Şinasi Kaya (Assoc. Prof. Dr. ITU)Elif Sertel (Assoc. Prof. Dr. ITU)

Dursun Z. Şeker (Prof. Dr. ITU)

19.06.2014XXV FIG Congress 16-21 June 2014, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia1

Modelling Spatial Changes in Suburban Areas Modelling Spatial Changes in Suburban Areas Modelling Spatial Changes in Suburban Areas Modelling Spatial Changes in Suburban Areas

of Istanbul Using Landsat 5 TM Dataof Istanbul Using Landsat 5 TM Dataof Istanbul Using Landsat 5 TM Dataof Istanbul Using Landsat 5 TM Data

� Introduction� Study area�Data and Methodology� Results� Conclusions

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ContentsContentsContentsContents

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IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction

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Rapid population growth and migration causes the creation o fnew residential areas around the city every year that leads h eavyincrease in the urbanization in the internal parts of the urb anareas. Better job opportunities and development in the serv icesector are other reasons for the rapid increases in themetropolitans. Due to this reason land use/cover changes ha sbeen accelerated. Especially agricultural and semi-veget ationareas were negatively affected from the growth of the urbani zedareas. Presently, satellite sensor data are extensively us ed formonitoring land use/cover changes in the large areas. Thesatellite sensor data with higher resolution and accuracy i s animportant data source for such kind of problems.

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IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction

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Urban land use change detections have been analyzed usingremotely sensed data by many researchers (Tapiador andCasanova 2003, Ridd and Liu 1998, Kaya and Curran 2006,Weng 2012, Taubenböck et al. 2012). Monitoring the trend ofchanges in urban land use classes with time were theobjectives of many remote sensing studies (Ridd 1995).

This study aims to determine land use/cover changes in 34different districts of Istanbul city using V-I-S model andLandsat 5 TM imageries obtained in 1987 and 2011.

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IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction

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Istanbul is one of the significant metropolitans of the worl d andthe biggest of Turkey considering its population, socio-ec onomicpatterns and industrial infrastructure. 1987 and 2011 date dsatellite sensor images were classified into three main lan d covercategories namely Vegetation, Impervious Land and Soil. Th esecategories were located on the appropriate positions on the V-I-Sdiagram based on their % distributions. A specific attentio n wasgiven to the impervious class and its change considering theurbanized lands fall in this category. The results of this st udyillustrated that only 3 out of 34 districts had 70% or moreimpervious surfaces in 1987 whereas the number of districtshaving significant impervious areas increased to 11 in 2011 .

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Study AreaStudy AreaStudy AreaStudy Area

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Istanbul is ranked among the first 20 crowded cities of theworld. Beyond its current population around 14.2 million (1 4160 467 in the year of 2013 according to the official figures) ,during the history of this old and ancient city that has hoste dmany different civilizations, it has always gained an attra ctionfor human settlement due to its geographical location. Thepopulation of the city has been rapidly increased from theyear of 1985 (5 842 985 capita) to present.

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Mega city Istanbulis selected asstudy area.

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Study Area Study Area Study Area Study Area (District of Istanbul)(District of Istanbul)(District of Istanbul)(District of Istanbul)

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Data and MethodologyData and MethodologyData and MethodologyData and Methodology

19.06.2014XXV FIG Congress 16-21 June 2014, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Landsat 5 TM satellite imageries obtained in 1987 and 2011 th eyears were classified into 25 clusters using ISODATA (TheIterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Technique) clust eringalgorithm. These clusters were then merged into four mainclasses which are; Vegetation, Impervious Surface, Soil an dWater. In this study Water class is not considered to be used i nV-I-S model. Istanbul metropolitan area was divided into 34districts before 2010. Subsets of the Landsat 5 TM satelliteimageries of each separate district were obtained usingadministrative boundaries. Then these obtained subset ima gesclassified separately.

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Marmara Sea

Black Sea

XXV FIG Congress 16-21 June 2014, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

The Vegetation-Impervious-Soil model (Ridd, 1995).

VVVV----IIII----S ModelS ModelS ModelS ModelA biophysical arrangement can be

obtained by the determined

values for those 3 components

(VIS: Vegetation - Impervious

Surface- Soil) that indicate the

urban surface properties. This

method is usually used in

examining the urban regions with

satellite images. In order to

identify and visualize the

environmental changes in an

urban area, VIS method is a

convenient one to apply and

achieve good results.

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Marmara Sea

Black Sea

XXV FIG Congress 16-21 June 2014, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

The Vegetation-Impervious-Soil (V-I-S) model in remotesensing was proposed by Ridd (1995) as an objective,quantitative method for identifying the most commonbiophysical composition of an urban area as a function ofthree components: vegetation, impervious (surfaces such a sbuildings and roads) and soil (defined as surfaces that areneither vegetation or urban). Ridd (1995) suggested that th espatial composition of a segment of urban landscape can bedescribed as a lineer combination of V-I-S. These componetscan be organised within a diragram. As such it provides ameans of assessing the trend and relative magnitude of landuse/cover change in an urban area.

VVVV----IIII----S ModelS ModelS ModelS Model

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Landsat 5 TM (1987) of Fatih District Classified Landsat 5 TM image

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ResultsResultsResultsResults

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Suburban areas were classified using ISODATA method toverify the used methodology. Distribution of Vegetation,Impervious Surface and Soil components in all districtswere calculated as percentage. Calculated distributionsfor the year of 1987 and 2011 are displayed in V-I-Sdiagram.

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ResultsResultsResultsResults

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In this diagram, changes and codes of each district weredisplayed. According to this diagram, the districts havingimpervious surface over 70% in 1987 are Kadikoy, Fatih andZeytinburnu. In 2011, Kadikoy, Fatih, Zeytinburnu, Bakirk oy,Bahcelievler, Bagcilar, Gungoren, Besiktas, Uskudar, Sis li andBeyoglu as presented in Figure 5. These results indicate tha t themetropolitan area of Istanbul is under the highly occupied w iththe impervious surface.

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1987

2011

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Central Business District(3 up to 11 District)

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Districts having more than 70% impervious surface for the year of 1987

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Districts having more than 70% impervious surface for the year of 2011

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Discussion and ConclusionsDiscussion and ConclusionsDiscussion and ConclusionsDiscussion and Conclusions

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Digital multi-spectral satellite sensor technology nowad aysprovides valuable opportunities for qualifying and compar ingurbanized areas in the world.

Determination of the land use/cover changes using satellit esensor data is important advantages of the science of remotesensing.

Using this technique, land use/cover changes in the large ar eascan be determined rapidly and easily.

Obtained results are reliable and can be analyzed.

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Discussion and ConclusionsDiscussion and ConclusionsDiscussion and ConclusionsDiscussion and Conclusions

XXV FIG Congress 16-21 June 2014, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Spatial distribution of land use/cover of a city could be det erminedquickly and economically using multispectral satellite im ageries.

In this study Landsat 5 TM satellite imageries were used todetermine land cover changes in Istanbul based on V-I-S mode l.

This study demonstrated that remotely sensed data could besuccessfully used to determine urbanization inducedenvironmental changes.

Vegetation, Impervious Surface and Soil components weredetermined for Istanbul using Landsat 5 TM satellite imager iesdated 1987 ad 2011.

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Discussion and ConclusionsDiscussion and ConclusionsDiscussion and ConclusionsDiscussion and Conclusions

XXV FIG Congress 16-21 June 2014, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Percentage distributions of these three components weredisplayed on V-I-S diagram. In this study only impervioussurface areas were evaluated.

Results show that, there was only three district which havemore then %70 of impervious surface in 1987, number ofdistricts reached to 11 which has the same level of imperviou ssurface in the year of 2011.

This study also indicated that the V-I-S model can be applied tosatellite images for the analysis of spatial changes and the irtrends.

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Thank you very much for your attention...

kayasina@itu.edu.tr

sertele@itu.edu.tr

seker@itu.edu.tr

XXV FIG Congress 16-21 June 2014, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia