final yr project report

“ACCIDENT ALERT WITH AUTOMATIC DIALER”

PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNCATION

Guided By: Submitted By:Dr. Rajesh Bhadada Kapil GauttamAssociate Professor Lalita VermaDepartment of Electronics & Meenakshi GargCommunication Engineering Nitesh Gupta

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATIONMBM ENGINEERING COLLEGE

JAI NARAIN VYAS UNIVERSITY, JODHPUR

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the team comprising of Mr. Kapil Gauttam, Ms. Lalita

Verma, Ms. Meenakshi Garg and Mr. Nitesh Gupta, all students of Final year

(Electronics & Comm. Engineering) of MBM Engineering College has

successfully completed its project on “ACCIDENT ALERT WITH AUTOMATIC

DIALER” under my guidance.

Dr. Rajesh Bhadada

Associate Professor

Dept. Of Electronics & Communication

MBM Engineering College

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us immense pleasure to acknowledge our humble and sincere

indebtness to Dr. Rajesh Bhadada (Associate Professor, Dept. of Electronics

& Comm.) who gave us valuable guidance and support in completion of our

project. We would like to express our special thanks to Dr. K.L. Sharma who

advised us & helped us in completing this project. We would also like to

express our gratitude to technical staff of ECE department.

.

Kapil GauttamLalita Verma

Meenakshi GargNitesh Gupta

Final year ECEMBM Engineering College

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ABSTRACT

Security is primary concern for everyone. This Project describes the design of

an effective alarm system that can monitor a vehicle with three different sensors.

Presence of any obstacle, smoke due to fire and glass breaking can be monitored

by the status of each individual sensor and is indicated with an alarm and dialer

correspondingly. This alarm shows whether the sensor has been activated and

whether there is a need for automatic dialing.

The uniqueness of this project is not only alerting the driver, it also dials a mobile

number which is already programmed into the system. A mobile number or a land

line number can be programmed into the system. As this system works on existing

telephone line, it can dial the number even the subscriber is out of station.

Alarm and dialer are interfaced with the AT89C2051 microcontroller from Atmel.

This microcontroller provides all the functionality of the alarm and dialler. It also

takes care of filtering of the signals at the inputs.

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INDEX

CHAPTER 1 . INTRODUCTION……………………….6-8

1.1 NEED OF PROJECT…………………………………7

1.2 PROJECT INTRODUCTION……………………….8

CHAPTER 2 . CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING…..9-24

2.1 SENSORS…………………………………………12

2.1.1 PROXIMITY SENSOR……………………………13

2.1.2 SMOKE DETECTOR……………………………...15

2.1.3 GLASS BREAKAGE SENSOR………………….18

2.2 MICROCONTROLLER…………………………..19

2.3 DIALER SYSTEM………………………………...23

CHAPTER 3 . ADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS.....25-26

3.1 ADVANTAGES……………………………………..26

3.2 APPLICATIONS……………………………………..26

ANNEXURE……………………………………………27-37

BIBLEOGRAPHY……………………………………..38

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I Introduction

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 NEED OF PROJECT

Security in travel is primary concern for everyone. So drivers of vehicles should

have a direct and clear vision on road and near about the vehicle. But there are

some points which are not visible from driver’s seat around the vehicle in trucks

and loading vehicles, in which driver’s seat is quite high above the ground. These

points are called as “BLIND SPOTS”.

Sometimes, objects or vehicles very near to truck occurring on blind points get

accident. This problem is called “blind spot problem”.

There may be some other reasons as follows, which may result in dangerous

accidents-

1. Sometimes due to fog, vehicles are not visible even up to very less distance.

2. While driving at night, there may be a short nap to driver.

3. Sometimes if one head-light in four-wheelers is not working properly, these

appear to be two-wheelers from distance and may tend to accidents.

These accidents can be prevented by using an alarm system and alerting the driver

about accident.

In another case, when an accident has taken place, the injured people need

emergency help. Sometimes, this emergency is not able to reach because of lack of

communication. So, an automatic dialer system is proposed in this project to

rectify this problem.

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1.2 PROJECT INTRODUCTION

New generation of cars are improved in such a way that the number of accidents

may decrease. Innovative ideas has been implemented and emerged in order to

reduce the risk of accident. During the recent past years, some alarm systems and

intelligent controlled apparatus have been designed and developed in order to

increase the safety of automobiles.

This Project describes a design of effective alarm system that can monitor an

automotive / vehicle / car condition in travelling. The project name “ACCIDENT

ALERT WITH AUTOMATIC DIALLER” shows that project is designed to

prevent the accident and to inform emergency about an accident that has occurred.

In this project, a proximity detector is used which detects the presence of an object

in its range and alerts the driver accordingly. A glass breakage sensor and smoke

detector is also introduced in this project to detect the breakage of glass and smoke

due to fire in the vehicle respectively in case the accident has taken place. These

sensors send a signal to microcontroller, which is connected to a DTMF dialler

chip. A basic telephone unit is interfaced to the DTMF dialler chip that sends call

to the predefined mobile or emergency number and informs about this accident.

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IICONSTRUCTION & WORKING

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2. CONSTRUCTION & WORKING

The construction of project named ACCIDENT ALERT WITH AUTOMATIC

DIALLER can be seen as following heads-

1. Sensors

(a.) Proximity sensor

(b.) Smoke detector

(c.) Glass breakage sensor

2. Microcontroller

3. Alarm system

4. Dialer system

(a.) DTMF dialer chip

(b.) A basic telephone unit

Fig. 2.1 constructional figure of “Accident Alert with Automatic Dialer” on board

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Fig 2.2 PCB layout of controller interfacing with dialer

Dimension offset : X =74.67mm ; Y =32.33mm

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The constructional block diagram of the project can be shown as under-

Fig. 2.3 Block diagram of PROJECT

This block diagram shows main contents used in project. The project includes 9

volt power supply for controller circuit and a 5 volt supply for DTMF dialer chip.

At the input of microprocessor, three detector circuits are used and according to

their output alarm and dialer circuit works.

2.1 SENSORS

A sensor is a device which measures a physical quantity and converts it into a

signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument.

The sensors used in this project are given below:-

1. Proximity sensor

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2. Smoke detector

3. Glass breakage detector

2.1.1 PROXIMITY SENSOR

The proximity sensor used in this project is a long range IR transmitter with an IR

receiver. Schematic diagram of this sensor is shown in the fig below.

Fig 2.4 Schematic diagram of Proximity Sensor

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Fig. 2.5 PCB layout of PROXIMITY DETECTOR

Dimension offset : X = 39.67mm ; Y =71.00mm

Circuit description of IR transmitter:

The transmitter circuit is shown in fig 2.3. It uses three infrared transmitting LEDs

in series to increase the radiated power. For increasing the circuit efficiency, a

MOSFET (BS170) has been used, which acts as a switch and thus reduces the

power loss that would result if a transistor were used. To avoid any dip during

‘on’/‘off’ operations, a 100μF reservoir capacitor C2 is used across the power

supply. Capacitor C2 supplies extra charge during ‘switching on’ operations.

As the MOSFET exhibits large capacitance across gate-source terminals, a special

drive arrangement has been made using npn-pnp Darlington pair BC547 and

BC557 (as emitter followers), to avoid distortion of the gate drive input. Data

(CMOS-compatible) to be transmitted is used for modulating the 38kHz frequency

generated by CD4047.

In the receiver section, IR receiver module (TSOP1738) is used here for efficient

reception of the transmitted IR signals.

The circuit diagram of IR long range transmitter can be shown as under-

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Fig. 2.6 IR long range transmitter circuit

2.1.2 SMOKE DETECTOR

Smoke detector is a circuit used to detect any smoke in the particular range. A very

simple approach is used here to detect smoke in the air. It uses an LDR (Light

Dependent Resistor) as a light detector.

Basic concept of an LDR:

A light-dependent resistor, alternatively called an LDR, is a variable resistor

whose value decreases with increasing incident light intensity. An LDR is made of

a high-resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the device is of high enough

frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough

energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electron (and its hole

partner) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance. In the circuit, as the LDR

detect the light variations due to smoke, it gives the output to the IC555 and timer

IC produce a trigger alarm. LDRs have wide spectral response. They have low cost

and the optimum temperature range is wide.

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Concept applied to project:

LDR is enclosed in a cylindrical case so it remains in dark and having a high

resistance in normal conditions. When smoke enters in this case LDR resistance

decreases and hence desired output is obtained.

Fig. 2.7 PCB layout of SMOKE DETECTOR Dimension offset : X = 42.33mm ; Y = 81.23mm

The circuit diagram of smoke detector can be shown as under-

Fig. 2.8 Smoke Detector circuit

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Fig. 2.9 SMOKE DETECTOR circuit

From the above discussion, it is clear that the smoke detector circuit detects the

smoke and gives the trigger alarm to the output.

2.1.3 GLASS BREAKAGE SENSOR

Schematic diagram of glass breakage sensor is shown in the fig. below-

Fig. 2.10 Glass breakage sensor

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As shown in the above fig., a switch is fitted in closed condition below glass. As

far as switch is closed current flows through resistor R and output is 1. When glass

breaks down due to accident or if someone tries to get unauthorized access in to the

vehicle, switch gets open and output is 0, which is detected by microcontroller.

According to the output of glass breakage sensor, microcontroller sends signal to

dialer system.

Fig. 2.11 glass breakage detector

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2.2 MICRO-CONTROLLER

Microcontroller is an on-chip computer or single chip computer. This small device

is used to control event, processes and objects. Another term to describe micro-

controller is embedded controller because the microcontroller and its support

circuits are often built into, or embedded in devices, they control.

Any device that measures, stores, controls, calculates and displays information is a

candidate for putting microcontroller inside. Microcontroller contains memory, I/O

interfaces in addition to the C.P.U. Because the amount of memory and interfaces

is limited so microcontrollers are used for smaller system

In this project, microcontroller 8051 is used.

MICROCONTROLLER CODE OF PROJECT

Org 00H ;Initialization

main: ;program starts

jnb p3.2,l1 ;checking glass break detector output

jb p3.1,m1 ; checking smoke detector output

jnb p3.1,main

m1: ; loop for checking proximity detector output

acall delay

jb p3.0,l2

jnb p3.0,main

l1: ; loop for delivering output to the alarm

acall delay

setb p1.0

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acall delay

sjmp main

l2: ;loop for sending no. to be dialed (for e.g.

here 9413902021)

acall delay

acall reset

clr p1.3 ;code for 9

clr p1.6

acall delay

acall reset


clr p1.5

acall deley

acall reset


clr p1.4

acall delay

acall reset


clr p1.4

acall delay

acall reset


clr p1.6

acall delay

acall reset

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clr p1.7

acall delay

acall reset


clr p1.4

acall delay

acall reset


clr p1.7

acall delay

acall reset


clr p1.4

acall delay

acall reset


clr p1.4

reset:

setb p1.1

setb p1.2

setb p1.3

setb p1.4

setb p1.5

setb p1.6

setb p1.7

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ret

delay:

mov r5,#2

h3:

mov r4,#2

h2:

mov r3,#2

h1:

djnz r3,h1

djnz r4,h2

djnz r5,h3

ret

end

2.3 DIALER SYSTEM

Dialer system in this project is used to dial the predefined number. As the

microcontroller produces the active output for dialer, it automatically starts dialing

the predefined number that is stored in the dialer system of project. Here a DTMF

dialer chip UM91214C is used in this project automatic dialing. This DTMF dialer

chip is connected to a basic telephone unit which starts dialing according to the

signal received from UM91214C (DTMF dialer chip).

The interconnection of microcontroller with dialer system and buffer IC can be

accomplished as shown below-

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Fig. 2.12 Interconnection of microcontroller with dialer system and buffer IC

Here LM324 buffer IC is used to make sensor output compatible with

microcontroller. Pin no. 3.5 and10 are used for reference voltage setting of OP-

AMP . Crystal is used for processing speed selection.

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IIIAPPLICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES

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3. ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

3.1 ADVANTAGES

1. It can monitor for all hazards and threats, which may lead to accident

and alert the driver accordingly.

2. In case the accident has taken place, it can fulfill the communication

gape and readily avail the emergency help.

3. The predefined Mobile number or landline number can be altered easily

by minute changes in some settings.

4. In some cases of unauthorized access of anyone in to the vehicle, the

alarm system will get activated. Thus vehicle and any stuff in the

vehicle can be maintained out of reach of thieves.

3.2 APPLICATION

1. In Automotive and transport vehicles, it can be implemented after some

range enhancement. So that these may be prevented from accidents.

2. At parking-lots also, it may be used as a car-alarm system to prevent

against unauthorized access in to the vehicle.

3. With advance technology, it can be used in broad areas of

transportation.

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Annexure

Various ICs:

1. IC 555 (TIMER)

The LM555/NE555/SA555 is a highly stable controller capable of producing

accurate timing pulses. With monostable operation, the time delay is controlled by

one external resistor and one capacitor. With astable operation, the frequency and

duty cycle are accurately controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor.

Features

• High Current Drive Capability (200mA)

• Adjustable Duty Cycle

• Temperature Stability of 0.005%/C

• Timing from sec to Hours

• Turn off Time Less than 2sec

Table 1- IC 555 characteristics

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BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig. 2.13 block diagram of IC 555

Applications

Monostable Operation

Astable Operation

Frequency divider

Pulse Width Modulation

Pulse Position Modulation

Linear Ramp

2. TSOP-17 (Miniaturized Receivers)

The TSOP-17_ series are miniaturized receivers for infrared remote control

systems. PIN diode and preamplifier are assembled on lead frame, the epoxy

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package is designed as IR filter. The demodulated output signal can directly be

decoded by a microprocessor. TSOP17_ is the standard IR remote control receiver

series, supporting all major transmission codes.

Fig. 2.14 TSOP receiver

Features:

Photo detector and preamplifier in one package

Internal filter for PCM frequency

Improved shielding against electrical field disturbance

TTL and CMOS compatibility

Output active low

Low power consumption

High immunity against ambient light

Continuous data transmission possible(up to 2400 bps)

Suitable burst length 10 cycles/burst

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4. LM78XX (3-Terminal 1A Positive Voltage Regulator)

The MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA series of three terminal positive regulators

are available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output

voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs

internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe operating area protection,

making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can

deliver over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage

regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable

voltages and currents.

Fig. 2.16 block diagram of voltage regulator

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Features:

• Output Current up to 1A

• Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V

• Thermal Overload Protection

• Short Circuit Protection

• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection

4. IC LM324

The project use buffer IC LM324 to make compatibility of the circuit with

microcontroller 8051.

The LM324 consists of four independent, high gains; internally frequency

compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate

from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages.

FIG. 2.17 Buffer IC PIN configurations

Features:

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Internally frequency compensated for unity gain

Large DC voltage gain 100 dB

Wide bandwidth (unity gain) 1 MHz (temperature compensated)

Wide power supply range: Single supply 3V to 32V or dual supplies

±1.5V to ±16V

Very low supply current drain (700 µA)-essentially independent of

supply voltage

Low input biasing current 45 nA (temperature compensated)

Low input offset voltage 2 mV and offset current: 5 nA

Input common-mode voltage range includes ground

Differential input voltage range equal to the power supply voltage

Large output voltage swing 0V to V+ - 1.5V

MICROCONTROLLER 8051

Features

Internal ROM and RAM

I/O ports with programmable pins

Timers and counters

Serial data communication

Fig.2.18 Block Diagram of MICROCONTROLLER 8051

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PIN CONFIGURATION

FIG. 2.19 PIN COFIGURATION OF MICROCONTROLLER

PIN DISCRIPTION

VCC - Supply voltage

GND - Ground

PORT 1 - Port 1 is an 8 – bit bi directional I/O port. Port pins p1.2 to

P1.7 provides internal pull - ups. P1.0 and P1.1 require

external pull- ups. P1.0 and P1.1 also serves as positive input

and negative input.

PORT 3 - Port 3 pins P3.0 to P3.5, P3.7 are seven bi directional I/O

pins with internal pull-ups.P3.6 is hard wired as an input to

output of the on chip comparator and is not accessible with

general purpose I/O pin.

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Port pin Alternate function

P3.0 RXD (SERIAL INPUT PORT)

P3.1 TXD (SERIAL OUTPUT PORT)

P3.2 INT0(INTERNAL INTERRUPT O

P3.3 INT 1 (EXTERNAL INTURREPT 1)

P3.4 T0 (TIMER 0)

P3.5 T1 (TIMER 1)

TABLE 2.2 PIN FUNCTIONS OF MICROCONTROLLER 8051

Port 3 also receives some control signals for flash programming and

verification.

RST - Reset input

XTAL1 - Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal

Clock operating circuit.

XTAL2 - Output from inverting oscillator amplifier.

DTMF Dialer UM91214c:

Pin Diagram

FIG. 2.20 PIN DIAGRAM

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R1

R2

R3

R4

C1 C2 C3 GND

1. */T - At pulse mode, this key work as pulse 2. F1- Flesh key for break time 297ms3. F2- Flesh key for break time 640ms4. P-Pulse key5. RD- Redial key6. #- At pulse mode this key input is neglected, at DTMF mode this key

work as # key

TABLE 2.3 KEYBOARD MATRIX ASSINMENT

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1 2 3 F1

4 5 6 F2

7 8

9 P

*/ T 0 # RD

Internal block diagram:

IV

FIG. 2.21 INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

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BIBLEOGRAPHY

www.wikepedia.com

www.kpsec.freeuk.com

The 8051 microcontroller by Ayala

The microcontroller idea book by Jan Axelson

8051 tutorial from www.8052.com

8051 micro-controller architecture, introduction to assembly programming by Parl vallal

kannan (centre for integrated circuits and systems University of Texas at Dallas).

www.digichip.com

www.datasheets4u.com

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http://www.digichip.com/

http://www.8052.com/

http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/

http://www.wikepedia.com/

final yr project report

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