field study 2: experiencing the teaching-learning process

FIELD STUDY 2: EXPERIENCING THE TEACHING-LEARNING PROCESS

Episode 1: Principles of Learning

Name of FS student _________________________________________________________________Course _________________________________ Year & Section ____________________________Resource Teacher ______________________________ Signature ______________ Date _________Resource Teacher ______________________________ Signature ______________ Date _________Resource Teacher ______________________________ Signature ______________ Date _________Cooperating School __________________________________________________________________

My Target: While I observe three different classes, I will be able to identify applications of the principles of learning in the teaching-learning process.

My Map: I will observe at least 3 different classes. Pay close attention to what the Resource Teacher does to teach and what the learners do to learn. To hit my target, I will work my way through these steps:

1. I will review the principles of learning on pp. 21-25 of Principles of Teaching 1, 2007 by Corpuz, B. and G. Salandanan.

2. I will observe 3 different classes.3. I will identify evidence of applications of the principles of learning. (You are given a sample

in # 1 principle.) I can cite more than one evidence per principle of learning.4. Guided by a question/questions, I will reflect on my experience, write down my reflection.

My Tool: As I observe a class, I will use the Observation Sheet for a more focused observation.

OBSERVATION SHEET

Name of the Resource Teachers Observed: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________School Address: __________________________________________ Date: ________________________Grade/Year Level: ________________________________________ Subject Area: _________________

Principles of Learning Teaching Behavior of the Teacher/Learning Behavior of the Learner as Proof of the

Application of the Principles of Learning

1. Learning is an experience which occurs inside the learner and is activated by the learner.

Sample:

1. Teacher lets the learners do the learning activity. e.g. – Pupil writes letter A instead of Teacher writing for them.

2. Learning is the discovery of the personal meaning and relevance of ideas.

2.

3. Learning is a consequence of experience. 3.

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4. Learning is a cooperative and collaborative process.

4.

5. Learning is an evolutionary process. 5.

6. Learning is sometimes a painful process. 6.

7. One of the richest resources for the learning is the learner himself.

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8. The process of learning is emotional as well as intellectual.

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9. The process of problem solving and learning are highly unique.

9.

My Analysis

1. What is the impact of the Resource Teacher’s observance of these principles on the teaching-learning process and on the learners?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Which learning principle was applied most?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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3. Which learning principle was applied least or not at all applied?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Do you agree with these principles of learning? Or have you discovered that they are not always correct?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Lessons I have learned from my observations on the classroom application of the principles of learning.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

My Reflections

My reflections on my observations of my Resource Teacher’s observance of these principles. Did my Resource Teachers adhere to these principles?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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My Portfolio

Principles of Learning in My Own Words

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Episode 2: Lesson Objectives as My Guiding Star


My Target: In this episode, I must be able to:a. deduce the lesson objective/s after observing my Resource Teachers teach;b. see how the guiding principles in the formulation of lesson objectives are applied; andc. realize the importance of a clearly defined lesson objective.

My Map: I will observe two different classes and observe the Resource Teacher teach. I will reflect on the guide questions given below. To hit my target, I will follow these steps:

1. Review the “Guiding Principles in Determining and Formulating Learning Objectives” found in Principles of Teaching 1, by Corpuz, B. and G. Salandanan, pp. 29-38.

2. Observe a class with a learning partner. My focus this time is on lesson or learning objectives.

3. Discuss my observations/answers to the questions with my partner.4. Write down my answers to the questions.5. Reflect on my observation.

My Tool: 1. As I observe a class, I will use the observation sheet for a more focused observation.

OBSERVATION SHEET


Guiding Principles in Determining and Formulating Learning Objectives

Teaching Behavior/s which Prove/s Observance of the Guiding Principle

1. Begin with the end in mind.

Sample:

1. The resource teacher began her lesson by stating her objective.

2. Share lesson objective with students. 2.

3. Lesson objectives must be in the 2 or 3 domains – cognitive, skill and affective or cognitive and affective or skill and affective.

3.

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4. Work on significant and relevant lesson objectives.

4.

5. Lesson objectives must lead to the development of critical and creative thinking.

5.

2. After observing your resource teacher, write own what you think was/were her lesson objective.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Ask permission from your resource teacher for you to copy her lesson objective for the day’s lesson. Copy it here then compare it with your answer in #2. Are they the same? Different?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

My Analysis

1. If answer in #3 above is different, what is your conclusion regarding written lesson objective and actual lesson development? Are lesson objectives in the lesson plan always followed? Do they really serve as guiding star?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Why did you find it easy/difficult to write down the resource teacher’s lesson objective for the say? Did she mention it at the beginning of her/his lesson?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Did you find the lesson objective SMART? Why or why not?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Was the lesson objective in the cognitive or psychomotor or affective domain? Or was it in the two or three domains? Support your answer.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

My Reflections

Any lessons learned or insights gained from your observation focused on lesson objectives? Write them down here. Are lesson objectives truly the guiding start in the development of a lesson? Or are lesson objectives sometimes forgotten as the lesson develops?

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My Portfolio

My researched qoutations that state the significance of goals and objectives.

(Don’t forget to state your source.)

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Episode 3: Organizing Content for Meaningful Learning


My Target: In this episode, I must be able to:a. observe the teaching of a dominantly cognitive or skill or affective lesson (cognitive lesson –

Sibika; Skill – Math; affective – values Education)b. trace the development of a cognitive, skill and affective lesson

My Map: I will observe three different lessons executed - cognitive, skill and affective lessons . To reach my target, I will work my way through these steps:

1. Review “Selection and Organization” of content found in Principles of Teaching 1 by Corpuz, B. and G. Salandanan, 2007, pp. 43-51.

2. Observe one type of class – cognitive, skills, affective at a time.3. Accomplish the observation sheet.4. Answer the questions for analysis.5. Reflect on what I have done and write down my reflections.

My Tools

OBSERVATION SHEET


A. For the Cognitive Lesson1. What is the lesson about?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What are examples of facts mentioned in the lesson?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Did the lesson end with facts? Or did these facts lead to understanding of concepts? Prove your answer.

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______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Write down instances of treating the topic in depth (giving examples, examining cause-effect relationships, relating ideas or concepts to one another)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Cite an instance/s when students were encouraged to ask questions, to talk about and reflect on what they learned.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

B. For the Skill Lesson1. What was the skill lesson about? Which skills was/were target? Manipulative skill or thinking

skill?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Write evidence of the teacher’s encouragement of divergent thinking by the students.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Which are proofs that the resource teacher promoted convergent thinking?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. If there was problem solving in the lesson, were the pupils taught to solve the problem using algorithm or heuristic strategy?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. What are proofs that the students were encouraged to do critical thinking?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

C. Value/Affective Lesson1. What was the value lesson about?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Was the value taught alone or was it integrated with a cognitive or skill lesson?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. How was the value lesson developed?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

My Analysis

A. For the Cognitive LessonHow did my resource teacher teach the cognitive content meaningfully and interestingly?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

B. For the Skill Lesson

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____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

C. For the Affective Lesson1. Is it possible to teach a value lesson without any cognitive basis at all? Explain your answer.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. A cognitive or a skill lesson is a vehicle for value education. Do you agree?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

My Reflections

1. Someone once said: “There are dull teachers, dull textbooks, dull films but no dull subjects.” Do you agree? Write down your reflections here.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. How should you organize subject matter (be it cognitive, skill or value lesson) so that your teaching will always be fresh and interesting?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

My Portfolio

Research on/or come up with a lesson plan (cognitive or skill) that integrates a value or values. Paste it here. (You may want to refer to “Integrating Values with Subject Matter”, in Principles of Teaching 2, 2006 by Corpuz, B., G. Salandanan and D. Rigor, pp. 91-92.) An outline of the lesson development will do. (Attach another sheet is necessary.)

My Lesson Plan

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Episode 4: Guiding Principles in the Selection and Use of Teaching Strategies


My Target: In this episode, I must be able to write evidence of the application of some guiding principles in the selection and use of teaching strategies.

My Map: I will observe at least 3 resource teachers, analyze and reflect on my observations. To reach my target, I will follow the following steps:

1. Review Selection and Use of Teaching Strategies in Principles of Teaching 1, 2007 by Corpuz, B. and G. Salandanan, pp. 52-68.

2. Observe at least 3 resource teachers.3. Accomplish observation sheet.4. Analyze my observations.5. Reflect on my observations.

My Tools

OBSERVATION SHEET


Guiding Principles in the Selection and Use of Strategies

Teaching Behavior of the Resource Teacher that Applied the Principle

1. Learning is an active process. 1.

2. The more senses that are involved, the more and the better the learning.

2.

3. A non-threatening atmosphere enhances learning.

3.

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4. Emotion has the power to increase retention and learning.

4.

5. Good teaching goes beyond recall of information.

5.

6. Learning is meaningful when it is connected to students’ everyday life.

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7. An integrated teaching approach is far more effective than teaching isolated bits of information.

7.

My Analysis

Are these principles in accordance with brain-based teaching and learning?

My Reflections

What is the best method of teaching? Is there such a thing?

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Episode 5: On Teaching Approaches and Methods


My Target: In this episode, I must be able to determine the teaching approach or method used by the resource teacher.

My Map: I will observe at least 3 resource teachers, analyze and reflect on my observation. To realize my target, I will follow the following steps:

1. Review “Different Approaches and Methods” in Principles of Teaching 1, 2007 by B. Corpuz and G. Salandanan, pp. 69-100.

2. Observe two resource teachers.3. Accomplish observation sheet.4. Analyze my observations.5. Reflect on my observations.

My Tools

OBSERVATION SHEET


Approach/Method Description of Teaching Behavior that Proves Use of the Teaching Approach/Method (What did my resource teacher do as he/she used this approach/method?)

1. Deductive method 1.

2. Inductive method 2.

3. Demonstration method 3.

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4. Problem solving 4.

5. Discovery method 5.

6. Problem solving method 6.

7. Project method 7.

8. Constructivist method 8.

9. Metacognitive approach 9.

10. Integrative approach 10.

My Analysis1. Which approaches/methods will be grouped together? Why?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Which approaches/methods are more interactive? Less interactive?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. When should the direct method be used?

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______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. When should the indirect method be used?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Which approaches/methods promote “learning to live together”?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

My Reflections

If I decide on my teaching approach/method, I will consider ______________________ (Continue the sentence. Begin writing NOW!)

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My Portfolio

1. By means of graphic organizer, show the characteristics of a constructivists and a metacognitive approach.

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2. Do serious research and complete this Table on Methods. The first is done for you.

Method Advantage/s When to Use1. Deductive Direct teaching so I can

accomplish more within a given period of time.

Time is limited; subject matter is very difficult; learners don’t know much about the lesson; teacher is not yet skilled in facilitating skills

2. Inductive

3. Demonstration

4. Problem Solving

5. Discovery

6. Project

7.

8.

9.

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10.

Episode 6: On Lesson Development


My Target: In this episode, I must be able to trace how my resource teacher develops his/her lesson.

My Map: I will observe at least 2 resource teachers, analyze and reflect on my observations. To realize my target, I will follow the following steps:

1. Review “Appropriate Learning Activities in the Difference Phases of the Lesson” in Principles of Teaching 1, 2007 by B. Corpuz and G. Salandanan, pp. 95-99 and “Instruction” in Educational Technology 1, 2007 by B. Corpuz and I. Lucido, pp. 36-43 – and Principles of Teaching 2, 2006 by B. Corpuz, et al. pp. 51-90.

2. Observe two resource teachers on how they go through their lessons.3. Accomplish observation sheet.4. Analyze my observations.5. Reflect on my observations.

My Tools

OBSERVATION SHEET


1. Describe how the teacher began his/her lesson. Why do you think did she/he do that?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What activity/ies did the resource teacher ask the learners to do after she/he introduced the lesson? Why do you think he/she did such?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. How did she end his/her lesson? Why do you think he/she did that?

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____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Did you notice an assessment of learning in the process of teaching? If yes, how was it done?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Did you observe if resource teacher checked learning at the end of her lesson?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Checklist – of the following, which did you observe? Please check if you observed the item.

Teaching Behavior Check here!1. Connecting lesson to past lesson.2. Introducing the lesson for the day.3. Sharing the lesson objective for the day.4. Motivating the students.5. Students doing learning activity.6. Teacher giving lecturette.7. Teacher checking for understanding.8. Teacher/students summarizing.

My Analysis

1. How should a lesson begin and end?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Did you observe any part of the lesson development to have been out of place? Explain your answer.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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My Reflections

“Tell them what you want to tell them; tell them, tell them what you told them.” Relate this statement to lesson development.

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My Portfolio

Reconstruct your resource teacher’s lesson plan. Your lesson plan must have the parts of a lesson plan. A lesson plan outline may do, provided all the parts of a lesson are covered. (Attach another sheet if necessary.)

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Episode 7: Effective Questioning and Reacting Techniques


My Target: In this episode, I expect myself to be able to determine my resource teacher’s questioning and reacting techniques and identify those that promote interaction.

My Map: I shall observe three (3) resource teacher’s questioning and reacting techniques based on my past lesson on “Effective Questioning and Reacting Techniques”. To realize my target, I will do the following:

1. Review “Effective Questioning and Reacting Techniques” on pp. 161-171 of Principles of Teaching 1, 2007 by B. Corpuz and G. Salandanan.

2. Observe my resource teacher as she teacher with the use an observation sheet.3. Analyze my answers with the aid of questions.4. Reflect on my observations.

My Tools: Score the resource teacher every time he/she demonstrates any of the following questioning behaviors. Sample is shown in item #1.

Questioning Behavior Tally of Use Frequency1. Varying types of questions e.g. |||| 52. Asking non-directed questions3. Calling on non-volunteers4. Rephrasing 5. Sequencing logically6. Requiring abstract thinking7. Asking open-ended questions8. Allowing sufficient wait time9. Involving as many as possible

My Tools

OBSERVATION SHEET


Write samples of questions asked under each type.Type of Question Sample Questions Asked

1. Convergent Question24

2. Divergent Question

3. Low-Level Question

4. High-Level Question

OBSERVATION SHEET


Reacting TechniquesScore the resource teacher every time he/she makes use of any of the techniques.

Questioning Behavior Tally of Use Frequency1. Providing acceptance feedback e.g. |||| 5

2. Providing corrective feedback

3. Giving appropriate praise

4. Repeating the answer

5. Explaining the answer

6. Rephrasing the question

7. Asking follow up questions

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8. Redirecting questions to other pupils

9. Soliciting student questions

10. Encouraging through non-verbal behavior

11. Criticizing responding student for his/her answer

12. Scolding for misbehavior or not listening

13. Overusing expressions such as “Okay”, “Right”, etc.

My Analysis

1. Which questioning and reacting techniques encouraged teacher-student interaction? Which ones did not?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What did Neil Postman mean when he said: “Children go to school as question marks and leave school as periods”? Does this have something to do with a teacher’s questioning and reacting techniques?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

My Reflections

What do I resolve to do and NOT do in my questioning and reacting techniques so as to encourage teacher-student interaction?

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My Portfolio

I promote higher-order-thinking skills (HOTS) and interaction for learning by the kind of questions that I ask.

Write your divergent questions here!

I promote class interaction by my favorable remarks. Here are 5 examples of expressions I must use (products of my research) to inspire my students to be involved in class interaction.

1. “You are on the right track!”

2.

3.

4.

5.

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