ferguson emc test fundamentals and nuclear power

7/29/2019 Ferguson EMC Test Fundamentals and Nuclear Power

1/34

1Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd

Electromagnetic Compatibility(EMC)

and

Nuclear Power Facilities

presented by

Washington Laboratories, Ltd.Steven G. Ferguson


2/34


NRC Regulations

Part 50 of Title 10 of the Code of FederalRegulations (10CFR50): Domestic Licensing ofProduction and Utilization Facilities Structures, systems, and components important to

safety in a nuclear power plant be designed toaccommodate the effects of environmental conditions(i.e., remain functional under all postulated service

conditions) design control measures such as testing be used to

check the adequacy of design.


3/34


Safety Functions

IEEE Std 379-2000 IEEE Standard Application of the

Single-Failure Criterion to Nuclear Power Generating

Station Safety Systems Description

Replaced IEEE Standard (Std) 279, "Criteria for Protection

Systems for Nuclear Power Generating Stations,"

Incorporated in 10 CFR 50.55a(h) of the NRC

regulations

provides more specific requirements for the design ofinstrumentation and control (I&C) systems performing safety

functions


4/34


Safety Analysis Report

Must be sufficient to confirm that the I&Csystems important to safety are identified withdescriptions of how these systems meet theappropriate acceptance criteria and guidelinesapplicable to them.

SAR descriptions form the licensing design basisfor the plant

http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr0800/


5/34


NRC Regulatory Guide 1.180

Guidelines for Evaluating Electromagnetic and Radio-Frequency Interference in Safety-RelatedInstrumentation and Control Systems

Revision 1 issued October 2001 Adopted MIL-STD-461E and IEC 61000 series of test methods

Provides: Regulatory position on EMC

Position on EMI/RFI limiting practices

Position on EMI/RFI emissions and susceptibility testing

Position on SWC testing


6/34


RG1.180 Emission testing

MIL-STD-461E

CE101 Conducted emissions, low-frequency, 30 Hz to 10 kHz

CE102 Conducted emissions, high-frequency, 10 kHz to 2 MHz

RE101 Radiated emissions, magnetic field, 30 Hz to 100 kHz

RE102 Radiated emissions, electric field, 2 MHz to 1 GHz

IEC 61000-6-4

(None) Conducted emissions, low-frequency, 30 Hz to 10 kHz

CISPR11 Conducted emissions, high-frequency, 150 kHz to 30 MHz

(None) Radiated emissions, magnetic field, 30 Hz to 100 kHz

CISPR11 Radiated emissions, electric field, 30 MHz to 1 GHz

RG1.180 calls for applying one or the other standard no selectiveapplication

Selection of IEC method allowed if special exemption conditions are metfor power quality and proximity to equipment sensitive to magnetic fields


7/347Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd

RG1.180 Susceptibility testing

MIL-STD-461E CS101 Conducted susceptibility, low frequency, 30 Hz to 150 kHz

CS114 Conducted susceptibility, high frequency, 10 kHz to 30 MHz

CS115 Conducted susceptibility, bulk cable injection, impulse excitation

CS116 Conducted susceptibility, damped sinusoidal transients, 10 kHz to 100 MHz

RS101 Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 30 Hz to 100 kHz

RS103 Radiated susceptibility, electric field, 30 MHz to 1 GHz

IEC 61000-4 61000-4-4 Conducted susceptibility, electrically fast transients/bursts

61000-4-5 Conducted susceptibility, surges

61000-4-6 Conducted susceptibility, disturbances induced by radio-frequency fields

61000-4-12 Conducted susceptibility, 100 kHz ring wave

61000-4-13 Conducted susceptibility, low frequency, 16 Hz to 2.4 kHz

61000-4-16 Conducted susceptibility, low frequency, 15 Hz to 150 kHz 61000-4-8 Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 50 Hz and 60 Hz

61000-4-9 Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz to 50 kHz

61000-4-10 Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 100 kHz and 1 MHz

61000-4-3 Radiated susceptibility, electric field, 26 MHz to 1 GHz

RG1.180 calls for applying one or the other standard no selective application



RG 1.180 Surge Withstand Capability

(SWC) testing Ring wave

IEEE Std C62.41-1991

IEC 61000-4-12

Combination wave IEEE Std C62.41-1991

IEC 61000-4-5

Electrically Fast Transients (EFT)

IEEE Std C62.41-1991 IEC 61000-4-4

IEEE Std C62.45-1992 provides test methods for C62.41



EPRI TR-102323 R3

Guidelines for Electromagnetic Interference Testing ofPower Plant Equipment

Revision 3, issued November 2004 Revision issued to better conform to standard test methods,

investigate CS114 test levels and provide technical rationale forvariance to RG1.180

Provides: Plant emissions data

Practices to ensure EMC

Equipment susceptibility and emissions testing guidance

Margin analysis of recommended testing limits



EPRI R3 Emission testing

Low frequency conducted emissions

CE101

High frequency conducted emissions

CE102 IEC 61000-6-4

FCC 47CFR Part 15

Low frequency radiated emissions

RE101

High frequency radiated emissions

RE102

IEC 61000-6-4

FCC 47CFR Part 15



EPRI R3 Susceptibility testing

Low frequency conducted MIL-STD-461E CS101

IEC 61000-4-13 & IEC 61000-4-16

High frequency conducted CS114

IEC 61000-4-6

Low frequency radiated RS101

IEC 61000-4-8, IEC 61000-4-9 and IEC 61000-4-10

High frequency radiated RS103

IEC 61000-4-3

Surge CS116

IEC 61000-4-5 and IEC 61000-4-12 or IEEE C62.41-1991

Electrically Fast Transient (EFT) CS115

IEC 61000-4-4 or IEEE C62.41

Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) IEC 61000-4-2



Low frequency conducted emissions

CE101, 30 Hz 10 kHz (AC start frequency = 2ndharmonic)

Exempt equipment from test if Power quality requirements are consistent with existing power

supply and design practices include power quality controls

New equipment will not impose additional harmonic distortionexceeding 5% THD or other power quality criteria with a validtechnical basis

Measurement in current terms

Limit relaxation allowed for high current AC power EPRI does not limit relaxation to AC

RG1.180 & EPRI R3 testing the same limits aredifferent



High frequency conducted emissions

RG1.180 CE102, 10 kHz to 2 MHz

CISPR 11, 150 kHz to 30 MHz (if CE101 is exempt)

Measurement in voltage terms

EPRI R3 CE102, 10 kHz to 10 MHz

CISPR 11, 150 kHz to 30 MHz Measurement in current terms (voltage to current

based on 50W)



Low frequency radiated emissions

RE101, 30 Hz 100 kHz

Applicable to enclosures and interconnecting leads

Exempt equipment from test if

RG1.180 - Equipment is not installed in areas with equipment sensitiveto magnetic fields distance not specified

EPRI R3 Applicable to new equipment that is a source of largemagnetic fields (>300A/m) installed



High frequency radiated emissions

RG1.180

RE102, 2 MHz to 1 GHz

CISPR 11, 30 MHz 1 GHz EPRI R3

RE102, 2 MHz to 10 GHz

CISPR 11, 30 MHz to 1 GHz

FCC 47 Part 15, 30 MHz to 1 GHz



High frequency radiated emission limits/testing

QP measurements for CISPR and FCC

EPRI calls for CIPSR/FCC testing to 5X highest frequency up to 10 GHz but no limit defined Testing is accomplished with an appropriate antenna located at the specified distance receiver parameters

defined in the test standard

RE102, FCC, CISPR

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1.0E+6 10.0E+6 100.0E+6 1.0E+9 10.0E+9 100.0E+9

Frequency (Hz)

dBuV/m

RG 1.180 1M EPRI R3 1M

FCC 10M CISPR 30M

2. 0E+6 59 44

25.0E+6 59

30.0E+6 39 30

88.0E+6 39

88.0E+6 44

216.0E+6 44

216.0E+6 46

230.0E+6 30

230.0E+6 37

960.0E+6 46

960.0E+6 50

10.0E+6 44

1.0E+9 72 37

10.0E+9

18.0E+9 89


17/3417

Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd

Low frequency conducted susceptibility

Purpose is to evaluate performance in the presence oflow frequency interference conducted via the power orsignal lines

MIL-STD-461E CS101, Conducted susceptibility, low frequency, 30 Hz to 150

kHz

IEC 61000-4 IEC 61000-4-13, Conducted susceptibility, low frequency, 16 Hz

to 2.4 kHz IEC 61000-4-16, Conducted susceptibility, low frequency, 15 Hz

to 150 kHz


18/3418


Low frequency conducted susceptibility limits/testing

CS101 Low frequency sinusoidal signals are used to modulate the power lines to simulate

interference Prior to test a maximum drive level is establish with a fixed load

The interfering signal is coupled to the power input and the amplitude increased to the testvoltage without exceeding the maximum drive level

The test frequency range is swept at a defined rate

RG1.180 and EPRI have the same limit although EPRI is specified in current terms

IEC 61000-4-13

Low frequency sinusoidal signals are used to modulate the power lines to simulateinterference

Coupling is typically by use of a programmable power source that is programmed for thespecific test frequencies and amplitude

RG1.180 provides a test limit table for harmonic frequencies correlated to Class 2 of thestandard omitting the inter-harmonic testing

EPRI calls for Class 2 testing implying that the inter-harmonic testing of the test standard isapplicable

The limit chart in EPRI R3 is inadequate to determine the test levels so the test standard is

preferred IEC 61000-4-16

Low frequency sinusoidal signals are coupled to the power and signal lines (capacitivelycoupled or direct injection)

IEC 61000-4-13, Conducted susceptibility, low frequency, 16 Hz to 2.4 kHz

Level 3 is called out by both RG1.180 and EPRI R3 however the test level curves are notthe same

EPRI R3 does not specify the short duration high level test.


19/3419


High frequency conducted susceptibility

Purpose is to evaluate performance in thepresence of RF signals inducing currents intothe equipment via the cables

MIL-STD-461E CS114, Conducted susceptibility, high frequency, 10

kHz to 30 MHz

IEC 61000-4 IEC 61000-4-6, Conducted susceptibility, 150 kHz to

80 MHz, disturbances induced by radio-frequencyfields


20/3420


RG1.180, High frequency conducted susceptibility limits

Two IEC 61000-4-6 limits are provided 140dBmV (10Vrms) for power and medium exposure signal lines (96.5dBmA)

130dBmV (3Vrms) for low exposure signal lines (86.5dBmA) Frequency range is not defined so the 150 kHz to 80 MHz range from the test standard is normally assumed

A pre-calibrated forward power limit (drive level) is applicable if the current is not attained

RG 1.180, CS114

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

10.0E+3 100.0E+3 1.0E+6 10.0E+6 100.0E+6

Frequency (Hz)

dBuA

Pow er Signal

10.0E+3 100 91

200.0E+3 100

200.0E+3 97

30.0E+6 97 91


21/3421


EPRI R3, High frequency conducted susceptibility limits

CS114 testing between 30 MHz and 200 MHz may be exempted if RS103 is accomplished

EPRI states that use of the Army Ground Applications test level is acceptable but the limit is

shown incorrectly which applies A pre-calibrated forward power limit (drive level) is applicable if the current is not attained

TR 102323 R3

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

10.0E+3 100.0E+3 1.0E+6 10.0E+6 100.0E+6 1.0E+9

Frequency (Hz)

dBuA

CS114 Curve 3 IEC 61000-4-6

10.0E+3 49

150.0E+3 97

1.0E+6 89

30.0E+6 89

80.0E+6 97

200.0E+6 81


22/3422


Electrically Fast Transients/Bursts (EFT)

RG1.180 CS115, Conducted susceptibility, bulk cable injection, impulse

excitation

IEC 61000-4-4, Electrically Fast Transient/Bursts

Applicability to signal lines Applicable to power lines under the SWC testing allows use of

C62.41-1991

EPRI R3 Same tests as RG1.180 but different levels and applicable to

power and signal CS115 is listed but the limit is not stated 5A is implied under

the listing of differences between ERPI R3 and RG1.180


23/34


EFT limits/testing

CS115 uses a pre-calibrated test current using a fixed load testfixture then interference is applied that drive level

RG1.180 2A

EPRI R3 5A

Interference is coupled inductively current injection

IEC 61000-4-4 uses an open circuit voltage that is applied to thecircuit RG1.180 1kV (low exposure), 2kV (medium exposure) for signal lines

RG1,180 2kV (low exposure), 4kV (medium exposure) for power lines(SWC)

EPRI R3 2kV power lines; 1kV signal lines (2kV for lines that connectto unsuppressed inductive loads)

Interference is coupled capacitively voltage injection Common mode and differential mode testing is not discussed

although both test standards have provisions for testing


24/34


Surge

RG1.180 CS116, Conducted susceptibility, damped sinusoidal transients, 10 kHz to 100

MHz or

IEC 61000-4-5, Surge immunity test (combination wave) and

IEC 61000-4-12, Oscillatory waves immunity test

Applicability to signal lines

Applicable to power lines under the SWC testing allows use of C62.41-1991 EPRI R3

Same tests as RG1.180 but different levels and applicable to power and signal

RG1.180 defines 4-12 test as ring wave and EPRI R3 provides for a repetitionfrequency for the oscillating wave

CS116 is listed but the not recommended

Oscillating wave specified rise time; \ Damped Oscillatory vs. Ring Wave

Test duration CS116 calls for duration and pulse repetition rate

4-5 combination wave test uses a number of repetitions

4-12 ring wave test uses a number of repetitions

4-12 oscillating wave uses a repetition frequency and duration


25/34


Surge limits/testing

CS116 uses a pre-calibrated test current using a fixed load test fixture theninterference is applied as lesser of test current or drive level

RG1.180 5A

EPRI R3 no limit stated (allows but does not recommend CS116)

Interference is coupled inductively current injection

IEC 61000-4-5 uses an open circuit voltage that is applied to the circuit (currentlimiting is applicable)

RG1.180 1kV (low exposure), 2kV (medium exposure) for signal lines RG1,180 2kV (low exposure), 4kV (medium exposure), 6kV (external) for power lines

(SWC)

EPRI R3 2kV secondary power lines; 4kV primary power lines; 2kV signal line shields andremote grounds

Interference is coupled capacitively voltage injection

IEC 61000-4-12 uses an open circuit voltage that is applied to the circuit (currentlimiting is applicable)

RG1.180 1kV (low exposure), 2kV (medium exposure) for signal lines RG1,180 2kV (low exposure), 4kV (medium exposure) for power lines (SWC)

EPRI R3 2kV secondary power lines; 4kV primary power lines; 2kV signal line shields andremote grounds

Interference is coupled capacitively voltage injection

Common mode and differential mode testing is not discussed although both teststandards have provisions for testing


26/34


Low frequency radiated susceptibility

(magnetic field)

Exempt test if equipment is not near sources of large magnetic fieldsand limiting practices are used

RG1.180 indicates CRTs, motors, high current cables as large sources

EPRI R3 indicates 300A/m sources

Test methods:

RS101, Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 30 Hz to 100 kHz

IEC 61000-4-8, Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 50 Hz and 60 Hz

IEC 61000-4-9, Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz to 50kHz

IEC 61000-4-10, Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 100 kHz and 1MHz

IEC 61000-4-10 has additional limiting applicability to high current switchingsources (bus bar switching) in EPRI R3


27/34


Low frequency radiated susceptibility limits/testing

RS101 MIL-STD-461E Army limit (flux density terms)

IEC 61000-4-8 50 or 60 Hz sine wave, 30 A/m (152dBpT) continuous (300 A/m (172dBpT) short

duration)

IEC 61000-4-9 RG1.180 and EPRI R3 indicate a frequency range for the test but standard is

based on a pulse

Pulse 6.4/16mS, 300A/m (172dBpT)

IEC 61000-4-10 Damped oscillatory wave 100 kHz (40 Hz repetition) and 1 MHz (400 Hz

repetition) Test level is 30A/m (152dBpT)

Testing is performed with an induction coil adjacent to test article or coilsurrounding the test article depending on test


28/34


High frequency radiated susceptibility

(electric field)

MIL-STD-461E, Radiated susceptibility, electric field, 30 MHz to 1GHz (10 GHz EPRI)

Modulation with a 1 kHz square wave

IEC 61000-4-3, Radiated susceptibility, electric field, 26 MHz to 1GHz

Modulation with a 1 kHz sine wave

RG1.180 and EPRI R3 call for the same tests and levels

EPRI adds testing for RS103 in the 10 kHz to 30 MHz frequency rangeif CS114 is not performed

EPRI supports deletion of 30 MHz to 80 MHz if IEC 61000-4-6 testing isperformed

EPRI calls for testing above 1 GHz for evaluation of wireless deviceinterference


29/34


High frequency radiated susceptibility

limits/testing

RG1.180 and EPRI specify 10V/m test levels

Test frequency range based on test method and other testing asstated previously

Modulation is not consistent between standards

Testing at frequencies between 1 GHz and 10 GHz is becoming thenormal

Testing is accomplished with a radiating antenna producing the testfield

MIL-STD-461E testing calls for use of field probe to measure test levelduring test

IEC 61000-4-3 testing supports testing with a uniform field calibratedprior to test

Use of an anechoic shielded enclosure is standard

Antenna placement may be varied to broaden the beamwidth coveragebut test article must see exposure


30/34


Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)

Not specified in RG1.180

Optional in EPRI R3

IEC 61000-4-2 is the test standard Level 4 testing (8kV contact; 15kV air)

Test points selected based on accessibility


31/34


Tailoring testing

Understand the test article use and installation to assess applicable tests Items not exposed to high magnetic fields are exempt for the associated

susceptibility tests

Look as the applicability tables in the standards Required indicates test is always applicable

Evaluate determine applicability based on use and criticality

Optional used when impact is minimal or control measure negate the need

Why tailor? Cost and schedule drivers

Testing cost is somewhat elevated by performing unnecessary tests

Recurring cost to add unnecessary control measures may be significant

Installation practices may be a significant cost driver to provide unnecessarycontrol measures

Not advocate of deleting tests operational down-time from EMI is an on-going

cost that specifying control measures can mitigate Test planning should consider the application instead of blindly calling for

doing all potential tests

Wide usage equipment may elect to do all testing for all standards


32/34


Acceptance criteria

Acceptance criteria provided earlier is notsupported by RG1.180 or EPRI R3

SWC testing of RG1.180 specifies thatperformance criteria be established in the testplan

Open door testing is frequently called on for

equipment that must operate duringmaintenance test planning should consideracceptance with closed doors if reasonable


33/34


Threshold measurements

Threshold measurements provide data on the amplitude andfrequency of interference that produces susceptibility

This is the lowest level that produces unacceptable results

Frequency ranges of susceptibility need to be identified

Test procedure needs to identify measurements of susceptibility Threshold measurements

Reduce interference level for test article recovery

Reduce an additional 6dB

Increase amplitude to point of susceptibility

Record that measurement

Why? Absence of information makes acceptance of a deviation nearly

impossible

Solutions need the data to support design


34/34

C i ht 2011 W hi t L b t i Ltd

Contact

Contact:

Steve Ferguson: [email protected]

Washington Laboratories, Ltd.

7560 Lindbergh Drive

Gaithersburg, MD 20879

301/216-1500: fax: 301/216-1590www.wll.com

ferguson emc test fundamentals and nuclear power

Documents