PESTICIDES

PESTICIDESKASARAGOD DISTRICT

CE08B064 UDAY KUMAR CE08B073 HARISH NAIK BSITE DESCRIPTIONKasaragod is a town and a municipality in Kasaragod district in the Indian state Kerala.The area lies between N 12`40`` and 12`35``, the longitude lies between E 75`50`` to E 75` 10``.

EndosulfanEndosulfan is a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide of the cyclodiene subgroup which acts as a contact poison wide variety of insects and mitesCommercial names for the product include Thiodan,endocite,beosit,cyclodan,malix and third.The commercial product is made-up of a mixture of two separate parts(isomers) alpha and beta configurations.Its chemical name 6,7,8,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,51,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,3,4-benzadioxathietan 3-oxide.Its chemical formula is C9H6C16O4.Impacts of EndosulfanEnvironmental impacts:Endosulfan sulphate will be present in the environment as a result of the use of endosulfan as an insecticide. If endosulfan sulphate is released to water, it is expected to absorb to the sediment and may bio concentrate in aquatic organisms.

Exposure Impacts :

DIETARY EXPOSURE Ingesting food that has been sprayed with endosulfan Drinking water from contaminated ground or surface Stores.OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE Skin exposure or inhalation during pesticide mixing, loading and/or applying a pesticide or re-entering treated sites.ACCIDENTAL EXPOSURE Skin exposure or inhalation due to proximity to endosulfan use. Drinking Water Impacts :Residues found in the Brantas River system, and Madura sea and the canals and ponds in the brantas river system for endosulfan sulphate collected during march, where a major portion of the spraying was also carried during this period(jan-april) Environmental Fate:Endosulfan does not easily dissolve in water.it does not stick to soil particles readily, transport of this pesticide is most likely to occur if endosulfan is attached to soil particles in surface runoff.Large amounts of endosulfan can be found in surface water near areas of application. It may also be found in surface water at very low concentrations and can be detected in the air at minute levels.Endosulfan and endosulfan residues have been found in numerous food products at very low concentrations, they have been detected in vegetables(0.0005-0.13 ppm), in tobacco, in various sea foods (0.2ppt-1.7ppb) and in milk Atmospheric Fate :If released to the atmosphere, endosulfan sulphate will react with hydroxyl radicals with a resulting estimated vapor phase life in the atmosphere of 1.23 hour.Photolysis may not be an important fate process based on the stability of thin films of endosulfan sulphate to light >300nm. Fate in Humans and Animals:Endosulfan is rapidly degraded and eliminated in mammals with very little absorption in the gastro-intestinal track.

Health Hazards:Deformed limbs,Retardation of mental and physical growth, Cerebral palsy,Skin diseases.

Endosulfan is acutely neurotoxic to both insects and mammals, including humansSymptoms of acute poisoning include hyperactivity, tremors, convulsions, lack of coordination, staggering, difficulty breathing, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, and in severe cases, unconsciousness. Doses as low as 35mg/kg have been documented to cause death in humans,and many cases of sublethal poisoning have resulted in permanent brain damage. Farm workers with chronic endosulfan exposure are at risk of rashes and skin irritation.

EPA's acute reference dose for dietary exposure to endosulfan is 0.015mg/kg for adults and 0.0015mg/kg for children. For chronic dietary expsoure, the EPA references doses are 0.006mg/(kgday) and 0.0006mg/(kgday) for adults and children, respectively.Endosulfan is not listed as known, probable, or possible carcinogen by the EPA, IARC, or other agencies. No epidemiological studies link exposure to endosulfan specifically to cancer in humans, but in vitro assays have shown that endosulfan can promote proliferation of human breast cancer cells. Evidence of carcinogenicity in animals is mixed.

Aquatic life Criteria

0.39 g/lShould not exceed 7 g/lHexacyclopentadiene in waterCriteria

I g/l

Hexacyclopentadiene propertiesIt is a pale to greenish-yellow liquid with molecular formula C5Cl6.Physical properties :Molecular weight 272.77Solubility in water 0.805 mg/lVapor pressure - 1mm/hgDensity - 1.0719

Aquatic life toxicologyAcute Toxicity : Fish acute value for hexachlorocyclopentaqdiene is 7 mg/l based on the geometric mean of adjusted LC50 Chronic Toxicity :The minimum chronic value is 2.6 g/lThe final fish acute value is 0.388 g/lThis also becomes the final chronic value.

Ingestion Very little is known regarding potential Hex exposures through ingestion of contaminated food or water.It is usually not detectable in water samples due to its low solubility and tendency to volatilize one would not expect it to remain in flowing water.

InhalationThe heaviest and most chronic exposure to Hex undoubtedly occurs among persons engaged directly in the manufacture of Hex and among production workers fabricating Hex containing products.

Existing guidelines and standardsThe current occupational TLV for Hex is set at 0.01 ppm (0.11 mg/m3).The short term exposure limit for Hex is set at 0.03 ppm (0.33mg/m3).This level represents the maximum concentration to which workers can be exposed for a period of15 minutes without suffering from irritation, chronic or irreversible tissue damage, impair self-rescue or materially reduce work efficiency.Special Groups at RiskIt is presently unknown whether ingestion or inhalation of Hex constitute significant sources of exposure among the general population.In the environment Hex has been detected only in specific bodies of water near points of industrial dischargers there are no data on Hex levels in drinking or untreated water.Based on this, there is insufficient evidence to categorize this compound as a carcinogen or non-carcinogen.Physicochemical propertiesTechnical endosulfan is usually sold in the form of brown crystalline flakes. Melting point 79100 C Vapour pressure 1.3 10^-3 Pa at 25 C Solubility in water 60150 g/litre; increases with decreasing pH.

Endosulfan is a derivative of hexachlorocyclopentadiene ,and is chemically similar to aldrin, chlordane, and heptachlor. Specifically, it is produced by the Diels-Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with cis-butene-1,4-diol and subsequent reaction of the adduct with thionyl chloride. Technical endosulfan is a 7:3 mixture of stereoisomers, designated and . - and -Endosulfan are conformational isomers arising from the pyramidal stereochemistry of sulfur. -Endosulfan is the more thermodynamically stable of the two, thus -endosulfan irreversibly converts to the form, although the conversion is slow.Remedial MeasuresEnvironmental

1. Periodical monitoring and assessment water, soil, food, flora and fauna- to document change and levels of tonicity.

2. Research in remediation systems- and developing community based monitoring of public health and environment indicators

3. Awareness building leading towards pesticide free district- through public campaign. Social Level

1. The Social economic conditions of the affected victims to be assessed and necessary relief to be provided. Many of the affected victims live in very poor living conditions with no access to basic amenities and are sometimes even- houseless and without access to any sources of income etc. These matters ad to the pain of the victims and need to be mitigated.

2. Interventions in the affected population to change their depressed state of mind.

3. Vocational training and lively hood Rehabilitation- for differently abled children and youth. Import training on sustainable lively hood options which are ecofriendly and also have a good market.

4. Monthly financial support scheme for the affected and their dependendents.

5. Livelihood Rehabilitation and empowerment through skill training, management training, enterprise development and planning and marketing support.

6. Create action plan for converting existing farm land to organic farms. Health Level.

1. To conduct a comprehensive and individual data generation by door to door survey in each panchayath and establish data base.

2. Perform an analysis based on the data generated to identify the diseased and healthy for initiating welfare measures.

3. Identify and categorize diseases and a treatment protocol by consultation, counseling, case study analysis and interpreting the different system of treatment.

4. Establish a continuing Medical assistance system.

5. Establish a disease surveillance system with both short and long term screening. 6. Establish a community based monitoring, long term and palliative care and redressal system with the support of Medical Colleges.

7. Special Schools/Special education for the mentally challenged shall be established.

8. Special remediation system in Schools/Anganawadies shall be established to take care of the Endosulfan affected children.

9. Day care centres shall be established with trained volunteers at cluster level.

10. Medical Aids for Physically challenged affected people- Hearing aids, walking aids etc.

11. Providing drugs continuously for the patients with chronic, illness (for those require long term treatment).

12. A special Endosulfan survivors Medical care credit card to be established to cover the treatment.

Refrences