and Private

Pension

Other*

Source: BRSA • Other includes :ISE capitalization, securities, consumer finance, real estate investments, investment trusts, asset management and venture capital investment trust assets.

CAGR 2008-2012 Q3

16%

14%

16%

25%

Figure 14: Asset Size of Turkey’s Financial Sector

CAGR 19%

TL B

illio

n Share

2012 Q3

61%

9%

2%

28%


• After the crisis in 2001, the Turkish banking sector was strengthened and restructured through BRSA regulations and the Turkish banking system became one of the strongest in Europe. Moreover, the declining inflation rate, continuing budgetary discipline and overall optimistic expectations for the industry led to the growth of the banking sector. Currently, the sector is one of the most developed and competitive inTurkey.

• Turkey enjoys strong asset growth with a stunning CAGR 21% increase between 2003 and November 2013 exceeding TL 1,630 billion in total assets. Moreover, there was a remarkable increase in the total assets to GDP ratio from 55% in 2003 to 97% in 2012.

• In regards to asset to GDP ratio, Turkey is below the EU-27 average by 355%, but offers much potential. The top 10 banks in Turkey represent 85% of the total assets in the sector. Iş Bank is the leader in terms of total assets with TL 204 billion, followed by the public bank Ziraat with TL 196 billion and Garanti Bank with TL 190 billion in assets.

19

The banking sector’s asset size grew to more than TL 1.6 trillion in November 2013.

55% 55%

63% 66%

69% 77%

88% 92% 94%

97%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0

200

400

600

800

1.000

1.200

1.400

1.600

1.800

Total Assets Total Assets/GDP

TL B

illio

n

Source: BRSA, Deloitte Analysis * As of November 2013

Figure 15: Total Asset Size for the Banking Sector in Turkey

51

56

63

127

128

143

180

190

196

204

0 50 100 150 200 250

TEB

Denizbank

Finans Bank

Vakıf Bank

Halk Bank

YapıKredi Bank

Akbank

Garanti Bank

Ziraat Bank

Iş Bank

Figure 16: Top 10 Turkish Banks by Asset Size, September 2013*

TL Billion Source: TBB * Non-consolidated balance sheet

BankingInsurance and

PensionLeasing Factoring

Consumer

Financing


• The first Islamic banking applications in Turkey started in mid 1980’s. Albaraka Türk Finans Kurumu A.Ş. and Faisal Finans Kurumu A.Ş. (known today as Türkiye Finans Katılım Bankası) were the first institutions that followed Islamic banking principles. In 2005, these institutions were named participation banks and were allowed to conduct banking activities under the scope of Islamic principles. Participation bank numbers in Turkey increased to four when Asya Katılım Bank and Kuveyt Türk Katılım Bank started their operations.

• The total asset size of participation banks was more than TL 70 billion in 2012, growing at an impressive CAGR of 32% between 2005 and 2012 and constituting approximately 5% of total banking sector assets. The total assets surpassed TL 90 billion in November 2013 constituting more than 5.4% of the total banking sector asset size. The first Sukuk auctions were conducted by the Turkish Treasury in 2012. A total of TL 3 billion and TL 1.5 billion worth of Sukuk were issued in these auctions.

20

The total asset size of participation banks was more than TL 70 billion in 2012.

2,4% 2,8%

3,3% 3,5% 4,0%

4,3% 4,6%

5,1% 5,4%

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Participation Bank Asset Size

Participation Banks' Asset/Total Assets

TL B

illio

n

Source: BRSA * As of November 2013

Figure 17: Asset Growth of Participation Banks Figure 18: Lending Growth of Participation Banks

4,2% 4,3%

4,9% 4,8%

6,0% 5,9%

5,6%

6,0% 6,0%

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

0

10.000

20.000

30.000

40.000

50.000

60.000

70.000

Total Loans

Participation Banks' Loan/Total Loan

TL M

illio

n



Consumer

Financing



4

13

32

49

0 50 100 150

Total

Participation Banks

Dev. & Inv Banks

Deposit Banks

31% 28% 26% 26% 27% 27% 26% 23%

37% 31% 29% 29% 29% 28% 29% 28%

12% 22% 25% 26% 24% 24% 26% 26%

20% 19% 21% 20% 20% 21% 20% 23%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Open to Public Foreign Shareholders

Private Turkish Shareholders State

21

Through the years, Turkey’s banking industry has attracted many foreigners resulting in a marked increase of foreign ownership assets

Figure 19: Distribution of Banking Assets by Ownership

• As of November 2013, the total assets of banks were TL 1,636 million. Moreover, in 2012, 23% of the banking assets were owned by public banks, 28% by private banks, 26% by foreign banks, while 23% was opened to public.

• 20% of the shares that are open to public are owned by foreign investors. Adding this amount to the shares already owned by foreigners increases the total share of foreigners to more than 46% in 2012. There is room for growth in shares open to the public, since banks use BIST as a mean of reaching to more capital.

• As of September 2013, there were 49 banks in Turkey. There are a total of 32 savings banks, 13 development and investment banks and 4 participation banks.

• 5 of the deposit banks are state owned banks, namely, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Ziraat Bankası, Türkiye Halk Bankası, Türkiye Vakıflar Bankası T.A.O, Adabank A.Ş and Birleşik Fon Bankası. These banks accounted for more than 27% of total assets in 2012.

• Additionally, there are 4 state owned development and investment banks, namely, İller Bankası, İMKB, Takasbank, Türkiye İhracat Kredi Bankası A.Ş and Türkiye Kalkınma Bankası A.Ş. which held a total asset share of 2.5% in 2012.

Source: CBRT, BRSA

Source: BRSA

Figure 20: Type of Banks, 2012



Consumer

Financing


22

Turkey was effected slightly by the global economic crisis and loan expansion continued to grow.

Figure 21: Banking Sector Loan-Deposit Growth


TL B

illio

n

• Turkey’s loan to deposit ratio, which measures the liquidity of banks within a country, has been on the verge of increase since 2008. The total ratio reached 103% in 2012.

• Turkey’s banking sector has a lot of potential as it is below the average loan to deposit ratio of the EU-28, which was 145% in 2012. European banks are more reliant to wholesale funding, whereas Turkish banks have a lot of exposure to deposits, since deposits were the main funding resource for Turkish banks. However, with a powerful capital structure and commitment to international banking standards, Turkish banks are well placed to diversify their funding resources with securitization and syndication loans.

• Total loans increased by a stunning CAGR of 21% between 2008 and 2012. The increase in loans were due to decreasing interest rates and increasing capital investments in Turkey.



Consumer

Financing

81%

76%

85%

98% 103% 111%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0

400

800

1.200

1.600

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013*

Th

ou

san

ds

Assets Deposits Loans Loan/Deposit


23

Deposit and loan amounts are expected to grow further in Turkey…

348 392 440 523 594 673

449 528 595 707

804 911

0

500

1.000

1.500

2.000

2012 2013f 2014f 2015f 2016f 2017f

Loans Deposits

US

D B

illio

n

Source: EIU f: forecasts

Figure 22: Turkey’s Banking Sector Growth Projections

102 83 76 69

31 15 10 9 8 7 7 1

Figure 23: Loans per Person (USD Thousand), 2012

85 83 80

54

28 20

11 8 7 5 2 1

Figure 24: Deposits per Person (USD Thousand), 2012

• Loans and deposits are expected to expand further through 2017. Total deposits are expected to grow at CAGR of 14% between 2012 and 2017, while total loans are expected to grow slightly above total deposits with a CAGR 15% during the same period.

• Loans per person and deposits per person amounts are behind some European countries but there is great potential for loans and deposits to grow as banks focus on the under banked population in Turkey.

Source: EIU Note: The population aged between 15-65 years have been considered for this graph.



Consumer

Financing


• Turkey’s credit to GDP ratio is relatively smaller than Western European countries and also Eastern European countries. However, as the economy and the banking sector is expected to grow stronger, the CBRT expects the credit to GDP ratio to increase in the short term.

• The CBRT estimates the loan to GDP ratio to be between 60% and 70% by 2015. According to CBRT estimates, credit growth will range between 13% and 17% in 2015.

• Furthermore, the CBRT projects the credit to GDP ratio to be 78% by 2032.

24

…which will positively reflect on the loan to GDP ratio.

Figure 25: Loan to GDP Ratio , 2012

Source: EIU

54% 57% 58% 60%

58% 61% 64% 60% 66%

70%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2012 2013f 2014f 2015fBase Median Upper

Figure 26: Loan to GDP Ratio Forecast Scenerios

Source: CBRT f: forecast

170%

144%

101%

76%

75%

54%

0% 50% 100% 150% 200%

UK

France

Germany

Czech Republic

Poland

Turkey



Consumer

Financing


25

Total loans increased in the double digits surpassing TL 1,200 billion

Figure 27: Development of Non-Cash and Cash Loans in Turkey

0

200.000

400.000

600.000

800.000

1.000.000

1.200.000

1.400.000

Cash Loans Non-cash Loans

TL M

illio

n

Source: BRSA * As of October 2013

• Cash and non-cash loans increased at a CAGR 20% and 24%, respectively, from 2006 to October 2013. Non-cash loans surpassed TL 300,000 million as of October 2013, while cash loans were more than TL 990,000 million during the same period.

• SMEs are the backbone of the Turkish economy. Turkish banks started funding SMEs at an increased rate from 2006 to October 2013. Total SME loan amounts increased at a CAGR of 23% during this period with more than TL 257,000 in 2012.

CAGR 23%

0

50.000

100.000

150.000

200.000

250.000

300.000

Total Loans Extended to Medium Size Enterprises

Total Loans Extended to Micro Enterprises

Total Loans Extended to Small Enterprises

TL M

illio

n

Source: BRSA *As of October 2013 Note: SME is defined by BRSA as an entity that employs less than 250 workers and has TL 40 million or less total net sales or balance sheet size

Figure 28: Total SME Loans



Consumer

Financing


26

Banks’ improved risk management decreased the NPL ratio to less than 3% in 2013.

27%

27%

23%

21%

24%

24% 25%

26%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

0

250.000

500.000

750.000

1.000.000

Total Cash Loans SME Loans/ Total Cash Loans

TL M

illio

n

Source: BRSA * As of October 2013

Figure 29: Loan Breakdown in Turkey

• The total percentage of SME loans to total cash loans in Turkish banks increased to 26% in October 2013.

• Turkish banks have been affected slightly by the global economic crisis of 2009, and were able to maintain low levels of NPL ratios. The NPL ratio of Turkish banks decreased to 2.8% as of October 2013. The main reason for this decrease was due to the comprehensive risk management framework applied by the banks as well as the increase in the amount of NPLs sold to asset management companies, which increased to 5.7% in 2012 from 2% in 2008.

3.6%

5.2%

3.6%

2.7%

2.8% 2.7%

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013*

Figure 30: NPL Ratio* in Banking

Source: BRSA Note: Problem Cash Loans/Total Loans * As of October 2013



Consumer

Financing


27

New products offered by banks increased the amount of consumer loans.

0

20.000

40.000

60.000

80.000

100.000

120.000

140.000

160.000

180.000

200.000

220.000

240.000

260.000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Vehicle Loans

Other Loans

Credit Card

Risk

Consumer

Loans

MortgageLoans

Figure 31: Consumer Loan Breakdown by Type of Loan

TL M

illio

n

Source: BRSA

• Total consumer loans increased substantially with a CAGR of 30% from 2005 to 2012 exceeding TL 257,000 million.

• The increase in different loan product categories offered by banks supported the increase in consumer loans. Within this scope, the introduction of mortgage loans, which constitute more than 30% of total consumer loans, grew by double digits to more than TL 86,000 million with a CAGR of 30% from 2005 to 2012.



Consumer

Financing


• Since July 2012, Turkey has begun fully implementing Basel II standard of credit risk assessment.

• The technical requirements for Basel III are also significant. The Basel III accords aim to strengthen the capital base of the banking sector, enhance risk coverage, introduce an overall leverage ratio and global liquidity risk standards and deal with procyclicality.

• The new total capital ratio is set at 10.5% consisting of 4.5% for common equity and 6% for Tier 1 capital for Basel III.

• After Basel III, banks will maintain cash-like assets in the short term to adjust their liquidity ratios. Furthermore, Basel III requires that banks report their liquidity metrics on a daily basis.

• The Dodd-Frank Act, which requires banks to revise or determine the minimum leverage and risk-based capital adequacy ratios in the USA, has set the minimum risk-based capital ratio for well capitalized banks at 10% and 8% for banks that are adequately capitalized. Furthermore, the minimum leverage ratio is 5% and 4%, respectively.

• The USA has not fully adopted Basel II, but it has signed Basel III.

28

Turkey is fully committed to Basel III standards…

• The USA is expected to fully comply with main capital, leverage and liquidity standards of Basel III. However, the timetable for implementation is not certain.

• The Turkish banking sector has capital adequacy ratios (CAR) above the regulator limits of BRSA, which was 12% in 2012. Moreover, Turkey’s CAR exceeds that of Basel II, which was 8% and Basel III, which will gradually increase each year and will be set at a total capital ratio of 10.5% by January 2019.

8%

0% 10% 20%

Basel II

Basel III10.5%

0%

3%

0% 5% 10%

Basel II

Basel III

Figure 32: Total Capital Figure 33: Leverage

Source: Deloitte Analysis

250 bps

300 bps



Consumer

Financing


• Savings banks in Turkey had a CAR level of 17.3%, while participation banks and development and investment banks had 13.9% and 34.2% capital adequacy ratios, respectively.

• Despite the global economic crisis and the Eurozone crisis, the high capital adequacy ratio of Turkish banks allowed them to achieve strong financial statements. Hence, Turkish banks were only slightly effected by both crises. Moreover, Turkish banks are already prepared to meet the new capital requirements of Basel III.

• The Basel Consensus has a place in the EU legal acquis under the scope of financial services. The EU aims to create compliance of the Basel Consensus with the Capital Adequacy IV (CRD-IV) package. The abovementioned package will be put in the practice on 1 January 2014 and consists of 2013/36/EU Directive and (EU) 575/2013 legislation. Turkey is in accordance with the EU regarding the calendar for the implementation of the aforementioned standards.

• Turkey prepared for Basel III by organizing seminars together with KOSGEB and TBB. Working papers and regular progress reports have been published by committees delineating the implementation of the regulations within Turkey.

29

…and has even implemented a higher CAR than those set by Basel III regulation.

Source: BRSA

16,6% 19,3% 17,7% 15,5% 17,3%

15,2% 15,3% 15,1% 14,0% 13,9%

59,4% 60,3% 58,7%

48,2%

34,2%

5%

15%

25%

35%

45%

55%

65%

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Deposit Participation Dev & Inv

Figure 34: Capital Adequacy Standard Ratio



Consumer

Financing


14,9 13,4

20,2 22,1

19,8

23,6

0

5

10

15

20

25

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Interest Income

Interest Expense

Non-Interest Income (Expense)

Net Profit (Loss)

30

The solid capital structure of Turkish banks allowed the sector to enjoy high profits.

7%

10%

12% 12% 12% 12%

13%

14% 14%

13%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Figure 36: Fees, Commissions and Banking Services Income/Total Income (Percentage)

• The strong growth in the Turkish banking sector was also reflected in its profits as it climbed at a staggering CAGR of 10% from 2007 to 2012 exceeding TL 23 billion.

• The total interest income, which includes interest received from loans given, interest received from required reserves, interest received from other banks and interest received from money market transactions increased at a CAGR of 9% between 2007 and 2012 surpassing TL 109 billion.

• Non-interest income, which includes non-core banking activities such as fees received from deposits and transactions also grew a CAGR 4% during the same period to more than TL 1 billion in 2012.

• The banking sector not only benefits from increased income from interest but also from fees collected from other banking activities. The share from fees, commissions and banking services increased from 7% in 2003 to 13% in 2012.

Source: BRSA

TL B

illio

n T

L B

illion

Figure 35: Banking Sector Profit (Loss)

Source: BRSA



Consumer

Financing


31

The sector grew as a result of its strong asset quality and was able to maintain high profits.

-1%

1%

2%

4%

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013*

UK

USA

France

Czech

Republic

Poland

Russia

Turkey

Figure 37: ROA Country Comparison

Source: IMF Financial Soundness Indicators *The latest data available on UK, France and Russia’s was from December 2013, Czech Republic and Turkey was from June 2013 and for USA and Poland was from March 2013. Note: Numerator was annualized net income before extraordinary items and taxes, from the beginning of the year until the reporting month. Denominator was an average value of total assets (financial and nonfinancial) over the same period.

-2%

8%

18%

28%

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013*

Figure 38: ROE Country Comparison

• The Turkish banking sector’s return on asset (ROA) ratio was stronger than that of banks in major financial centers as well as Eastern European countries. In 2013, ROA was 2.42% in Turkey, followed by the USA with 1.63%, which was a lower margin compared to Turkey’s ROA.

• Moreover, return on equity was, again, well above that of the USA and Europe with 20.3% in 2013 followed by the Czech Republic with 18% during the same period.



Consumer

Financing


32

Turkey’s growing banking sector also resulted in the increase in the number of bank branches.

Figure 39: Total Number of Bank Branches in Turkey Including Foreign Branches, 2006-2012

20,9 20,9

19,6 19,2

19,0 18,5 18,2

18,1

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

02.0004.0006.0008.000

10.00012.00014.000

Total Branch per EmployeeSource: BRSA * As of March 2013

• The total number of branches increased at a CAGR of 9% between 2006 and 2012.

• The highest number of branches belongs to commercial banks, followed by participation banks and development banks. Branch expansion was highest in participation banks with CAGR 21%.

• The per branch employee number decreased as a result of the increasing trend towards centralization of branch operations as well as the increase in automated functions.

0

10.000

20.000

30.000

40.000

50.000

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013*

Figure 40: Development of Cashpoints (ATMs) in Turkey, 2008-2012 • The development of the banking sector over

recent years has affected the usage of cashpoints. As of October 2013, there were a total of 40,937 ATM cashpoints in Turkey.

• Between 2008 and 2012, the number of ATMs grew at a CAGR of 13%.

Source: BKM *: As of October 2013



Consumer

Financing


33

Banks also started focusing on alternative technologies that provide low cost and faster transaction services.

0

200

400

600

800

1.000

1.200

1.400

1.600

1.800

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Cash

Transfers

Investments

Payments

Credit Cards

Other 0

2.000

4.000

6.000

8.000

10.000

12.000

Cash

Transfers

Investments

Credit Cards

Payments

Other

Figure 41: Internet Banking Transaction Values Figure 42: Mobile Banking Transaction Values

Source: TBB

• The internet banking transaction value increased CAGR 23% between 2008 and 2012. Cash transfers had the lions’ share in total internet banking transactions with 69% and increased impressively by a CAGR of 26% from 2008 to 2012. Notwithstanding the large share from cash transfers, the fastest growth was observed in payments with a staggering CAGR of 39% during the same period.

• Growth in mobile banking transaction values also reached an all-time high. The transaction values increased 185% from 2011Q4 to 2012Q4 surpassing TL 11,000 million in the fourth quarter of 2012. It is noteworthy to mention the development of mobile phone users and the number of 3G phone subscribers. The number is expected to increase in the future as mobile coverage increases. Between 2011 and 2012, the number of 3G phone subscribers increased by 33% reaching 41.8 million. According to BMI, this figure is expected to reach approximately 69 million people by 2017.

TL B

illio

n

TL M

illio

n

Source: TBB



Consumer

Financing


34

Transactions for both credit and debit cards have increased significantly.

0

20

40

60

0

100

200

300

400

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013*

Transaction Volume

Total Number of Credit Cards (secondary axis)

Figure 43: Development of Credit Cards and Transaction Volume, 2008-2012

• Turkey’s vibrant and growing economy had a positive impact on the development of credit and debit cards, providing significant potential for banks.

• The number of credit cards in Turkey increased at a CAGR of 6% between 2008 and 2012. And, a staggering CAGR of 18% was realized during this time in transaction volume.

• In 2012, the transaction volume for credit cards reached TL 361 billion, which accounts for a 94% increase compared to the transaction volume in 2008.

• The sharp development was also observed for debit cards. In 2012, transaction volume reached TL 311 billion and the CAGR since 2008 was at 19%.

0

50

100

150

0

100

200

300

400

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013*

Transaction Volume

Total Number of Debit Cards (secondary axis)

Figure 44: Development of Debit Cards and Transaction Volume, 2008-2012

TL B

illio

n

Source: BKM *As of October 2013

Source: BKM *As of October 2013

TL B

illio

n

Millio

n

Millio

n



Consumer

Financing


35

A Success Story: Odea Bank

Source: Odea Bank

"We hope to become one of the biggest banks in Turkey by 2017. Since our entrance into the Turkish market in 2012, the Turkish economy remained stable and showed significant growth despite the global economic environment. The reforms made by the government and the Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency (BRSA) enhanced our performance."

Hüseyin Özkaya, Director General of Odea Bank, July 2013

• Odea Bank started its operations in Turkey in October 2012. Odea Bank is the first bank to receive a banking license in Turkey in the last 15 years.

• In June 2013, the bank’s total assets increased by 42% compared to its assets in March 2013, an increase of more than TL 11 billion. During the same period, the bank’s loans rose to TL 6.4 billion with a 68% increase and its deposits to TL 8.3 billion with a 28% increase in only a three month period.

• In September 2013, Odea Bank’s total assets increased to TL 13.4 billion and the bank was ranked 16th among 45 banks (excluding participation banks) in Turkey.

• 91.4% of the bank’s shares are owned by Bank Audi, a Lebanese group, which has banking operations in 11 countries in the region.



Consumer

Financing


36

Financial Services Sector: Selected Players

Source: ISO 500

Akbank

• Established in 1948 in Adana for cotton growers, Akbank is owned by Sabancı Holding and other shareholders including a 9% stake that belongs to Citibank Overseas Investment.

• Akbank provides consumer, commercial, SME, corporate and private banking services as well as foreign exchange, foreign trade financing and treasury transactions.

• The bank’s total assets reached approximately TL 180 billion as of September 2013.

Iş bank

• Iş Bank was established in 1924 and is Turkey’s largest bank.

• The bank’s shares are held by the Işbank Pension Fund, the Republican People’s Party and 32% of the shares were open to public.

• Iş Bank’s total assets were TL 204 billion for the third quarter of 2013.

• Iş Bank’s products and services include retail, corporate banking and capital market operations and other financial services such as private pensions, insurance, asset management, leasing and factoring.

Ziraat Bank

• Homeland Funds, the origin of Ziraat Bank, was founded in 1863 to support farmers and agricultural development.

• The Republic of Turkey Prime Ministry Under secretariat of the Treasury is the sole owner of Ziraat Bank.

• Ziraat Bank has the most extensive network among Turkish banks and its total asset size is one of the largest in the country.

• Ziraat Bank’s total assets reached TL 195 billion as of September 2013.

Garanti Bank

• Founded in 1946, Garanti is Turkey’s second largest private bank with total assets worth TL 189 billion as of September 2013.

• Garanti is jointly controlled by Doğuş Holding and the Spanish bank BBVA.

• Garanti provides integrated financial services in every segment of banking and has subsidiaries for pension, life insurance, factoring, leasing, brokerage and asset management on both national and international levels.



Consumer

Financing


37

Participation Banks: Selected Players

Source: ISO 500

Türkiye Finans

• Türkiye Finans was established in 1991 following the merger of the companies Family Finans and Anadolu Finans.

• It operates in credit intermediation and related activities.

• Türkiye Finans had assets worth TL 23.3 billion in the third quarter of 2013.

• The bank has retail, commercial and SME banking services for both national and international customers.

Kuveyt Türk

• Kuveyt Türk started its activities in 1989.

• It is owned by Kuwait Finance House, the Public Institution for Social Security of Kuwait, the Turkish Directorate General of Foundations and the Islamic Development Bank.

• Kuveyt Türk’s total assets were TL 21 billion in the second quarter of 2013.

• The bank’s main products are current and participation accounts, investment and saving accounts and leasing.

Albaraka

• Established in 1984 by Albaraka Banking Group, Islamic Development Bank and other investors; it is a pioneer in participation banking in Turkey.

• Albaraka had TL 11.5 billion of total assets as of September 2013.

• Albaraka Türk offers its customers participation accounts, personal and corporate finance, leasing and project-based profit and loss sharing services.



Consumer

Financing


38

The premiums to GDP ratio in Turkey is low, demonstrating potential for growth in the future years.

Figure 45: Total Premiums as a Percentage of GDP, Country Comparison, 2011*

Source: Swiss Re, Pension Monitoring Center * Turkey’s data is from the year 2012.

7,0%

6,8%

5,4%

4,1%

3,9%

3,2%

3,0%

2,4%

1,5%

1,4%

Italy

Germany

Spain

India

Czech Republic

Brazil

China

Russia

Romania

Turkey

1,29% 1,28% 1,33% 1,40%

0,00%

0,50%

1,00%

1,50%

2009 2010 2011 2012

• Turkey’s total premiums as a percentage of GDP is 1.4%. Moreover, the percentage of private pension funds to total GDP in Turkey was also 1.4% in 2012.

• The insurance market is still underpenetrated and unsaturated compared to peer countries and will provide significant potential as new insurers set up shop and acquire a share of the relatively untapped Turkish market. Turkey has seen strong economic growth fueled in part by a young and dynamic population that is increasingly in need of financial products and services.

Figure 46: Total Premium Growth as a Percentage of GDP in Turkey



Consumer

Financing


39

Turkey’s insurance sector asset size grew at a CAGR of 17% between 2008 and 2012.

• There are a total of 59 insurance and retirement pension companies in Turkey of which 35 are non-life insurance companies, 6 life insurance companies, 17 retirement/pension companies and 1 reassurance company as of 2012. Moreover, 43 of these companies have foreign partnerships.

13 17 21 25 32

13 15

14 16

19

05

10152025303540455055

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012Non-Life Insurance Companies

Life Insurance and Pension Companies

TL B

illio

n

Figure 47: Asset Size of Turkey’s Insurance Sector

• Total asset size increased at a CAGR of 17% between 2008 and 2012 in the non-life and life insurance sector surpassing TL 50 billion in 2012.

Source: TSRB

• The asset size of non-life insurance increased a stunning CAGR 23%, while the asset size of life insurance and pension companies also reported a significant increase of a CAGR of 10% during the same period.

0

5

10

15

20

Life Non-Life

2009 2010 2011 2012T

L B

illio

n

CAGR 14%

CAGR 17%

Figure 48: Growth of Premiums in Turkey

Source: TSRB

• Life insurance premiums grew at CAGR of 14% between 2009 and 2012 to more than TL 2,000 million, while non-life insurance grew a CAGR 17% during the same period exceeding TL 17,000 million.



Consumer

Financing


40

The size of premiums grew in every business line of non-life insurance between 2009 and 2012.

1.418

1.822

1.925

1.415

935

2.671

2.249

1.608

2.181

1.980

1.705

993

3.117

2.545

1.935

2.686

2.309

1.999

1.474

3.787

2.974

2.021

2.711

2.645

2.237

1.742

4.534

3.937

Life

Other Non-Life**

General Losses

Health

Fire and Forces of

Nature

Land Vehicles

Liability*

Share of Total Premium by Type 2012

14%

10%

9%

11%

13%

Premium Written (TL Million)

2009

2010

2011

2012

Source: TSRB

*Land vehicles liability insurance is compulsory. **Other non-life insurance includes accident, railway rolling stock, aircraft,

maritime, aircraft liability, general liability, credit, suretyship, financial losses, legal protection and assistance.

Land Vehicles

29%

23%

• Premiums grew in every business line in the non-life insurance sector between 2009 and 2012. The areas of general losses, land vehicles and land vehicles liability grew considerably registering CAGRs of 22%, 18% and 19%, respectively.

CAGR (2009-2012)

14%

13%

23%

16%

11%

21%

19%



Consumer

Financing

Figure 49: Breakdown of Premiums in 2012


8% 10% 9% 8% 7% 7%

65% 62% 60% 59% 60% 59%

17% 19% 22% 23% 23% 24%

9% 10% 9% 10% 10% 10%

0%

50%

100%

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013*

Direct Agency Bancassurance Broker

• Insurance sales in Turkey are conducted via direct sales, agencies, bancassurance and brokers.

• Total insurance sales reached TL 20 billion in October 2013. 85% of these sales were non-life insurance sales with more than TL 16.7 billion in sales, while the rest were life insurance sales with a total worth of more than TL 2.8 billion.

• Agencies had the biggest share in total sales constituting 59% of total sales with more than TL 11 billion. The significant amount of sales is due to the strong presence of agencies in Turkey. There were more than 16,000 actively operating agencies as of 2012.

• Agency sales are followed by bancassurance sales. Bancassurance grew from 17% to 24% from 2008 to October 2013, exceeding TL 4.6 billion in total sales.

41

Banks are increasingly considering insurance products for cross-selling opportunities.

Figure 50: Premium Distribution by Sales Channels

Source: TSRB *As of October 2013



Consumer

Financing


• Axa Sigorta was the leader in non-life insurance market in terms of written premiums in 2012 with a share of 14%, followed by Anadolu Sigorta and Ak Sigorta with 13% and 8%, respectively.

• The large scale non-life insurance companies (the top 5 companies) represent 50% of total market as of December 2012.

42

Axa Sigorta is the market leader in non-life insurance, the life insurance market is dominated by Ziraat Hayat ve Emeklilik.

2%

6%

10%

14%

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Figure 51: Non-Life Insurance Market Share, Written Premiums

Source: TSRB

Axa Sigorta Anadolu Sigorta

Ak Sigorta Allianz Sigorta YapıKredi Sigorta*

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Source: TSRB * YapıKredi Sigorta and YapıKredi Emeklilik’s majority shares were bought by Allianz.

Ziraat Hayat ve Emeklilik

Anadolu Hayat Emeklilik Garanti Emeklilik YapıKredi Emeklilik* Halk Hayat ve Emeklilik

Figure 52: Life Insurance Market Share, Written Premiums

• Ziraat Hayat ve Emeklilik started its operations in the life insurance business in 2009. As of 2010, Ziraat Hayat ve Emeklilik became the market leader in terms of life insurance premiums and continued to increase its market share thanks to its large retail customer base and branch network. Ziraat Hayat ve Emeklilik had a share of 22% in 2012, followed by Anadolu Hayat ve Emeklilik with 14% and Garanti Emeklilik with 10%.



Consumer

Financing


The government will fund 25% of a participant’s monthly contribution in order to promote savings.

• In October 2001, private pension plans were established in Turkey after the enactment of Law No. 4632 - Private Pension Plans Savings and Investment System. The objective of the new pension regulation can be described as follows:

• Increase the savings behavior of the population with the new tax and financial incentives

• Involve and integrate the non-working population into the system

• Decrease the lapse issue within the system

43

Government Grants and Advantages

• The government will contribute 25% of the monthly participant contribution into a separate pension contract. The government’s annual contribution will be up to 25% of the gross annual minimum wage.

• The participant is eligible for the pension fund with the following terms:

• 0-3 years of participation (0% of the fund)



• 10 years of participation and before the age of 56 (60% of the fund)

• 10 years of participation and after the age of 56 (retirement), death and disability (100% of the fund)

Major Conditions for the Individual Pension Plans

• A minimum 10 years in the system

• A minimum retirement age of 56

• No more requirement of minimum 10 years of contribution payment

• Participants can switch funds 6 times and pension plans 4 times a year

• Once the participant retires, he/she can claim the amount via three different means (i.e., total payment of asset under management, installed repayment, and annuity contract)

• A contract is signed when the first contribution amount is transferred into the company’s account.

• The participant has the right to withdraw the money in the fund up to 60 days after the contact has been signed.

• There is gradual tax on net return instead of accumulated value. Pricing is based on the riskiness of the pension fund.

Source: EGM



Consumer

Financing


• Pension funds in the world’s developed and developing countries play a crucial role in the economy since they provide long term funds to the market.

• In 2012, the ratio of pension funds to GDP in Turkey was 3.8%, an increase from 2.3% in 2010. The figure is still significantly lower than major OECD countries. However, there is great potential for the market because of the government’s promotion of savings plans to the general population.

44

In 2012, Turkey’s pension funds relative to the size of the economy was 3.8%

Figure 53: Pension Funds Relative to the Size of the Economy (as Percentage of GDP), 2012

Source: OECD

160,0%

95,7%

74,5%

17,2%

8,4%

7,1%

6,3%

3,8%

3,3%

0,3%

0% 50% 100% 150% 200%

Netherlands

UK

USA

Poland

Spain

Czech Republic

Germany

Turkey

Hungary

France

2.3% 2.2%

3.8%

0,00%

1,00%

2,00%

3,00%

4,00%

2010 2011 2012

Figure 54: Pension Funds Relative to the Size of the Economy (as Percentage of GDP) in Turkey

Source: OECD



Consumer

Financing


• Gross national savings as a percentage of GDP was 12.3% in 2012, which is relatively lower than other countries.

• The Turkish government is trying to increase savings by enhancing the private pension system and generally raising awareness and promoting household savings. Thus, Turkey’s gross national savings is expected to increase slightly in the short term to approximately 13%.

45

Gross national savings make up 12.3% of Turkey’s GDP and is expected to stay at the range of 13% in the future.

Figure 55: Gross National Savings Percentage of GDP, 2012

Source: IMF Note: Gross national savings is expressed by the IMF as gross disposable income less final consumption expenditure after taking into account an adjustment for pension funds. For many countries, the estimates of national saving are built up from national accounts data on gross domestic investment and from balance of payments-based data on net foreign investment

32,2%

28,7%

23,4%

18,5%

17,6%

17,6%

16,3%

13,1%

12,3%

11,4%

7,1%

India

Russia

Germany

France

Spain

Brazil

Poland

USA

Turkey

UK

Greece

13,1%

13,9%

12,3%

13,4% 13,6%

13,4% 13,1%

12,9%

11,0%

11,5%

12,0%

12,5%

13,0%

13,5%

14,0%

14,5%

2010 2011 2012 2013f 2014f 2015f 2016f 2017f

Source: IMF f: forecast

Figure 56: Turkey’s Gross National Savings Percentage of GDP Growth



Consumer

Financing


46

Both AUM and contribution amounts had rapid growth since 2006 with a CAGR of 39% and 36%, respectively.

0

5

10

15

20

25

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

AUM Accumulated Total Contribution

Figure 57: Pension Funds (AUM) and Contribution Growth

1,06

1,08

1,10 1,11 1,11 1,11

1,13

1,02

1,04

1,06

1,08

1,10

1,12

1,14

0

1

2

3

4

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Number of Contracts

Number of Participants

Contract per Participant (secondary axis)

TL B

illio

n

Millio

n

Figure 58: Number of Participants/Contracts in Pension Funds

• In 2012, the number of participants in Turkey’s pension funds increased at a CAGR of 19% between 2006 and 2012, while total contributions increased at a CAGR of 36% during the same period.

• As of 13 December 2013, total contributions totaled TL 25,369 million, which is a staggering 57% increase from the previous year. This increase was due to the new pension regulation, in which the government funds 25% of the monthly contribution.

• According to the Pension Monitoring Center’s Private Pension Development Report 2012, the total number of contracts increased to 3.5 million with 3.1 million participants. Moreover, the Pension Monitoring Center also expects a total of 4.3 million participants in the pension system with a total of TL 26.9 billion in assets under management by the end of 2013. As of 29 November 2013, 94% of the assets under management projection was reached.

Source: EGM Source: EGM



Consumer

Financing


47

The performance of Turkey’s pension fund was better than most OECD countries.

-5% 0% 5% 10% 15%

Turkey

Hungary

Germany

Canada

Italy

UK

PolandReal Nominal

Figure 59: Pension Fund Nominal and Real Average Annual Returns in Selected OECD Countries, 2008-2012

Source: OECD Note: Pension Fund Nominal and Real 5-Year (Geometric Average)

• Turkey withstood the global economic crisis with the best results in pension fund returns, both in nominal terms and in real terms with returns of 11.6% and 8.5%, respectively.

• In 2012, net income flow for pension funds in Turkey exceeded that of most OECD countries amounting to 22.5% of total investment.

Figure 60: Pension Funds' Net Income for Selected OECD Countries, 2012 (As a Percentage of Total Assets)

5,0%

5,2%

5,5%

6,8%

14,7%

15,4%

22,5%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

Czech Republic

Germany

Spain

Poland

Greece

Hungary

Turkey

Source: OECD



Consumer

Financing


48

The top 4 pension funds constituted 75% of the total market.

Other;

25%

Anadolu

Hayat ve

Emeklilik;

20% Garanti Emeklilik;

16%

AvivaSA;

19%

Allianz Yaşam ve Emeklilik**20%

Figure 61: Pension Funds (AUM) Share, 2013*

36%

19%

18%

15%

13%

2012

Figure 62: Market Share in terms of Number of Participants, 2012

Garanti Emeklilik ve Hayat

AvivaSA Emeklilik ve Hayat

Anadolu Hayat Emeklilik

Allianz Yaşam ve Emeklilik**

• Allianz Yaşam ve Emeklilik is the market leader in the pension fund sector in terms of assets under management. However, it is not the market leader in terms of number of participants.

• Garanti Emeklilik ve Hayat has the highest share in terms of number of participants with 19% as of 13 December 2013.

Source: EGM *As of 13 December 2013 **Allianz bought 80% of YapıKredi Emeklilik as of March 2013 and includes Allianz Yaşam ve Emeklilik.

Other



Consumer

Financing


49

Non-Life Insurance Sector: Selected Players

49

AXA Sigorta

• French insurance giant Axa entered the Turkish insurance market in 1995 under the name Axa Oyak Life Insurance.

• In 2008, AXA bought Oyak’s shares.

• 92% of the shares of the company belong to Axa Holding A.Ş., 7% to Ziraat Bank and the rest to smaller stakeholders.

• In 2012, Axa Sigorta’s total non-life premium amounted to more than TL 2.3 billion with a non-life technical income of more than TL 1.7 billion.

Anadolu Sigorta

• Anadolu Sigorta was founded in 1925 by İş Bank.

• 57% of the company is owned by Milli Reasürans T.A.Ş. and the rest is publicly listed.

• In 2012, Anadolu Sigorta’s non-life premium equaled TL 2.2 billion with a non-life technical income of TL 1.8 billion.

Allianz Sigorta

• In 1988, the German company Allianz along with Tokio Marine Insurance from Japan bought shares of Şark Sigorta operating under Koç Holding.

• Since 2008, Allianz owns 87% of the life insurance shares of the company. The other 11% is held by Tokio Marine and 3% by other stakeholders.

• TL 1.4 billion was made by Allianz from non-life insurance premiums in 2012 and a total non-life technical income of more than TL 1 billion.

Güneş Sigorta

• Güneş Sigorta was established in 1957.

• Vakıf Emeklilik owns 34% of Güneş Sigorta and Groupama, one of the leading insurance companies in France, owns 30%. The rest of the shares are owned by the Retirement Foundation of Vakıfbank’s personnel and the public.

• It had more than TL 922 million non-life premiums in 2012. Güneş Sigorta’s non-life technical income exceeded TL 471 million.



Consumer

Financing


50

Life Insurance Sector: Selected Players

ING HAYAT ve EMEKLILIK

• Oyak Emeklilik A.Ş., was founded in 2003.

• Dutch financial services group ING acquired the company in 2007.

• Oyak Emeklilik’s name changed to ING Emeklilik in 2009.

•ING Emeklilik’s total assets under management in 2012 reached TL 1.09 billion.

GARANTI EMEKLILIK ve HAYAT

• Garanti Emeklilik ve Hayat began its operations in 2002.

• 84% of Garanti Hayat ve Emeklilik’s shares are owned by Garanti Bank, and the remaining are owned by Dutch insurance company Achmea.

• Garanti Emeklilik ve Hayat’s total assets under management was more than TL 3.3 billion in 2012.

AvivaSA Emeklilik ve Hayat

• AvivaSA was established in 2007 with approximately 50% percent of its shares divided between Sabancı Holding and Aviva.

• Aviva is a global insurance company headquartered in Britain with over 50 million customers.

• AvivaSA had TL 4 billion asset under management in 2012.

ANADOLU HAYAT ve EMEKLILIK

• Anadolu Hayat Emeklilik was founded in 1990 and is Turkey’s only publicly listed insurance company.

• 62% of the company‘s shares are owned by Iş Bank, 20% by Anadolu Sigorta, 17% is open to public and less than 1% is held by Milli Reasürans T.A.Ş.

• In 2012, the company’s asset under management totaled TL 4.2 billion.



Consumer

Financing


51 51

A Success Story: YapıKredi Sigorta

Source: Bloomberg

"Turkey is one of the fastest growing insurance markets worldwide. The transaction is a unique opportunity to move into a leading position in one of Europe’s key growth markets, which is also an important bridge between the Middle East and Central Asia."

Oliver Baete, Allianz Board Member, March 2013

• Established under the name Halk Sigorta in 1943, the company changed its name to YapıKredi Sigorta in 2000. Since 2005, it operates within Koç Financial Services.

• Allianz acquired 94% of YapıKredi Sigorta’s shares for USD 880 million and 80% of YapıKredi Bank’s pension business, YapıKredi Emeklilik, in March 2013.

• This acquisition, undertaken with the approval of Turkey’s Competition Authority, means an increase in market share for both companies. Together, they have more than TL 3 billion in non-life insurance premiums and approximately TL 5 billion for pension funds.

• Lately, Allianz along with other European insurance companies have been investing in emerging countries.

• YapıKredi Sigorta’s technical income from life insurance was TL 204 million and technical income from non-life insurance was TL 887 million in 2012.



Consumer

Financing


52

Financial leasing, factoring and consumer financing now fall under one law.

• Laws and regulations regarding financial leasing, factoring and financing institutions are defined clearly in Law No. 6361 regarding Financial Leasing, Factoring and Financial Institutions published in December 2012. With the enactment of the new law, the parameters of the sector are now aligned with international standards, which will increase the attractiveness of the Turkish market for foreign investors.

• It is also important to note that the factoring sector is regulated by the Banking Regulatory Supervision Agency (BRSA).

• There are several major points in the law that are crucial for investors, and they can be summarized as follows:

• Conditions to Establish a Company

• The company should be established as joint stock company and the number of founding partners should not be less than five people.

• The trade name of the company must have one of the following terms in it: financial leasing company, factoring company, or financing company

• Its paid-up capital to establish a company should not be less than TL 20 million.

• The business plan for the intended field of activity, the projections regarding the financial structure of the institution, the budgetary plan for the first three years and an activity program showing the establishment of the corporate structure must be submitted.

• Opening of Branches

• In order to open domestic and overseas branches, companies must acquire permission from the Banking Regulation and Supervision Board.

• Principles and procedures relating to the opening of branches are determined by the Board.

• Internal System, Accounting, Reporting and Independent Audit

• Companies are obliged to send financial statements and statistical information, the form and scope of which will be determined by the Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency

• Independent audit of the company shall be made within the framework of Accounting and Auditing Standards Board.



Consumer

Financing


53

Financial leasing assets grew at a CAGR of 8% between 2007 and 2012.

1,21%

0,72%

0,36% 0,44%

0,65%

0,68%

0,0%

0,4%

0,8%

1,2%

1,6%

0

4

8

12

16

20

24

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

TL B

illio

n

Leasing Asset Size Leasing Volume/GDP

Figure 64: Financial Leasing Asset Size Growth in Turkey

Source: FİDER

Figure 63: Financial Leasing Transaction Volume, 2011

4%

10%

5% 5%

12%

20%

28%

11%

15%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Rom

ania

Czech R

ep.

Turk

ey

Neth

erl

ands

Pola

nd

UK

Russia

Fra

nce

Germ

any

Transaction Volume Penetration

US

D B

illio

n

Source: FİDER

• Turkey’s leasing transaction volume reached USD 4.3 billion in 2011, which is a 52% increase from the previous year. Despite the huge year-over-year growth Turkey’s leasing sector is still under penetrated but has a lot of upside potential as leasing asset size grows.

• The total asset size grew at an impressive CAGR of 8% from 2007 to 2012 to more than TL 20.2 billion in 2012.

• Furthermore, participation banks in Turkey can also conduct financial leasing operations on tangible items.



Consumer

Financing


54

Construction equipment had the highest share in financial leasing with 33% in 2012.

4%

8%

7% 5%

5%

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

0

4.000

8.000

12.000

16.000

20.000

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Leasing Receivables NPL

Figure 65: Financial Leasing Receivables in Turkey

TL M

illio

n

Source: BRSA

Figure 66: Financial Leasing Investment Amount by Product Type, 2012

• The Turkish government promotes financial leasing operations. As of December 2011, it reduced the VAT applied for leasing operations to 1% for leasers that have investment incentive documents. The items that can be leased include steam boilers, steam turbines, concrete pumps and centrifuges among other items. In light of this support, financial leasing receivables increased from 2008 to 2012.

• Financial leasing receivables between 2008 and 2012 increased at CAGR of 3.2% exceeding TL 16 billion in 2012.

• Leasing of construction equipment had the highest share in terms of investment amount with 33%, followed by machinery and other equipment with 25%.

33%

25%

9%

7%

6%

4%

3%

3% 3%

2% 2%

2%

1%

Construction Equipment

Machinery andEquipmentTextile Equipment

Real Estate

Air Transportation

Medical Equipment

Electronics and OpticEquipmentsOffice Equipment

Land Transportation

Maritime Transportation

Press and MediaEquipmentTourism Equipment

Other



Consumer

Financing

Source: FİDER


55

Leasing Sector Operational Figures

Table 4: Leasing Sector Operational Figures

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Number of Branches

18 18 16 17 18

Number of Agencies

80 76 69 72 75

Number of Personnel

1,427 1,280 1,286 1,217 1,258

Number of Clients

73,577 60,010 50,428 43,294 45,089

Number of Contracts

121,627 98,596 82,615 76,258 72,920

• The leasing sector in Turkey makes up a significant part of the non-banking sector with 72,920 contracts in 2012.

• In 2012, the number of skilled personnel in the leasing sector was 1,258 and the total number of clients was 45,089.

• With 75 different agencies all across Turkey, leasing companies provide necessary services to their clients.



Consumer

Financing

Source: BRSA


56

The leasing sector is a promising one with 20% growth in revenues in 2012 compared to 2011.

1.538

805 1.035

1.129 1.356

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0

200

400

600

800

1.000

1.200

1.400

1.600

1.800

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

TL M

illion

TL M

illio

n

Leasing Revenues Net Profit/Loss

Figure 67: Leasing Revenues and Net Profits/Loss, 2008-2012

Source: BRSA

• Revenues in the leasing sector in Turkey have been increasing since 2009.

• As of 2012, leasing revenues were TL 1,356 million, which corresponds to a 20% increase compared to the previous year and 68% increase compared to 2009.

• However, net profit decreased from TL 521 million to TL 434 million in 2012.



Consumer

Financing


57

Leasing Sector: Selected Players

57

BNP PARIBAS Leasing Solutions

• BNP Paribas Leasing Solutions, a global leader in financial services, signed a cooperation agreement with TEB Leasing in 2005.

• In 2009, BNP acquired Fortis Leasing.

• TEB Leasing and Fortis Leasing then merged under the umbrella of BNP Paribas Finansal Kiralama A.Ş. in 2011.

• BNP leases medical and data processing equipment, energy facilities, transport vehicles, construction machinery and real estate. Its total assets in 2012 equaled TL 1.3 million.

YATIRIM Leasing

• Yatırım Leasing was founded in 1993. It joined TETAŞ Group in 2004. The company offers its clients investment services in different sizes and terms and consultancy to promote leasing activities in Turkey.

• Yatırım Leasing provides financing for capital such as medical and construction equipment, press and packaging, appliances for metals and textile sectors.

• The company’s total assets were TL 62.498 million in 2012.

SIEMENS AG Leasing

• Siemens Finansal Kiralama A.Ş. was established in 1997 by Siemens AG Leasing, which has offices in more than 20 countries.

• Siemens leases printing machines, textile, tourism and office equipment, transport vehicles, computers and software, cranes and construction machinery, power stations and communication and security systems.

• Siemens Leasing’s total assets amounted to TL 546,357 million in 2012.

GARANTI Leasing

• Garanti Leasing was founded in 1990.

• It uses Garanti Bank branches as a distribution channel. In 2007, Garanti Leasing founded Garanti Fleet.

• Garanti Leasing aims to become the first Turkish leasing company to open offices overseas.

• Business premises, real estate, medical and office equipment, construction, textile and manufacturing machinery can be leased from Garanti Leasing.

• Garanti Leasing’s total assets in 2012 amounted to TL 3 million.



Consumer

Financing


7,8 10,5

14,5 15,7 18,2

0

5

10

15

20

25

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

TL B

illio

n

• In Turkey, factoring was introduced in 1988 to support manufacturers’ export activities. One of the major advantages of factoring is its ability to provide companies with immediate cash flow for their accounts receivable.

• The total assets in factoring sector reached TL 18.1 billion in 2012, which accounts for a 16% increase compared to the previous year.

• It is also observed that between 2008 and 2012 total assets grew at a staggering CAGR of 24%.

• Receivables in the sector grew by 94% compared to 2009 and non-performing loans decreased from 9% in 2009 to 5% in 2012.

58

The assets in the factoring sector in Turkey have been increasing significantly, reaching TL 18.2 billion in 2012.

Figure 68: Total Asset Development of the Factoring Sector in Turkey, 2008-2012

CAGR 24%

Source: BRSA TL Billion 2009 2010 2011 2012

Receivables 8.4 12.4 14.2 16.3

NPLs (%) 9% 6% 4% 5%

Reserves 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.7

Banks 1.1 1.2 0.5 0.7

Credit 7.6 11.1 11.5 12.8

SE Equity 2.5 3 3.4 3.9

Table 5: Factoring Sector Selected Financial Indicators, 2008-2012

Source: BRSA

Source: BRSA



Consumer

Financing


• The revenue and net profit of the factoring sector have been increasing since 2009.

• Compared to 2009, factoring revenues increased 59% reaching TL 2,614 million in 2012 .

• The slight decline in 2009 can be ascribed to the global financial crisis, which affected many other sectors. However, the factoring sectoring in Turkey recovered promptly and has been increasing ever since.

• The net profits in factoring reached TL 597 million in 2012, an increase of 18% compared to the previous year.

59

Factoring revenues increased by 28% in 2012 demonstrating a vast potential in the sector.

1.757

1.358 1.514

2.040

2.614

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0

500

1.000

1.500

2.000

2.500

3.000

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

TL M

illion

TL M

illio

n

Factoring Revenues Net Profit

Figure 69: Factoring Revenues and Net Profit, 2008-2012

Source: BRSA



Consumer

Financing


60

The total numbers of clients and contracts have been increasing in the factoring sector demonstrating its high service potential.

Table 6: Factoring Sector Operational Figures

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Number of Branches

20 26 28 25 62

Number of Agencies

128 116 175 218 185

Number of Personnel

3,009 2,959 3,557 3,819 4,186

Number of Clients

50,228 40,997 57,094 66,468 67,054

Number of Contracts

146,558 65,952 89,516 91,029 84,769

• The table above provides some of the most crucial operational figures of the factoring sector. The sector continued its growth between 2008 and 2012 in almost every operational activity.

• For example, the number of clients in the factoring sector increased by 33% in 2012 compared to 2008 reaching 67,054. This also resulted in the increase of highly skilled personnel in this field reaching a total of 4,186, which is a 40% increase compared to 2008.

Source: BRSA



Consumer

Financing


61

Factoring Sector: Selected Players

Garanti Factoring

• Garanti Factoring was established in 1990 in order to provide factoring services to industrial and commercial companies.

• Garanti Factoring open edits shares to the public in 1993 and is traded on Borsa Istanbul.

• The company currently has 21 branches in 14 cities of Turkey.

• The total assets of the company were TL 1,955 million in 2012.

YapıKredi Factoring

• YapıKredi Factoring was established in 1999.

• The company provides services to commercial companies and more than 90% of its customer base is small and medium size enterprises.

• YapıKredi Factoring is an active member of both the Factoring Association and Factors Chain International (FCI).

• In 2012, the total assets of YapıKredi Factoring were TL 1,791 million.

TEB Factoring

• TEB Factoring was established in Turkey in 1997.

• The company provides factoring services domestically and internationally.

• Since 1998, TEB Factoring is a member of the Factors Chain International.

• The total assets of TEB Factoring in 2012 amounted to TL 786.4 million.

Source: Official Websites



Consumer

Financing


62

The assets of the consumer financing sector in Turkey have been increasing since 2010.

4,7 4,5 6,1

8,9

11,6

-4%

36%

46%

30%

-10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

TL B

illio

n

Total Assets % Growth

Figure 70: Consumer Financing Sector Asset Development, 2008-2012

• One of the main advantages of consumer financing companies is their ability to provide fast and efficient loans for their customers. Most consumer financing companies in Turkey are focused on specific financing fields such as car loans or mortgages, which allow them to serve their customers faster and with a variety of choices targeted to them.

• Also, it is important to note that with the amendment of Law No. 6361 regarding "Leasing, Factoring and Financing Company Law," new benefits were introduced in the financing sector.

• According to the law, financing companies now have the title of credit institutions and are now allowed to provide cash loan up to 5% of their total assets.

• As of 2012, total assets for the consumer financing sector was TL 11.6 billion increasing by 30% compared to the previous year.

• Regarding non-performing loans (NPLs), the percentage has decreased significantly since 2009. NPLs in 2012 were 3%, whereas it was as high as 10% in 2009.

TL Billion 2009 2010 2011 2012

Receivables 3.9 5.4 8.4 10.7

NPLs (%) 10% 6% 2% 3%

Reserves 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1

Banks 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.5

Credit 3.6 4.5 7.1 9.0

SE Equity 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.9

Source: BRSA

Table 7: Consumer Financing Sector Selected Financial Indicators, 2008-2012

Source: BRSA



Consumer

Financing


63

Over the years, the operational development of the consumer financing sector in Turkey has been impressive.

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Number of Branches

3 1 1 3 3

Number of Personnel

544 512 551 595 707

Number of Clients

357,475 229,676 261,905 328,422 383,069

Table 8: Financing Sector Operational Development Data

0

50.000

100.000

150.000

200.000

250.000

300.000

350.000

400.000

450.000

2009 2010 2011 2012

CAGR 19%

Figure 71: Number of Consumer Financing Contracts in Turkey

Source: BRSA

• The consumer financing sector has been developing in Turkey since 2009. As of 2012, the total number of contracts in the sector reached 411,619, which accounts for an 18% increase compared to the previous year and 70% increase compared to 2009.

• Consumer finance companies that promote vehicle loans usually work with car dealerships that are a part of the same parent company.

• As the sector developed over the years, the number of highly skilled employees also increased, thereby providing professional services in the financing sector.

Source: BRSA



Consumer

Financing


64

Consumer Financing Companies: Major Players

Name Logo Web Page What They Do

Koçfinans http://www.kocfinans.com.tr/

Koçfinans offers its customers car, mortgage and education loans. Since its founding in 1995, the company has provided credit for more than 3 million customers, approximately USD 3.4 billion worth of loans.

Koç Fiat Kredi

https://www.kocfiatkredi.com.tr/

Koç Fiat Kredi was founded in 2000 by Koç Holding and Fiat and was later bought by Tofaş Türk Otomobil Fabrikaları A.Ş. It is a captive finance company serving 6 brands. In 2012, the company made 45,453 loans worth of TL 1,008 million.

MAN Financial

Services

http://www.man-financial-services.com.tr/

Since it started its operations in 2005, MAN offers consumer credits for MAN vehicles and trucks.

ORFIN

http://www.orfin.com.tr/

Orfin has been operating since 2011 and has a financial portfolio of products worth EUR 22.5 billion worldwide. In Turkey, the company has TL 93 million and offers its services for the sales of the Renault and Dacia brands.

Mercedes Benz

Finansman

http://www.mercedes-benz-finansalhizmetler.com/

Mercedes Benz Finansman was founded in 2008 to lead the brand’s operations in Turkey. As of 2012, it had total assets worth TL 19,550 million.



Consumer

Financing


65



ALJ Finance

https://www.aljfinans.com.tr/

ALJ Finance was founded in 2011 by Saudi Arabian ALJ car distributors. The company’s total assets reached TL 129.8 million in 2012.

DD Mortgage

http://www.ddm.com.tr

Founded in 2006 by Doğan Holding and Deutsche Bank, DD Mortgage had a credit portfolio of TL 349 million in 2012.

VDF

http://www.vdf.com.tr/

Established in 1999 by Volkswagen and Doğuş Finans, VDF offers 5 types of credit covering 15 brands for its customers across Turkey.

Şeker Finans

https://sekerfinans.com.tr/

Şeker Finans started its operations in 2008 under the name Istanbul Finans and then merged with Şekerbank in 2010. It offers mortgage and renovation work loans.

PSA Finance

http://psafinansman.com/

PSA Finance was created in 2010. It is a subsidiary of the French firm, PSA Financial Holding. Its total capital is TL 20 billion.

Türk Eximbank

http://www.eximbank.gov.tr

In 2012, it provided USD 15.1 billion loans, USD 6.9 billion insurance. Its total financial support accounted for 14.5% of Turkey’s exports. As of 2012, it has total assets worth of USD 8.7 billion.



Consumer

Financing

http://www.eximbank.gov.tr/


66



TEB Cetelem

http://www.tebcetelem.com.tr/

TEB Cetelem was the product of the partnership between TEB Financial Investments A.Ş and BNP Paribas Personal Finance, which has been active in Turkey since 1995.

Turkish

Agricultural Credit

Cooperative

http://www.ddm.com.tr

Since 1863 the cooperative has given general purpose loans for agricultural producers including loans for pesticides, fertilizers, animal husbandry, oil, and irrigation up to TL 50,000, which is to be repaid in 1 - 4 years with interest rates varying between 8 or 10%.



Consumer

Financing


67

C. The Detailed Outlook on Capital

Markets

i. Borsa Istanbul

ii. Brokerage Firms


• BIST is the Turkish stock exchange located in Istanbul. There are more than 400 different tradable shares and 395 companies that are quoted on Borsa Istanbul. The exchange aims to have 1,000 companies listed from a minimum of 10 different countries by 2023. Thus strengthening its position and ensuring its competitiveness on the global arena.

• BIST had a market value of more than USD 310 billion and a stock volume of more than USD 340 billion in 2012.

• Even though BIST has a lower market value and stock value from other major exchanges around the world, it has significant room for growth. BIST’s liquidity was higher than most exchanges in 2012 with a 112% market volume to market value ratio.

68

Borsa Istanbul has liquidity of 112%, which exceeds some major global exchanges.

97%

32%

78% 70%

45% 40%

95%

214%

65% 56%

86% 112%

0%

60%

120%

180%

240%

0

2.000

4.000

6.000

8.000

10.000

12.000

14.000

16.000

NYSE Nasdaq OMX LSE NYSE Euronext Deutsche Börse Borsa Istanbul

Market Value Stock Volume

Market Value/GDP (secondary axis) Market Volume/Market Value (secondary axis)

Source: TSPAKB

US

D B

illio

n

Figure 72: Market Value of Exchanges, 2012


69

BIST-100 yielded a 61% return in 2012, surpassing both emerging market and developing market stock exchanges.

Source: TSPAKB *National Stock Exchange Of India **Return percentage is calculated in USD terms.

Figure 73: Index Return Percentages, 2012**

61%

43%

42%

40%

36%

29%

28%

27%

0% 50% 100%

Borsa Istanbul

Egypt

Philippines

Warsaw

Athens

Mexico

India*

Bombay Borsa Istanbul’s BIST-100

Index had the highest index

return percentage with 61%

in 2012

• The top 10 highest return yielding exchanges were from emerging markets. Borsa Istanbul’s BIST-100 Index yielded 61% in returns in terms of dollars and 52% in terms of Turkish lira in 2012.


70

Revenue from the registration fees for securities rose to 17% of total revenue in 2012 from 9% in 2010.

0%

50%

100%

2010 2011 2012

Other

Information

technologies

sales incomeTerminal fees

License income

Data vending

income

Securities listing

fees

Securities

registration fees

Securitiesexchange fees

Figure 74: Revenue of Borsa Istanbul • Borsa Istanbul’s main revenue is its securities exchange fee. Between 2010 and 2012 more than half of the stock exchange’s revenue was generated by security exchange fees, followed by registration and listing fees.

• Major exchanges earn considerable revenue through data vending income, licensing income, terminal fees and information technologies. However, data vending income, licensing income, terminal fees and information technologies account for only 16% of Borsa Istanbul’s revenue in 2012.

• Borsa Istanbul can earn higher revenue from these items as it develops a broader range of products, optimizes pricing strategies and restructures itself with new partnerships, for example, its partnership with Nasdaq OMX. Thus, the exchange has huge potential going forward.

• As Nasdaq OMX’s partner, Borsa Istanbul will be able to sell IT infrastructure and services to other exchanges. This partnership will further increase revenues for Borsa Istanbul.

• Other fees constitute a total of less than 1% and include the public disclosure platform, share market default commission and overdue interest incomes as well as broker training and annual membership fees.

Source: Borsa Istanbul Annual Report 2012


71

Case Study: BIST

• With the new Capital Markets Law coming into effect in 2012, the IMKB, the Istanbul Gold Exchange, TURKDEX merged under BIST. Because of this, BIST trades various assets such as equities, contracts written on energy and commodities, debt instruments, derivative products and precious metals and gems.

• A strategic partnership pre-agreement was signed with NASDAQ OMX on July 2013. The agreement will establish Borsa Istanbul as a part of the global exchanges network. The settlement, risk management and surveillance systems of Borsa Istanbul will be synchronized with the world’s prominent exchanges. The Borsa Istanbul staff will receive training. It will enable the trading of spot market and various financial instruments denominated in diverse currencies, including derivatives and contracts on commodities and energy.

• In 2012, the economy grew at a slower pace than the previous year, but its performance was stable.

• The IMKB equity market traded 742 securities with a total traded value of TL 622 billion in 2012.

• The market capitalization of IMKB traded companies equaled TL 550.1 billion. The annual total traded value of the National Market was TL 548.1 billion in 2012, making up the 88% of the total traded value of the equity market.

• There are many indices on which investors can trade on BIST such as the sectorial indices, BIST-100, BIST-30, TURKDEX, and BIST Dividend Index.

• Institutions using and/or willing to use BIST Indices for their financial products (including over-the-counter financial products) should sign the "BIST Indices License Agreement (License Agreement)". The licensing agreements for the BIST indices in 2012 saw 47 new companies signing the agreement.

• Furthermore, following the reunion of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) Member States’ Stock Exchanges Forum parties agreed to create a joint Islamic Index. Istanbul Traded Index was introduced with the cooperation of the Wiener Börse for the trade of 20 companies denominated in Euro, US Dollar and Turkish Lira. Another Sustainability Index was finalized and will soon be introduced by Borsa Istanbul.

0

25.000

50.000

75.000

100.000

125.000

2009 Global Economic Crisis

BIST 30

BIST 100

Source: BIST Note: Data is from January 2003 to December 2013.

Figure 75: Growth of BIST-30 and BIST-100


72

In Turkey, only brokerage firms are allowed to trade equities.

Brokerage Firms Fact Sheet

• As of 2013, there are 100 brokerage firms in Turkey. 89 of these are performing in the equity market with a total

trading volume of TL 1.2 billion.

• 82.6% of the total share of the trading volume in the equity market was generated by domestic individuals, corporations and institutional investors. Foreign corporations and institutional investors each contributed 13.4% and 3.9%, respectively.

• In the derivatives exchange market, 74 brokerage firms were operating as of 2013. The total trading volume of intermediaries was TL 711 billion in 2012. 82.2% of the trades were made by domestic investors and 17.8% by foreign investors.

• In September 2013, 2,648 investors made asset management operations in the brokerage sector with a portfolio size of TL 4.9 billion.

• During the first half of 2013, the number of branches for brokerage firms increased to 231 and representative offices to 72. The total assets of brokerage firms in Turkey equaled TL 11.3 billion in 2012 and had already reached TL 12.9 billion in the first three quarters of 2013.

• Total revenue for brokerage firms in 2012 was TL 1.1 billion. Approximately half of their revenue came from commissions collected from transactions. 79% of their commissions were from equities and 17% from derivatives. A small percentage was made from fixed income and foreign securities operations.

Figure 76: Balance Sheet for Brokerage Firms

Source : TSPAKB * As of September 2013

50%

20%

22%

8% BrokerageCommissions

Revenues from

Services

Proprietary TradingProfit/Loss

Other RevenuesSource : TSPAKB

Figure 77: Breakdown of Revenue for Brokerage Firms in 2012

0

5.000

10.000

15.000

2011 2012 2013*

TL M

illi

on


B. Turkey’s Competitive Landscape

i. Turkey’s Workforce and Skilled Labor within Financial Services

ii. Disposable Income

iii. Major Projects Financed by Turkish Banks

iv. The Financial Sector’s 2018 Targets

v. Istanbul Financial Center Initiative

vi. Major Financial Sector Stakeholders

73


74

An important pillar for the industry is Turkey’s human resources: a young and cost effective labor force.

15%

30% 27%

18%

8%

3% 0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

0

2

4

6

8

15-24 24-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+

Millio

n P

eo

ple

Number of People Employment Rate

• The workforce in Turkey is one of the youngest and biggest in Europe. It has the necessary education, training, skills, technology and management experience required to grow the industry.

• More than 65% of the population is aged between 24 and 54, giving Turkey a huge advantage in this sector.

• In 2011, the total annual labor cost for Turkey was USD 27 million, which was an increase of CAGR 10% since 2006.

• Turkey has one of the highest percentages of young people (between the ages of 15 to 24) in the world, indicating the size of country’s potential employees. Turkey brings an exceptionally well educated and highly skilled workforce to its economy.

• Turkey has one of the lowest minimum wage rates in Europe, with a rate of USD 551 per month as of October 2013.

Source: Euromonitor

Figure 78: Employed Population, 2012

Source: Eurostat

Note: USD/EUR FX rate of 31 July 2013 was used to convert to USD.

USD

Figure 79: Monthly Minimum Wage, October 2013

0 500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500

Turkey

Spain

UK

France

Netherlands

Belgium


170.000

180.000

190.000

200.000

210.000

220.000

230.000

2010 2011 2012

Nu

mb

er o

f E

mp

loyees

BankingInsuranceFactoringLeasingFinancing CompaniesAsset Management

75

Skilled labor in financial services reached 224,000 at the end of 2012.

Figure 80: Employment in the Finance Sector, 2010-2012

Source: BRSA

• The increase of foreign capital to the financial sector increased the financial products offered by the sector, grew the size of financial institutions and in turn, created new job opportunities. According to BRSA, in 2012 the total number of employees in the financial services sector in Turkey was 224,458, which corresponds to an increase of 6% since 2010.

• 89% of those employed in the financial services sector were in the banking sector with a total number of 200,766 employees, followed by insurance companies with 11,776 employees which accounts for 5%.

• It is also important to note that in the 2011-2012 academic year there were a total of 143,953 students graduating from higher education institutions in fields relevant to finance.

• 112,799 students received undergraduate degrees from universities , 18,392 students graduated from vocational training schools, and 12,762 pursued graduate or doctorate degrees. Vocational training schools include graduates from public finance, accounting and business management, while university graduates included economics and business administration graduates.


• The average monthly disposable household income grew with a CAGR of 8% between 2006-2012, surpassing USD 1,430 in 2012.

• Highest 20% quantile had 46% of the total disposable income in Turkey as of 2012.

76

The average monthly disposable household income grew with a CAGR of 8% between 2006-2012.

2,6 4,3 3,4 3,7 3,9 3,5 4,2 4,7

7,4 5,8 6,3 6,6 5,9

7,6 6,8

10,4 8,2 9,0 9,3

8,3

10,9 9,9

14,7

11,7 12,9 13,1

11,8

15,5

20,9

30,7

24,2

27,2 26,8

24,4

33,3

9,0

13,5

10,7 11,8

11,9 10,8

14,3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

US

D H

un

dred

s

1. % 20 (Lowest Quantile) 2. % 20 3. % 20 4. % 20 5. % 20 (Highest Quantile) Average

Figure 81: Monthly Disposable Household Income in Turkey

Source: TurkStat, Deloitte Analysis Note: Exchange rates, the Turkish Republic’s Central Bank, year-end TL/ USD buying, 2011(1.88), 2010 (1.54), 2009 (1.50), 2008 (1.51), 2007 (1.16), and 2006 (1.40).


77

As Turkish banks’ capital, liquidity and balance sheets grew, they financed some major projects.

• The 3rd Bridge which will be built in Istanbul will be the biggest suspension bridge in the

world that also has a railway network. It will be 59 meters in width and 320 meters in

height.

• The bridge will be built by İçtaş İnşaat Sanayi Ticaret A.Ş. – Astaldi Partnership

Enterprise Group with a total investment of USD 2.5 billion.

• The financing for the project will be completed by GarantiBank International, Garanti

Bank, Halk Bank, Iş Bank, Vakıflar Bank, Ziraat Bank and YapıKredi Bank. The banks will

provide a total of USD 2.3 billion in loan financing to be repaid in 9 years.

Boğaziçi

Distribution

Region

Istanbul -

Izmir

Highway

3rd Bridge

• Istanbul – Izmir highway – a USD 11 billion mega project- will reduce travel time

between Istanbul and Izmir from six hours 30 minutes to about three hours when it is

completed in 2017.

• The project will be completed under the consortium consisting of Turkish construction

firms Nurol, Özaltın, Makyol, Yüksel and Gökçay and Italian-based Astaldi.

• The first stage of the project, which is the completion of the road between Gebze and

Orhangaz will need financing of USD 2.7 billion. Half of this, USD 1.350 billion, will be

financed by the following 8 Turkish banks; Ziraat Bank, Halk Bank, VakıfBank, İş Bank,

Garanti Bank, Akbank, YapıKredi and Finansbank.

• The process of liberalizing the electricity market in Turkey resulted in the privatization of

21 electricity distribution regions in the country.

• One of the major distribution regions, Boğaziçi, has 3.3 million customers. It was

acquired by Cengiz-Kolin-Limak for USD 3.3 billion. A total of USD 2.5 billion will be

financed by 7 Turkish Banks including Iş Bank, Garanti Bank, YapıKredi Bank, Halk Bank,

Deniz Bank, Vakıf Bank and Ziraat Bank.


78

The Financial Sector’s 2018 Targets

2013 2018

101%

Total Asset Size/GDP

125 %

Total Asset Size/GDP

Banking

Sector

Capital Market

41%

Market Capitalization/GDP

66%

Market Capitalization/GDP

Source : Ministry of Development

The financial sector goals for 2018 set by the Ministry of Development are:

• Increase the number of skilled human resources, strengthen coordination among stakeholders and enlarge the number of financial products offered.

• Increase transparency, treat all stakeholders equally and protect the rights of the customers.

• Increase the global share of Turkey’s participation banks.

• Strengthen the payment system through technological investments and development.

• Support R&D in the sector, increase mobile banking and internet banking applications.

• Increase cooperation between Turkey and its neighboring counterparts.

• Educate the public in order to increase savings.

Figure 82: Turkey’s 2018 Targets


• As part of the 2023 goals, the Turkish government’s landmark project is to transform Istanbul into a prominent financial center. Turkey’s youthful population, qualified labor force and rapidly developing markets in addition to its geographic location makes Istanbul an ideal candidate for a finance hub. Moreover, various financial products and services are supported by a strong regulatory body in Turkey.

• The Istanbul Financial Center Initiative started in 2009. Its primary objective is to promote Istanbul as a regional financial hub and a center for energy and infrastructure projects. It enables knowledge to be shared between partners in Turkey and aims to attract foreign companies and elite financial experts by organizing panels and media events.

• IFCI’s action plan consists of 4 steps:

• There are 8 working committees lead by Deputy Prime Minister Ali Babacan concentrating on areas such as:

- Legal Infrastructure

- Market Instruments

- Taxation

- Regulatory and Supervisory Framework

- Technology and Infrastructure

- Marketing and Promotion (ISPAT)

- Human Resources

79

Istanbul Financial Center Initiative

2

3

4

Finalize construction projects within 2 years

Specialization of courts

The Istanbul Stock Exchange’s transformation into Borsa Istanbul as a private company

Establishment of an institutional arbitration center in Istanbul.

1 Scale of Project:

Approximately USD 2 billion

• 4-5 year Program

• Significant allocation

(and re-allocation) of

resources

• Focus and dedication

of a very senior team

• Many funding options

Goals for 2025:

• USD 20 billion additional annual GDP

• 150,000 new

financial services jobs

• x1.2 to x2.2

economic multiplier

“We aim to make the Istanbul Financial Center one of the world’s top 10 financial centers.” Ali Babacan, Deputy Prime Minister, October 2013

Source: Istanbul Regional Hub, Global Actor Forum


80

Istanbul Financial Center Initiative

Benefits for Foreign Investors

• The 20% corporate tax rate in Turkey is an attractive option for foreign investors.

• A very strong banking system, with no banks needing a bail out during the 2009 global crisis.

• Since 2012 enactment of the new Turkish Commercial Law, all companies must disclose their financial information in accordance with the EU Acquis.

• Prevention of double taxation and the promotion of cross border investments through cooperative accords.

“We already have capacity and connectivity; and the steps we’re taking for competitiveness are going to get faster and faster.” Chairman and CEO of Borsa Istanbul, Dr. Ibrahim Turhan, October 2013

Source: Istanbul Regional Hub, Global Actor Forum

Recent Developments on the Road to the Istanbul Finance Center

• The asset management industry’s Law No. 6322 took effect in 2012 and introduced new provisions related to the incentives to create more employment and increase savings in Turkey, such as exemption for foreign funds.

• Venture capital investment trusts will be incentivized under the new capital markets law.

• Savings will increase with the amendment for the private pension system.

• Risk management of insurance systems will improve their financial standing.

• New financial instruments like revenue sharing certificates (Sukuk) will add to growth rates

• Up to a 75% tax advantage for angel investors.

• New advantages on withholding tax for equity transactions and angel investors.

• The World Bank Global Islamic Finance Development Center, the Bank’s first Office of Islamic Finance, opened on BIST in October 2013.


81

Major Financial Sector Stakeholders


Central Bank of the

Republic of Turkey

www.tcmb.gov.tr Its purpose is to create efficiency in all the financial sectors of the economy, especially money, credit and capital markets as well as determining and implementing policy contributing to financial stability, managing foreign exchange and gold reserves, printing money and overseeing payment systems.

Banking Regulation

and Supervision

Agency

www.bddk.org.tr Ensures confidence, stability and competitiveness in financial markets to ensure effective operation of the credit system, protects the rights and interests of investors and takes necessary measures to make institutions subject their supervision steady and secure.

The Banking

Association of Turkey

www.tbb.org.tr Contributes to the development of banking sector and its competitiveness, prevents unfair competition and aims to make Istanbul an international financial center in the world.

The Insurance

Association of Turkey

www.tsb.org.tr Specializes in the development of the insurance, reinsurance and private pension sectors, TSB provides advice to public authorities, monitors developments, conducts research, eliminates unfair competition of its members and produces a code of ethics for practices.


82

Major Financial Sector Stakeholders


Pension Monitoring

Center

www.egm.org.tr Since 2007, EGM monitors the pension system on a daily basis, collects data and implements licensing exams.

Capital Markets Board

of Turkey

www.spk.gov.tr

Regulatory and supervisory authority in charge of the securities market, which makes detailed regulations for organizing the market and developing capital market instruments and institutions.

Borsa Istanbul www.borsaistanbul.com Borsa Istanbul A.Ş. was founded in 2012. It trades capital market instruments, foreign currencies, precious metals and gems and other contracts and documents.

Investment Support and Promotion Agency of Turkey

For comments on the report and additional information please contact:

[email protected] www.invest.gov.tr Head Office Address: Kavaklıdere Mahallesi Akay Caddesi No:5 Çankaya/ANKARA 06640 Phone: (+90 312) 413 89 00

Office Address: Dünya Ticaret Merkezi A1 Blok Kat:8 No:296 Yeşilköy/İSTANBUL 34149 Phone: (+90 212) 468 69 00

USA Öner AYAN [email protected] Olivia CURRAN [email protected]

GERMANY Kemal KAFADAR [email protected] Ole Von BEUST Rezzo SCHLAUCH Wolf Ruthart BORN

CHINA Hui ZHAO [email protected]

FRANCE Utku BAYRAMOĞLU [email protected] Selçuk ÖNDER [email protected]

INDIA Sanjeev KATHPALIA [email protected] Fariha ANSARİ [email protected]

UK Ahmet İPLİKÇİ [email protected] Muhammed AKDAĞ [email protected]

JAPAN Hitoshi SEKI [email protected] Saya ASHIBE [email protected]

CANADA Murat ÖZDEMİR [email protected]

SAUDI ARABIA Mustafa GÖKSU [email protected]

RUSSIA Eduard ZUBAIROV [email protected]

SOUTH KOREA Veyis TOPRAK [email protected]

SPAIN Yasemen KORUKÇU [email protected]

ISPAT Worldwide


Deloitte refers to one or more of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, a UK private company limited by guarantee, and its network of member firms, each of which is a legally separate and independent entity. Please see www.deloitte.com/about for a detailed description of the legal structure of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited and its member firms. Deloitte provides audit, tax, consulting, and financial advisory services to public and private clients spanning multiple industries. With a globally connected network of member firms in more than 150 countries, Deloitte brings world-class capabilities and high-quality service to clients, delivering the insights they need to address their most complex business challenges. Deloitte has in the region of 200,000 professionals, all committed to becoming the standard of excellence. ©2013 Deloitte Turkey. Member of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited

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financial.services.industry in turkey

Economy & Finance

financial leasing

financial services74

financial sectors

financial services sector13

monitoring centersmesmall

banking sector

robust macroeconomic

economic cooperation