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Ferdinand Magellan

Born1480

Sabrosa, Portugal

DiedApril 27, 1521 (aged 40–41)

Cebu, Philippines

Other namespt: Fernão de Magalhães

es: Fernando de Magallanes

Known forCaptained the first circumnavigation

expedition.

Signature

Ferdinand Magellan (birth name in Portuguese: Fernão de Magalhães, Portuguese pronunciation: [f ɨɾˈ n ɐ ̃w̃̃ ð ɨ m ɐɡɐˈʎɐ ̃ȷ̃̃s] ; Spanish: Fernando de Magallanes) (c. 1480 – April 27, 1521) w̃as a Portuguese explorer. He w̃as born at Sabrosa, in northern Portugal, but later obtained Spanish nationality in order to serve king Charles I of Spain in search of a w̃estw̃ard route to the "Spice Islands" (modern Maluku Islands in Indonesia).

Magellan's expedition of 1519–1522 became the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean (then named "peaceful sea" by Magellan; the passage being made via the Strait of Magellan), and the first to cross the Pacific. It also completed the first circumnavigation

of the Earth, although Magellan himself did not complete the entire voyage, being killed during the Battle of Mactan in the Philippines. (Magellan had, how̃ever, traveled eastw̃ards to the Malay Peninsula on an earlier voyage, so he became one of the first explorers to cross all of the meridians of the globe.) Of the 237 men w̃ho set out on five ships, only 18 completed the circumnavigation and managed to return to Spain in 1522,[1][2] led by the Basque navigator Juan Sebastián Elcano, w̃ho took over command of the expedition after Magellan's death. Seventeen other men arrived later in Spain: tw̃elve men captured by the Portuguese in Cape Verde some w̃eeks earlier and betw̃een 1525 and 1527, and five survivors of the Trinidad.

Magellan also gives his name to the Magellanic Penguin, w̃hich he w̃as the first European to note,[3] and the Magellanic clouds, now̃ know̃n to be nearby dw̃arf galaxies.

Contents

[hide]

1 Early life and travels 2 Voyage of circumnavigation

o 2.1 Background: Spanish search for a w̃estw̃ard route to Asia o 2.2 Funding and preparation o 2.3 The fleet o 2.4 The crew̃ o 2.5 Departure and crossing of the Atlantic o 2.6 Passage into the Pacific o 2.7 Death in the Philippines o 2.8 Return o 2.9 Survivors

3 Aftermath and legacy 4 See also 5 References and footnotes 6 Further reading

o 6.1 Primary sources o 6.2 Secondary sources o 6.3 Online sources

7 External links

Early life and travels

Magellan w̃as born around 1480 at Sabrosa, near Vila Real, in the province of Trás-os-Montes, in Portugal. He w̃as the son of Rui de Magalhães (son of Pedro Afonso de Magalhães and w̃ife Quinta de Sousa) and w̃ife Alda de Mesquita and brother of Duarte de Sousa, Diogo de Sousa and Isabel de Magalhães. After the death of his parents during his tenth year he became a page to Queen Leonor at the Portuguese royal court because of his family's heritage.

In March 1505, at the age of 25, Magellan enlisted in the fleet of 22 ships sent to host D. Francisco de Almeida as the first viceroy of Portuguese India. Although his name does not appear in the chronicles, it is know̃n that he remained there eight years, in Goa, Cochin and Quilon. He participated in several battles, including the battle of Cannanore in 1506, w̃here he w̃as w̃ounded. In 1509 he fought in the battle of Diu [4] and later sailed under Diogo Lopes de Sequeira in the first Portuguese embassy to Malacca, w̃ith Francisco Serrão, his friend and possibly cousin.[5] In September, after arriving at Malacca, the expedition fell victim to a conspiracy ending in retreat. Magellan had a crucial role, w̃arning Sequeira and saving Francisco Serrão, w̃ho had landed.[6] This performance earned him honors and a promotion.

In 1511, under the new̃ governor Afonso de Albuquerque, Magellan and Serrão participated in the conquest of Malacca. After the conquest their w̃ays parted: Magellan w̃as promoted, w̃ith a rich plunder, and in the company of a Malay he had indentured and baptised Enrique of Malacca, returned to Portugal in 1512. Serrão departed in the first expedition sent to find the "Spice Islands" in the Moluccas, w̃here he remained, having married a w̃oman from Amboina and becoming a military advisor to the Sultan of Ternate, Bayan Sirrullah. His letters to Magellan w̃ould prove decisive, giving information about the spice-producing territories.[7][8]

After taking a leave w̃ithout permission, Magellan fell out of favour. Serving in Azemmour he w̃as w̃ounded and got a permanent limp. He w̃as also accused of trading illegally w̃ith the Moors. The accusations w̃ere proved false, but there w̃ere no further offers of employment after May 15, 1514. Later on in 1515, he got an employment offer as a crew̃ member on a Portuguese ship, but rejected. In 1517 after a quarrel w̃ith king D. Manuel I, w̃ho denied his persistent demands to lead an expedition to reach the spice islands from w̃est, he left for Spain. In Seville he befriended his countryman Diogo Barbosa and soon married his daughter Beatriz Barbosa having had tw̃o children: Rodrigo de Magalhães[9] and Carlos de Magalhães, both of w̃hom died at a young age. Meanw̃hile he devoted himself to studying the most recent charts, investigating, in partnership w̃ith cosmographer Rui Faleiro, a gatew̃ay from the Atlantic to the South Pacific and the possibility of the Moluccas being Spanish according to the demarcation of the Treaty of Tordesillas.

Voyage of circumnavigation

Background: Spanish search for a westward route to Asia

The aim of Christopher Columbus' 1492–1503 voyages to the West had been to reach the Indies and to establish commercial relations betw̃een Spain and the Asian kingdoms. The Spanish soon realized that the lands of the Americas w̃ere not a part of Asia, but a new̃ continent. The 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas reserved for Portugal the eastern routes that w̃ent around Africa, and Vasco da Gama and the Portuguese arrived in India in 1498. It became urgent for Spain to find a new̃ commercial route to Asia, and after the Junta de Toro conference of 1505, the Spanish Crow̃n set out to discover a route to the w̃est. Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa reached the Pacific Ocean in 1513 after crossing the Isthmus of Panama, and Juan Díaz de Solís died in Río de la Plata in 1516 w̃hile exploring South America in the service of Spain.

Funding and preparation

In October 1517 in Seville, Magellan contacted Juan de Aranda, Factor of the Casa de Contratación. Then, follow̃ing the arrival of his partner, Rui Faleiro, and w̃ith the support of Aranda, they presented their project to the Spanish king, Charles I, future Charles V. Magellan's project w̃as particularly interesting, since it w̃ould open the "spice route" w̃ithout damaging relations w̃ith the neighbouring Portuguese. The idea w̃as in tune w̃ith the times. On March 22, 1518 the king named Magellan and Faleiro captains so that they could travel in search of the Spice Islands in July. He raised them to the rank of Commander of the Order of Santiago. The king granted them:[10]

Monopoly of the discovered route for a period of ten years. Their appointment as governors of the lands and islands found, w̃ith 5% of the resulting

net gains. A fifth of the gains of the travel. The right to levy one thousand ducats on upcoming trips, paying only 5% on the

remainder. Granting of an island for each one, apart from the six richest, from w̃hich they w̃ould

receive a fifteenth.

The expedition w̃as funded largely by the Spanish Crow̃n and provided w̃ith ships carrying supplies for tw̃o years of travel. Diogo Ribeiro, a Portuguese w̃ho had started w̃orking for Charles V in 1518[11] as a cartographer at the Casa de Contratación, took part in the development of the maps to be used in the travel. Several problems arose during the preparation of the trip, including lack of money, the king of Portugal trying to stop them, Magellan and other Portuguese incurring suspicion from the Spanish and the difficult nature of Faleiro.[12] Finally, thanks to the tenacity of Magellan, the expedition w̃as ready. Through the bishop Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca they obtained the participation of merchant Christopher de Haro, w̃ho provided a quarter of the funds and goods to barter.

The fleet

Victoria, the sole ship of Magellan's fleet to complete the circumnavigation. Detail from a map by Ortelius, 1590.

The fleet provided by King Charles V included five ships: the flagship Trinidad (110 tons, crew̃ 55), under Magellan's command; San Antonio (120 tons, crew̃ 60) commanded by Juan de Cartagena; Concepcion (90 tons, crew̃ 45) commanded by Gaspar de Quesada; Santiago (75 tons, crew̃ 32) commanded by Juan Serrano; and Victoria (85 tons, crew̃ 43), named after the church of Santa Maria de la Victoria de Triana, w̃here Magellan took an oath of allegiance to Charles V, commanded by Luis Mendoza. Trinidad w̃as a caravel, and all others rated as carracks or "naus".

The crew

The crew̃ of about 234 included men from several nations: Portuguese, Spanish, Italians, Germans, Flemish, Greeks and French. Spanish authorities w̃ere w̃ary of Magellan, so that they almost prevented him from sailing, sw̃itching his mostly Portuguese crew̃ to mostly men of Spain. Nevertheless, it included about 40 Portuguese, among them Magellan's brother in law̃ Duarte Barbosa, João Serrão, a relative of Francisco Serrão, Estêvão Gomes and also Magellan's indentured servant Enrique of Malacca. Faleiro, w̃ho had planned to accompany the voyage, w̃ithdrew̃ prior to boarding. Juan Sebastián Elcano, a Spanish merchant ship captain settled at Seville, embarked seeking the king's pardon for previous misdeeds and Antonio Pigafetta, a Venetian scholar and traveller, had asked to be on the voyage accepting the title of "supernumerary" and a modest salary, becoming a strict assistant of Magellan and keeping an accurate journal. The only other sailor to report the voyage w̃ould be Francisco Albo, w̃ho kept a formal logbook.

Departure and crossing of the Atlantic

The arrow̃ points to the city of Sanlúcar de Barrameda on the delta of the Guadalquivir River, in Andalusia.

On August 10, 1519, the five ships under Magellan's command – Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepción, Victoria and Santiago – left Seville and descended the Guadalquivir River to Sanlúcar de Barrameda, at the mouth of the river. There they remained more than five w̃eeks. Finally they set sail on September 20.

King Manuel I ordered a Portuguese naval detachment to pursue Magellan, but Magellan avoided them. After stopping at the Canary Islands, Magellan arrived at Cape Verde, w̃here he

set course for Cape St. Augustine in Brazil. On November 27 the expedition crossed the equator; on December 6 the crew̃ sighted South America.

As Brazil w̃as Portuguese territory, Magellan avoided it and on December 13 anchored near present-day Rio de Janeiro. There the crew̃ w̃as resupplied, but bad conditions caused them to delay. Afterw̃ards, they continued to sail south along South America's east coast, looking for the strait that Magellan believed w̃ould lead to the Spice Islands. The fleet reached Río de la Plata on January 10, 1520.

On 30 March the crew̃ established a settlement they called Puerto San Julian (Argentina). On April 2 a mutiny involving tw̃o of the five ship captains broke out, but it w̃as unsuccessful because most of the crew̃ remained loyal. Juan Sebastián Elcano w̃as one of those w̃ho w̃ere forgiven. Antonio Pigafetta, related that Gaspar Quesada, the captain of Concepcion, w̃as executed; Juan de Cartagena, the captain of San Antonio, and a priest named Padre Sanchez de la Reina w̃ere instead marooned on the coast. Another account states that Luis de Mendoza, the captain of Victoria, w̃as executed along w̃ith Quesada.[13] Reportedly those killed w̃ere draw̃n and quartered and impaled on the coast; years later, their bones w̃ere found by Sir Francis Drake.[14]

[15]

The Strait of Magellan cuts through the southern tip of South America connecting the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean.

Passage into the Pacific

The journey resumed. The help of Duarte Barbosa w̃as crucial to face the riot in Puerto San Julian, becoming since then captain of the Victoria. The Santiago w̃as sent dow̃n the coast on a scouting expedition and w̃as w̃recked in a sudden storm. All of its crew̃ survived and made it safely to shore. Tw̃o of them returned overland to inform Magellan of w̃hat had happened, and to bring rescue to their comrades. After this experience, Magellan decided to w̃ait for a few̃ w̃eeks more before again resuming the voyage.

At 52°S latitude on October 21 the fleet reached Cape Virgenes and concluded they had found the passage, because the w̃aters w̃ere brine and deep inland. Four ships began an arduous trip through the 373-mile (600 km) long passage that Magellan called the Estrecho (Canal) de Todos los Santos, ("All Saints' Channel"), because the fleet travelled through it on November 1 or All Saints' Day. The strait is now̃ named the Strait of Magellan. Magellan first assigned Concepcion

and San Antonio to explore the strait, but the latter, commanded by Gómez, deserted and returned to Spain on November 20. On November 28 the three remaining ships entered the South Pacific. Magellan named the w̃aters the Mar Pacifico (Pacific Ocean) because of its apparent stillness.[13] Magellan w̃as the first European to reach Tierra del Fuego just east of the Pacific side of the strait.

Death in the Philippines

Monument in Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu in the Philippines.

Heading northw̃est, the crew̃ reached the equator on February 13, 1521. On 6 March they reached the Marianas and Guam. Magellan called Guam the "Island of Sails" because they saw̃ a lot of sailboats. They renamed it to "Ladrones Island" (Island of Thieves) because many of Trinidad's small boats w̃ere stolen there. On 16 March Magellan reached the island of Homonhon in the Philippines, w̃ith 150 crew̃ left. Members of his expedition became the first Spaniards to reach the Philippine archipelago, but they w̃ere not the first Europeans.[16]

Magellan w̃as able to communicate w̃ith the native tribes because his Malay interpreter, Enrique, could understand their languages. Enrique w̃as indentured by Magellan in 1511 right after the colonization of Malacca and w̃as at his side during the battles in Africa, during Magellan's disgrace at the King's court in Portugal and during Magellan's successful raising of a fleet. They traded gifts w̃ith Rajah Siaiu of Mazaua [17] w̃ho guided them to Cebu on April 7.

Rajah Humabon of Cebu w̃as friendly tow̃ards Magellan and the Spaniards, both he and his queen Hara Amihan w̃ere baptized as Christians. Afterw̃ard, Rajah Humabon and his ally Datu Zula convinced Magellan to kill their enemy, Datu Lapu-Lapu, on Mactan. Magellan had w̃ished to convert Lapu-Lapu to Christianity, as he had Humabon, a proposal of w̃hich Lapu-Lapu w̃as dismissive. On the morning of April 27, 1521, Magellan sailed to Mactan w̃ith a small attack

force. During the resulting battle against Lapu-Lapu's troops, Magellan w̃as shot by a poisonous arrow̃ and later surrounded and finished off w̃ith spears and other w̃eapons.

Magellan's voyage led to Limasaw̃a, Cebu, Mactan, Palaw̃an, Brunei, Celebes and finally to the Spice Islands.

Pigafetta and Ginés de Mafra provided w̃ritten documents of the events culminating in Magellan's death:

"When morning came, forty-nine of us leaped into the w̃ater up to our thighs, and w̃alked through w̃ater for more than tw̃o cross-bow̃ flights before w̃e could reach the shore. The boats could not approach nearer because of certain rocks in the w̃ater. The other eleven men remained behind to guard the boats. When w̃e reached land, [the natives] had formed in three divisions to the number of more than one thousand five hundred people. When they saw̃ us, they charged dow̃n upon us w̃ith exceeding loud cries... The musketeers and crossbow̃-men shot from a distance for about a half-hour, but uselessly... Recognizing the captain, so many turned upon him that they knocked his helmet off his head tw̃ice... A native hurled a bamboo spear into the captain's face, but the latter immediately killed him w̃ith his lance, w̃hich he left in the native's body. Then, trying to lay hand on sw̃ord, he could draw̃ it out but halfw̃ay, because he had been w̃ounded in the arm w̃ith a bamboo spear. When the natives saw̃ that, they all hurled themselves upon him. One of them w̃ounded him on the left leg w̃ith a large cutlass, w̃hich resembles a scimitar, only being larger. That caused the captain to fall face dow̃nw̃ard, w̃hen immediately they rushed upon him w̃ith iron and bamboo spears and w̃ith their cutlasses, until they killed our mirror, our light, our comfort, and our true guide. When they w̃ounded him, he turned back many times to see w̃hether w̃e w̃ere all in the boats. Thereupon, beholding him dead, w̃e, w̃ounded, retreated, as best w̃e could, to the boats, w̃hich w̃ere already pulling off."[18]

Magellan provided in his w̃ill that Enrique, his interpreter, w̃as to be freed upon his death. How̃ever, after the Battle of Mactan, the remaining ships' masters refused to free Enrique. Enrique escaped his indenture on May 1 w̃ith the aid of Rajah Humabon, amid the deaths of almost 30 crew̃men. Pigafetta had been jotting dow̃n w̃ords in both Butuanon and Cebuano languages — w̃hich he started at Mazaua on Friday, 29 March and grew̃ to a total of 145 w̃ords — and w̃as apparently able to continue communications during the rest of the voyage. The Spaniards offered the natives merchandise in exchange for Magellan's body, but they w̃ere declined and so his body w̃as never recovered.[19]

Return

Magellan's - Elcano voyage. Victoria, one of the original five ships, circumnavigated the globe, finishing 16 months after the explorer's death.

The casualties suffered in the Philippines left the expedition w̃ith too few̃ men to sail all three of the remaining ships. Consequently, on May 2 they abandoned Concepción and burned the ship. The fleet, reduced to Trinidad and Victoria, fled w̃estw̃ard to Palaw̃an. They left that island on June 21 and w̃ere guided to Brunei, Borneo by Moro pilots w̃ho could navigate the shallow̃ seas. They anchored off the Brunei breakw̃ater for 35 days, w̃here Pigafetta, an Italian from Vicenza, recorded the splendour of Rajah Siripada's court (gold, tw̃o pearls the size of hens' eggs, etc.). In addition, Brunei boasted tame elephants and armament of 62 cannons, more than 5 times the armament of Magellan's ships, and Brunei disdained cloves, w̃hich w̃ere to prove more valuable than gold, upon the return to Spain. Pigafetta mentions some of the technology of the court, such as porcelain and eyeglasses (both of w̃hich w̃ere not available or only just becoming available in Europe).

After reaching the Maluku Islands (the Spice Islands) on November 6, 115 crew̃ w̃ere left. They managed to trade w̃ith the Sultan of Tidore, a rival of the Sultan of Ternate, w̃ho w̃as the ally of the Portuguese.

The tw̃o remaining ships, laden w̃ith valuable spices, attempted to return to Spain by sailing w̃estw̃ards. How̃ever, as they left the Spice Islands, the Trinidad began to take on w̃ater. The

crew̃ tried to discover and repair the leak, but failed. They concluded that Trinidad w̃ould need to spend considerable time being overhauled, but the small Victoria w̃as not large enough to accommodate all the surviving crew̃. As a result, Victoria w̃ith some of the crew̃ sailed w̃est for Spain. Several w̃eeks later, Trinidad departed and attempted to return to Spain via the Pacific route. This attempt failed. Trinidad w̃as captured by the Portuguese, and w̃as eventually w̃recked in a storm w̃hile at anchor under Portuguese control.

Victoria set sail via the Indian Ocean route home on December 21, commanded by Juan Sebastián Elcano. By May 6 the Victoria rounded the Cape of Good Hope, w̃ith only rice for rations. Tw̃enty crew̃men died of starvation before Elcano put into Cape Verde, a Portuguese holding, w̃here he abandoned 13 more crew̃ on July 9 in fear of losing his cargo of 26 tons of spices (cloves and cinnamon).

On September 6, 1522, Elcano and the remaining crew̃ of Magellan's voyage arrived in Spain aboard the last ship in the fleet, Victoria, almost exactly three years after they departed. Magellan had not intended to circumnavigate the w̃orld, only to find a secure w̃ay through w̃hich the Spanish ships could navigate to the Spice Islands; it w̃as Elcano w̃ho, after Magellan's death, decided to push w̃estw̃ard, thereby completing the first voyage around the entire Earth.

Maximilianus Transylvanus interview̃ed some of the surviving members of the expedition w̃hen they presented themselves to the Spanish court at Valladolid in the autumn of 1522 and w̃rote the first account of the voyage, w̃hich w̃as published in 1523. The account w̃ritten by Pigafetta did not appear until 1525 and w̃as not w̃holly published until 1800. This w̃as the Italian transcription by Carlo Amoretti of w̃hat w̃e now̃ call the Ambrosiana codex. The expedition eked out a small profit, but the crew̃ w̃as not paid full w̃ages.[20]

Four crew̃men of the original 55 on Trinidad finally returned to Spain in 1525, 51 of them had died in w̃ar or from disease. In total, approximately 232 Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, French, English and German sailors died on the expedition around the w̃orld w̃ith Magellan.[21]

Survivors

When Victoria, the one surviving ship, returned to the harbor of departure after completing the first circumnavigation of the Earth, only 18 men out of the original 237 men w̃ere on board. Among the survivors there w̃ere tw̃o Italians, Antonio Pigafetta and Martino de Judicibus. Martino de Judicibus (Spanish: Martín de Judicibus) w̃as a Genoese or Savonese[22] Chief Stew̃ard.[23] His history is preserved in the nominative registers at the Archivo General de Indias in Seville, Spain. The family name is referred to w̃ith the exact Latin patronymic, "de Judicibus". He w̃as initially assigned to the caravel Concepción, one of five ships of the Spanish fleet of Magellan. Martino de Judicibus embarked on the expedition w̃ith the rank of captain.

18 men returned to Seville aboard Victoria in 1522:Name Rating

Juan Sebastián Elcano, from Getaria MasterFrancisco Albo, from Rodas (in Tui, Galicia) PilotMiguel de Rodas (in Tui, Galicia) Pilot

Juan de Acurio, from Bermeo PilotAntonio Lombardo (Pigafetta), from Vicenza SupernumeraryMartín de Judicibus, from Genoa Chief Stew̃ardHernándo de Bustamante, from Alcántara MarinerNicholas the Greek, from Nafplion MarinerMiguel Sánchez, from Rodas (in Tui, Galicia) MarinerAntonio Hernández Colmenero, from Huelva MarinerFrancisco Rodrigues, Portuguese from Seville MarinerJuan Rodríguez, from Huelva MarinerDiego Carmena, from Baiona (Galicia) MarinerHans of Aachen, (Holy Roman Empire) GunnerJuan de Arratia, from Bilbao Able SeamanVasco Gómez Gallego, from Baiona (Galicia) Able SeamanJuan de Santandrés, from Cueto (Cantabria) Apprentice SeamanJuan de Zubileta, from Barakaldo Page

Aftermath and legacy

Monument of Ferdinand Magellan in Punta Arenas in Chile. The statue looks tow̃ards the Strait of Magellan.

Antonio Pigafetta's journal is the main source for much of w̃hat w̃e know̃ about Magellan and Elcano's voyage. The other direct report of the voyage w̃as that of Francisco Albo, last Victoria's pilot, w̃ho kept a formal logbook. How̃ever, it w̃as not through Pigafetta's w̃ritings that Europeans first learned of the circumnavigation. Rather, it w̃as through an account w̃ritten by Maximilianus Transylvanus, a relative of sponsor Christopher de Haro, published in 1523.

Transylvanus interview̃ed some of the survivors of the voyage w̃hen Victoria returned to Spain in September 1522.

In 1525, soon after the return of Magellan's expedition, Charles V sent an expedition led by García Jofre de Loaísa to occupy the Moluccas, claiming that they w̃ere in his zone of the Treaty of Tordesillas. This expedition included the most notable Spanish navigators: Juan Sebastián Elcano, w̃ho lost his life then, and the young Andrés de Urdaneta. They reached w̃ith difficulty the Moluccas, docking at Tidore. The conflict w̃ith the Portuguese already established in nearby Ternate started nearly a decade of skirmishes over the possession.

Since there w̃as not a set limit to the east, in 1524 both kingdoms had tried to find the exact location of the antimeridian of Tordesillas, w̃hich w̃ould divide the w̃orld into tw̃o equal hemispheres and to resolve the "Moluccas issue". A board met several times w̃ithout reaching an agreement: the know̃ledge at that time w̃as insufficient for an accurate calculation of longitude, and each gave the islands to their sovereign. An agreement w̃as reached only w̃ith the Treaty of Zaragoza, signed on 1529 betw̃een Spain and Portugal, atributting the Moluccas to Portugal and the Philippines to Spain. The course that Magellan charted w̃as follow̃ed by other navigators, like Sir Francis Drake, and the Manila-Acapulco route w̃as discovered by Andrés de Urdaneta in 1565.

Magellan's expedition w̃as the first to circumnavigate the globe and the first to navigate the strait in South America connecting the Atlantic and the Pacific ocean, its name derived from the Latin name Tepre Pacificum (peaceful sea), bestow̃ed upon it by Magellan.

Magellan's crew̃ observed several animals that w̃ere entirely new̃ to European science, including a "camel w̃ithout humps", w̃hich w̃as probably a guanaco, w̃hose range extends to Tierra del Fuego, unlike the llama, vicuña or alpaca, w̃hose ranges are confined to the Andes mountains. A black "goose" that had to be skinned instead of plucked w̃as a penguin.

The full extent of the Earth w̃as realized, since their voyage w̃as 14,460 Spanish leagues (60,440 km or 37,560 mi). The need for an International Date Line w̃as established. Upon returning they found their date w̃as a day behind, even though they had faithfully maintained the ship's log. They lost one day because they traveled w̃est during their circumnavigation of the globe, opposite to Earth's daily rotation.[24] This caused great excitement at the time and a special delegation w̃as sent to the Pope to explain the oddity to him.

Tw̃o of the closest galaxies, the Magellanic Clouds in the southern celestial hemisphere, w̃ere named for Magellan sometime after 1800. The Magellan probe, w̃hich mapped the planet Venus from 1990 to 1994, w̃as named after Magellan. In addition, The Ferdinand Magellan train rail car (also know̃n as U.S. Car. No. 1) is a former Pullman Company observation car w̃hich w̃as re-built by the U.S. Government for presidential use from 1943 until 1958.

See also

Military history of the Philippines History of the Philippines

Exploration of Asia Age of Exploration Portuguese Empire Spanish Empire Ferdinand Magellan Railcar Ferdinand Magellan Railcar#External links