filariasis pcm

7/30/2019 Filariasis Pcm

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FILARIASIS


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WHATISLYMPHATICFILARIASIS (LF)?

Lymphatic filariasis (LF), commonly known as

elephantiasis, is a disfiguring, disabling disease,

usually acquired in childhood.

According to CDC, it is the leading cause of

permanent disability in people.


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GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

Lymphatic filariasis affects over 120 million people

in 80 countries throughout the tropics and sub-

tropics of Asia, Africa, the Western Pacific, and

parts of the Caribbean and South America.

In the Americas, only four countries are currently

known to be endemic: Haiti, the Dominican

Republic, Guyana and Brazil.

In the United States, Charleston, South Carolina,

was the last known place with lymphatic

filariasis. The infection disappeared early in the

20th century. Currently, you can not get infected

in the U.S.


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WHAT MOSQUITOES?

In Africa, the most common vector isAnopheles and in the Americas, it is Culexquinquefasciatus.Aedes and Mansonia cantransmit the infection in the Pacific and in

Asia.


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HOWIS LYMPHATIC FILARIASISTRANSMITTED

FROMONEPERSONTOANOTHER?

The adult produces millions of very small, immature

larvae known as microfilariae, which circulate in the

peripheral blood with marked nocturnal periodicity.

The worms usually live and produce microfilariae

for 4-6 years.

Lymphatic filariasis is transmitted through mosquito

bites. The microfilariae enter the body of a

mosquito when it feeds on the blood of a personcarrying microfilariae in their blood (mf carriers). It

takes 7-21 days for the microfilariae to develop

inside the body of the mosquito.


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WHATARETHESYMPTOMSOFLYMPHATIC

FILARIASIS?

Usually asymptomatic untilafter the adult worms die.

Permanent damage to lymphsystem and kidneys

Swelling in the arms, breastsand legs. (lymphoedema).

For men, the genital area alsobecomes swollen (hydrocele)

Increased bacterial infectionsin the skin and lymph system.

Hardening and thickening ofthe skin (elephantiasis)


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WHATISTHEIMPACTOFTHISDISEASE?

Permanent and long-termdisability

Pain, disfigurement, andsexual disability.

Many women with visible

signs of the disease willnever marry, or are rejectedby spouses and families

Affected people frequentlyare unable to work becauseof their disability. This hurtstheir families and theircommunities.

Everyday work becomesdifficult due to frequentinfections.


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WHATISTHETREATMENTFORLYMPHATIC

FILARIASIS?

DEC (Diethylcarbamazine)

Even after the adult worms die,lymphoedema can develop. Toprevent lymphoedema fromgetting worse

Carefully wash the swollenarea with soap and water everyday.

Use anti-bacterial cream onany wound. This stopsbacterial infections.

Elevate and exercise the

swollen arm or leg to move thefluid and improve the lymphflow.


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HOWCAN I PREVENTINFECTION?

Mass drug administration

Control mosquitoes.

Avoid mosquito bites. Themosquitoes that transmit

the filarial worms usuallybite between the hours ofdusk and dawn

Use mosquitonets/insecticide treatedmosquito nets.

Use mosquito repellent onexposed skin between duskand dawn.


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SCHISTOSOMIASIS


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Schistosomiasis is a

chronic, parasitic disease

caused by blood flukes(trematode worms) of the

genus Schistosoma.


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TRANSMISSION

People become infectedwhen larval forms ofthe parasite/ cercaria released by freshwatersnails penetrate their

skin during contactwith infested water.

In the body, the larvaedevelop into adult(lungs and liver)schistosomes. Adult

worms live in the bloodvessels where thefemales release eggs.

Some of the eggs arepassed out of the bodyin the faeces or urine tocontinue the parasitelife-cycle. Others

become trapped inbody tissues, causingan immune reactionand progressivedamage to organs.


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EPIDEMIOLOGY

Schistosomiais is prevalent in tropical and sub-

tropical areas, especially in poor communities

without access to safe drinking water and adequate

sanitation.

There are two major forms of schistosomiasis

intestinal and urogenital caused by five main

species of blood fluke

Urogenital schistosomiasis is also considered to be

a risk factor for HIV infection, especially in women.


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FIVEMAINTYPESOFBLOODFLUKE

Species

Geographical

distribution

Intestinal

schistosomiasisSchistosoma mansoni

Africa, the Middle East,

the Caribbean, Brazil,

Venezuela, Suriname

Schistosoma

japonicum

China, Indonesia, the

Philippines

Schistosoma mekongi

Several districts of

Cambodia and the Lao

Peoples Democratic

Republic

Schistosomaguineensis and

related S. intercalatum

Rain forest areas of

central Africa

Urogenital

schistosomiasis

Schistosoma

haematobiumAfrica, the Middle East


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SYMPTOMS

Symptoms of schistosomiasis are caused by the

body's reaction to the worms eggs, not by the

worms themselves.

Abdominal pain, diarrhea,blood in the stool, and

liver enlargement-intestinal schistosomiasis

Bladder cancer, hematuria-urogenital

schistosomiasis

In children: anaemia, stunting and a reduced ability

to learn,

Chronic schistosomiasis may affect peoples ability

to work and in some cases can result in death.


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DIAGNOSIS

Eggs in stool methylene blue-stained cellophane

soaked in glycerine or glass slides.

Eggs in urineFor urogenital schistosomiasis,microscopic blood in

urine and this can be detected by chemical reagent

strips.

History of blood in their urine used to identify high riskof infection,

For low transmission areas, serological and

immunological techniques may be used


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TREATMENT:

This infection is usually treated with the drug

praziquantel. If the infection is severe or involves

the brain, corticosteroids may be given.


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POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS

Badder cancer

Chronic kidney failure

Chronic liver damage and an enlarged spleen

Colon (large intestine) inflammation with bloody diarrhea

Kidney and bladder obstruction

Pulmonary hypertension

Repeated blood infections can occur, because bacteriacan enter the bloodstream through an irritated colon

Right-sided heart failure

Seizures
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THANK YOU


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GROUP MEMBERS

Warris Walayat

Litia Chola

Nafisah BegumCessy Cherriyan

Chetana Singh

Lortakul Suvimand

Pet Kris Ruthiachanok

Reerattanachart Dusadee

Nishant PrajapatiUmair Muneer

Harold Nkume

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