filters - electrical and computer...
TRANSCRIPT
Filters
Select the frequencies you want to receive.
Avoid transmitting out of band energy
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Major Ideal Filter Types
LPF HPF
BPF BSF
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Major Filter Implementations
• Active • Inductor & Capacitor (Lumped Element) • Stripline and microstrip (Distributed Element) • Ceramic LTCC • Cavity • Piezoelectric
– Quartz crystal – Ceramic – SAW – BAW – FBAR
• YIG
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Active Filters • Generally incorporate op-amps
• Limited to relatively low frequencies due to gain-bandwidth limitations
• Examples: – Sallen-Key
– State Variable
– Biquad
• Refer to the Analog Devices Linear Circuit Design Handbook Chapt 8 for excellent discussion.
https://www.analog.com/en/education/education-library/linear-circuit-design-handbook.html 5
Conversions
• It is common for filters to be initially thought of as low pass filters.
• The low pass filter model can then be converted through various techniques to other filter forms.
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LC Filters
• Well suited to mid-range frequencies
• Excellent design flexibility
• Limitations: – Component parasitics and dimensions
• Component dimensions < λ/10
• Inductors operating well below their SRF
– Temperature coefficients, particularly capacitors
– Losses at high frequencies
– Space requirements may be larger than other options
• Concepts may apply to other filter implementations
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A general LC filter topology
ZP1 ZP2 ZPn
ZS2 ZS1 ZS(n-1) ZSn
Optional Optional
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Inductor Z and Y 𝑍 = 𝑗𝜔𝐿
𝑌 =1
𝑗𝜔𝐿=−𝑗
𝜔𝐿
L1 chosen such that Z = 100Ω @ 10 MHz
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Capacitor Z and Y 𝑍 =1
𝑗𝜔𝐶=−𝑗
𝜔𝐶
𝑌 = 𝑗𝜔𝐶
C1 chosen such that Z = 100Ω @ 10 MHz
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Series LC Z and Y
𝑍 = 𝑗𝜔𝐿 − 𝑗𝜔𝐶
𝑍 = 0 when 𝜔0𝐿 =1
𝜔0𝐶
𝜔02 =1
𝐿𝐶 𝜔0 =
1
𝐿𝐶
𝑌 =𝑗𝜔𝐶
1 − 𝜔2𝐿𝐶 If 𝜔 = 𝜔0 then 𝑌 → ∞ 11
Parallel LC Z and Y
𝑌 = 𝑗𝜔𝐶 − 𝑗𝜔𝐿
𝑍 =𝑗𝜔𝐿
1 − 𝜔2𝐿𝐶
𝑌 = 0 when 𝜔0𝐿 =1
𝜔0𝐶
𝜔02 =1
𝐿𝐶 𝜔0 =
1
𝐿𝐶
If 𝜔 = 𝜔0 then 𝑍 → ∞
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Fundamental Definition of Q
𝑄 = 2𝜋𝑓0Energy stored in the resonator at 𝑓0Average power lost in the resonator
𝑄 = 2𝜋Energy stored in a resonator
Energy dissipated per cycle
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Definitions of Q First order circuit
𝑄 =𝑋𝐿𝑅=𝜔𝐿
𝑅 𝑄 =
𝐵𝐶𝐺=𝜔𝐶
𝐺
Series L-R Parallel C-G
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Definitions of Q for Second Order Circuit
(a) Parallel (b) Series
𝑄 =1
𝑅
𝐿
𝐶 𝑄 = 𝑅
𝐶
𝐿
Z =𝑅
1 + 𝑗𝑄𝜔𝜔0−𝜔0𝜔
Y =1𝑅
1 + 𝑗𝑄𝜔𝜔0−𝜔0𝜔
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Magnitude and Phase vs. Q & ζ
Q =1
2휁
𝑄 =𝜔02
d𝜙
d𝜔
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Definitions of Q
Q =𝑓0𝐵𝑊
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Typical LC Filter Topologies
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General Filter Model
Network
→ ←
Γ1 =𝑍1 − 𝑅𝑆𝑍1 + 𝑅𝑆
h(t)
H(s)
Power delivered to load: 𝑃𝐿 =𝑉22
𝑅𝐿
Power delivered by source into a matched load: 𝑃𝑆 =𝑉𝑆2
4𝑅𝑆=𝑉12
𝑅𝑆
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A little more analysis
The Transfer Function 𝑇 =𝑃𝐿𝑃𝑆= 2𝑅𝑆𝑅𝐿
𝑉2𝑉𝑆=𝑅𝑆𝑅𝐿
𝑉2𝑉1
Γ1 =𝑍1 − 𝑅𝑆𝑍1 + 𝑅𝑆
𝑃𝐿 =𝑉22
𝑅𝐿
From the previous page:
Note that: 𝑇 =𝑉2𝑉1= 𝑆21 and if Γ1 = 𝑆11
𝑃𝑆 =𝑉𝑆2
4𝑅𝑆=𝑉12
𝑅𝑆
𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅𝑆 then
If the filter is lossless, comprised of purely ideal reactive elements, then all power supplied at it input is either passed to the load or reflected back to the source. That means that:
Γ12 + 𝑇2 = 1 20
An example LPF
https://incompliancemag.com/article/s-parameters-and-emi-filters-response/ 21
With different termination impedances
Response of the filter with non 50 ohms terminal impedances.
https://incompliancemag.com/article/s-parameters-and-emi-filters-response/ 22
Primary Classical Filter Types
• Butterworth – Maximally Flat Amplitude
• Bessel – Maximally Flat Group Delay
• Chebyshev filter – Provides steeper slope with ripple in the response
– Type I fast rolloff, ripple in the passband
– Type II slower rolloff, ripple in the stopband
• Elliptic – Fastest rolloff, ripple in both bands
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A Comparison of Types
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_filter 24
Bessel Filter Based on work done by German mathematician Friedrich Bessel (1784 – 1846) W.E. Thomas applied the Besssel functions to filter design in 1949 Maximally flat group delay but slow rolloff. Commonly used in audio crossover circuits
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessel_filter https://www.rane.com/note147.html 25
Bessel Filter
𝐻 𝑠 =Θ𝑛 0
Θ𝑛𝑠𝜔0
The low-pass filter transfer function is:
where:
Θ𝑛 0 = lim𝑥→0Θ𝑛 𝑥 Θ𝑛 𝑠 = 𝑎𝑘𝑠
𝑘
𝑛
𝑘=0
𝑎𝑘 =2𝑛 − 𝑘 !
2𝑛−𝑘𝑘! 𝑛 − 𝑘 ! 𝑘 = 0, 1, … , 𝑛
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessel_filter 26
Θ𝑛 𝑠 is a reverse Bessel polynomial
where:
𝑛 = number of poles
Butterworth Filter Described in 1930 by British engineer and physicist Stephen Butterworth.
𝐺 𝜔 =1
1 +𝜔𝜔𝑐
2𝑛
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterworth_filter 27
A – E => 1-5 poles
Characteristic gain & delay plot for the Butterworth filter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterworth_filter#/media/File:Butterworth3_GainDelay.png 28
Comparison of the Butterworth and Bessel filters
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessel_filter#/media/File:Bessel4_GainDelay.png
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessel_filter#/media/File:Bessel4_GainDelay.png
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Butterworth Bessel
Chebyshev Type I Filter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebyshev_filter#/media/File:Chebyshev_Type_I_Filter_Response_(4th_Order).svg
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ε is the ripple factor
Response of the Type I Chebyshev Filter
𝐺𝑛 𝜔 = 𝐻𝑛 𝑗𝜔 =1
1 + 휀2𝑇𝑛2 𝜔𝜔0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebyshev_filter
휀 = 10𝛿10 − 1
𝑇𝑛 is a Chebyshev polynomial of the 𝑛𝑡ℎ order
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𝛿 is the passband ripple in dB
Chebyshev Type II Filter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebyshev_filter#/media/File:Chebyshev_Type_I_Filter_Response_(4th_Order).svg
Named after Pafnuty Chebyshev, derived from the Chebyshev polynomials. Type II filters are usually called “inverse Chebyshev filters.”
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Response of the Type II Chebyshev Filter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebyshev_filter
휀 = 10𝛿10
𝑇𝑛 is a Chebyshev polynomial of the 𝑛𝑡ℎ order
𝐺𝑛 𝜔 = 𝐻𝑛 𝑗𝜔 =1
1 +1
휀2𝑇𝑛2 𝜔0𝜔
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Elliptic (Cauer) Filter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_filter#/media/File:Elliptic_Filter_Response_(4th_Order).svg
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Cauer Topologies
https://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/rf-filters/elliptic-cauer-rf-filter-basics.php
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Example of an exotic LC Filter
36 http://www.nickc.com/uploaded/NIC_catalog.pdf
Transition between types
The elliptic filter is characterized by the ripple in both pass-band and stop-band as well as the fastest transition between pass-band and ultimate roll-off of any RF filter type. The levels of ripple in the pass-band and stop-band are independently adjustable during the design. As the ripple in the stop-band approaches zero, the filter becomes a Chebyshev type I filter, and as the ripple in the pass-band approaches zero, it becomes a Chebyshev type II filter. If the ripple in both stop-band and pass-band become zero, then the filter transforms into a Butterworth filter.
https://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/rf-filters/elliptic-cauer-rf-filter-basics.php 37
Distributed Element Filters
• Stripline or Microstrip
• Typically used for frequencies > 1 GHz (λ < 30 cm)
• PCB geometry limitations and losses can be problematic in the multi-GHz range (> 10 GHz)
More info available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_element_filter
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Stripline Filters
https://www.mwrf.com/rf-classics/design-strip-line-band-pass-filters
λ/2 end-coupled filter
λ/2 side-coupled filter
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Microstrip Examples
Figure 1. A circuit featuring many of the filter structures described in this article. The operating frequency of the filters is around 11 gigahertz (GHz). This circuit is described in the box below.
The PCB inside a 20GHz Agilent N9344C spectrum analyser showing various microstrip distributed element filter technology elements
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_element_filter 40
Equivalent Circuits
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_element_filter#/media/File:Stripline_filter_lumped_equivalents.svg 41
K and J are impedance and admittance transformers respectively.
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Low Pass Filter Example
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_element_filter#/media/File:Microstrip_Low_Pass_Bowtie_Stub_Filter.jpg 43
LPF and equivalent lumped circuit
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_element_filter#/media/File:Stripline_filter_low-pass_form_1.svg 44
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_element_filter#/media/File:Stripline_filter_low-pass_form_2.svg 45
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_element_filter#/media/File:Stripline_filter_low-pass_stubs.svg 46
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_element_filter#/media/File:Stripline_capacitive_gap_filter.svg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_element_filter#/media/File:Stripline_parallel-coupled_lines_filter.svg
Capacitive gap BPF Limited BW (Q>5) for practical implementation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_element_filter#/media/File:Stripline_hairpin_filter_2.svg 48
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_element_filter#/media/File:Microstrip_Hairpin_Filter_And_Low_Pass_Stub_Filter.jpg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_element_filter#/media/File:Stripline_stub_filter.svg
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Coupled Line filters from a
spectrum analyzer PCB
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_element_filter#/media/File:Interdigital_Filter.jpg 51
Example of Combline Filter
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LTCC Ceramic Filters
• Ceramic substrates provide high ε’ and low ε”
• This allows for smaller geometries and lower losses
• ε’ can range from 4.5 to around 100.
• Tradeoffs include temperature coefficients and dielectric losses (ε”).
• As frequencies increase, lower ε’ becomes more appropriate.
• Designs are proprietary
http://www.magneticsgroup.com/pdf/p18-25%20Dielectr.pdf 53
Mini-Circuits BFCN-1445+ LTCC Band Pass Filter, 1420-1470 MHz
https://www.minicircuits.com/pdfs/BFCN-1445+.pdf https://www.minicircuits.com/WebStore/dashboard.html?model=BFCN-1445%2B
Quantity Unit Price
20 $3.95
50 $3.75
100 $3.55
200 $3.35
500 $3.25
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Mini-Circuits
BFCN-8650+
LTCC Band Pass Filter,
8550-8750 MHz
https://www.minicircuits.com/pdfs/BFCN-8650+.pdf
Quantity Unit Price
20 $3.95
50 $3.75
100 $3.55
200 $3.35
500 $3.25
https://www.minicircuits.com/WebStore/dashboard.html?model=BFCN-8650%2B 55
Cavity Filter
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http://rfcas.eps.uam.es/web/sites/default/files/trabajos_academicos/AnaMoranLopez_Filter_Design_In_CoaxialCavities.PDF 57
http://rfcas.eps.uam.es/web/sites/default/files/trabajos_academicos/AnaMoranLopez_Filter_Design_In_CoaxialCavities.PDF
Combline Filter Design
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ZVBP-11G3-S+ Connectorized Band Pass Filter, 11200-11400 MHz Connector Type: SMA
Quantity Unit Price
1 - 4 $340.00
5 or more $340.00
https://www.minicircuits.com/pdfs/ZVBP-11G3+.pdf
https://www.minicircuits.com/WebStore/dashboard.html?model=ZVBP-11G3-S%2B
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Quartz Crystal Filter
https://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/receiver-selectivity/monolithic-crystal-filters.php
Very high Q, 10,000 to 100,000 Frequencies up to ~ 75 MHz
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Murata examples of crystal filters
61 https://www.murata.com/en-us/products/filter/crystalfil/xdca
Examples of Murata Crystal Filter Performance
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Ceramic Resonator Filters
https://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/receiver-selectivity/ceramic-if-rf-bandpass-filters.php 63
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CSBP-D1228+ Ceramic Resonator Band Pass Filter, 1203-1253 MHz
Quantity Unit Price
1 - 4 $29.95
5 - 9 $29.95
10 - 24 $28.95
25 - 49 $26.95
50 - 99 $25.95
100 or more
$23.95
https://www.minicircuits.com/pdfs/CSBP-D1228+.pdf https://www.minicircuits.com/WebStore/dashboard.html?model=CSBP-D1228%2B 66
Typical Ceramic Resonator filter Performance
67
N = Number of Sections
http://www.nickc.com/uploaded/NIC_catalog.pdf
BAW-SAW Filter Options
https://cdn.embedded.com/ContentEETimes/Images/EDN1Wireless/13MayJune/C1000Figure%202%20Alternative_Apr%2024%202013.jpg 68
SAW Resonator
• Utilizes Surface Acoustic Waves
• “Acoustic” in this context refers to energy transferred through mechanical vibrations.
• The acoustic waves travel on the surface of the piezoelectric material
• Typical materials: – Lithium Niobate – LiNbO3
– Lithium Tantalate – LiTaO3
– Aluminum Nitrate – AlN
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SAW Resonator Operation
• Wavelength of traveling wave is
• Constructive interference happens when the
finger spacing 𝑑𝐹 =𝜆
2 or 𝑓 =
𝑣
2𝑑𝐹
Fd
vf
2
𝜆 =𝑣
𝑓
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SAW Properties
• Generally bandpass filters
• Typical frequency range is 0.1 to 2.5 GHz
• Typical insertion loss 1 dB to 3 dB
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TDK B3714
https://en.rf360jv.com/inf/40/ds/ae/B3714.pdf 72
Murata SF2124E
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Bulk Acoustic Wave Resonator
• BAW-SMR Solidly Mounted Resonator
• FBAR – Film Bulk Acoustic Resonator
• Both achieve very high Q values, e.g. 2500 @ 2 GHz
• Acoustic waves travel vertically through substrate
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BAW
https://m.eet.com/media/1182779/c1000fig1new.jpg 75
BAW
https://m.eet.com/media/1182779/c1000fig1new.jpg 76
https://www.qorvo.com/products/p/QPQ1237
https://www.qorvo.com/products/d/da006106
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Qorvo BAW Frequency Response
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FBAR
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/358b/55d82445129e3d47a132292cee213cd09c58.pdf 80
FBAR Improvements
The quality factor Qs at the series resonant frequency in the free-standing air-backed FBAR is calculated to be 1,322. It is about six times larger than that in the FBAR with 0.9m thick Si3N4 as a support diaphragm. The quality factor Qp at the parallel resonant frequency in the case (e) is calculated to be 513, three times that in the case (a). Figure of Merit (FOM) of an FBAR is defined as the product of Q and kt
2. Insertion loss in an FBAR-based filter is inversely proportional to the FOM of the FBARs. In the free-standing air-backed FBAR, we have increased kt
2 twice and the quality factor six times, and filters made out of this kind of resonator are expected to have larger bandwidth and much lower insertion loss compared to that made by an FBAR built on a support diaphragm
http://mems.usc.edu/fbar.htm 81
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/358b/55d82445129e3d47a132292cee213cd09c58.pdf 82
http://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/Advantages-and-Disadvantages-of-FBAR-Filter.html
Following are the benefits or advantages of FBAR Filter: ➨It offers lower insertion loss. As a result it consumes less current. This leads to long battery life and fewer dropped calls. ➨It offers steeper filtering. Hence better coexistence with adjacent bands can be achieved. ➨It offers better out-of-band rejection. Hence multi-band capability can be achieved. ➨It offers ultra small size devices. Hence it can be fit easily with other semiconductor chips. ➨FBAR filters operate reliably in high power and worst temperature conditions.
Following are the drawbacks or disadvantages of FBAR Filter: ➨Thermal path for heat generated in the device is crucial in the design of FBAR and BAW-SMR filters. In BAW-SMR type, heat has conduction path into the substrate from which heat can be spread. However in FBAR type, there is air gap on each side of the resonator. Hence in FBAR designs, thermal conduction path is weaker.
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The ACFM-7024 features a single antenna connection, which eliminates the need for antenna switching. All ports are matched to 50 ohms. The ACFM-7024 is designed with Avago Technologies’ film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) technology. The ACFM-7024 also utilizes Avago Technologies’ innovative microcap bonded-wafer, chip scale packaging technology. This process allows the filters to be assembled in a module with a footprint of only 3.6 mm × 2 mm with a maximum height of 0.80 mm.
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YIG sphere resonator
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YIG_sphere
https://www.microlambdawireless.com/resources/ytfdefinitions2.pdf
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Features of YIG resonators
• Resonant frequency linearly related to magnetic field
• Wide tuning range – Generally 1 – 3+ octaves
• Can resonate in the range of 1 – 50 GHz
• High Q, typically 100 to 200
• Commonly used for either a filter or oscillator
• Temperature sensitive, commonly use heater
• Filters may have multiple (e.g. 2 – 8) stages
https://www.microlambdawireless.com/components/band-pass-filters/
https://www.microlambdawireless.com/components/wide-tuning-range-oscillators/ 86