D. L. TILALA COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT

STUDIES MANAGED BY - SATKAR EDUCATION TRUST

SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT

Research Topic:-

“Feasibility Study of Biofuels as an Renewable Source of Clean Energy”

Submitted to:-Gujarat Technological University, Ahemdabad

Prepared by:-

Name Tushar M. AnkoliaEnrollment No. 97660592017Semester 3rd Training Period 45 Days

Place of Training Abellon Clean Energy Ltd, Ahmedabad.

Guided by:-

Mr.Hiren Dhulia,Lecturer.

Morbi Road, Near S. S. Pharmacy CollegeAt Post – Hadala, Ta. Tankara, Dist. Rajkot, Pin – 363 650

TeleFax :- (02822) 293055, Mobile No.9099063366Web: - www.dltmba.org, E-mail:- dltcms@gmail.com, placement_dltilala@in.com

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REFACE

Industrial Training refers to work experience that is relevant to professional

development as an essential component in the development of the practical and

professional skill required of a manger and an aid to prospective employment.

Teaching gives the knowledge of theoretical aspects of management but

implementation of theory gives practical knowledge of management field. The

aim of this training is to introduce the fundamentals and the basic principles of

financial management and business accounting in real life day to day application

of business transition.

Practical Knowledge of theory is of grater important for a finance student. I am

thankful to our institute has arranged summer training before entering into the

specialization field of PGDM program. This project report is an outline of what I

have learnt during our training period at Abellon Clean Energy Ltd at

Ahmedabad , one of the prestigious energy sector companies running with

strategy values and time management.

I am thankful to Abellon Clean Energy Limited for giving me such a valuable

opportunity to work with them.

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Acknowledgment

“Expression of feelings by words makes them less significant when it comes to make statement of gratitude”

With regard to my Project with Abellon Clean Energy Ahmedabad I would like to thank each and every one who offered help, guidelines and support whenever required.

I express my deep sense of gratitude to my company mentors, M r .D.P.Misra Sir (Head of the Dept. Biomass Collection) & Mr.Mahesh Gajjar (Exe. Business Development) & also Mr.Anil Dube (Head Biomass Sourcing) and also our team member Mr.Harsh Raval,Nitin Suthar, Bipin Chauhan,Chandan Thakor,Kiran Bavaliya without whose support and cooperation this project could not have been completed successfully.

I am also thankful to HR department of the Abellon Clean Energy Ltd, Ahmedabad for giving me a great opportunity for my Summer Intership Project.

I sincerely express my thankfulness to our Director Mr.R.K.Balayan sir & Mr.Hiren Dhulia principal of D.L.Tilala College of Management Studies Rajkot for their valuable suggestions and help during the project.I am also extremely grateful to my college guide,Mr.Piyush Chadarva (Lecturer-cum-Trainer) and all the faculty member of my college for their valuable suggestions and able guidance.

Last, but not the least, my heartfelt love for my parents and my friends, whose constant support and blessings kept me enthusiastic throughout this project.

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this Summer Internship Project Report entitled “Feasibility Study of Biofuels as an Renewable Source of Clean Energy” in Abellon Clean Energy Ltd. Ahmedabad submitted in partial fulfillment of requirement of Summer Intership Project to the Institute Shri D.L. Tilala College of Management Studies Rajkot is based on primary and secondary data founded by me in various department ,books ,magazines and websites .

This is an original piece of work and has not been submitted to any other institution or university for any purpose

Place :- Signature of candidate Date :-

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Executive Summary

The term "biomass" encompasses diverse fuels derived from timber, agriculture and food processing wastes or from fuel crops that are specifically grown or reserved for electricity generation. Biomass fuel can also include sewage sludge and animal manure. Some biomass fuels are derived from trees. Given the capacity of trees to regenerate, these fuels are considered renewable. Burning crop residues, sewage or manure - all wastes that are continually generated by society -- to generate electricity may offer environmental benefits in the form of preserving precious landfill space OR may be grown and harvested in ways that cause environmental harm.

In terms of capacity, biomass power plants represent the secondlargest amount of renewable energy in the nation.

Because biomass technologies use combustion processes to produce electricity, they can generate electricity at any time, unlike wind and most solar technologies, which only produce when the wind is blowing or sun is shining. Biomass power plants currently represent 11,000 MW - the second largest amount of renewable energy in the nation.

Biomass power plants also divert wood waste from landfills, which

reduces the productions and atmospheric release of methane,another potent greenhouse gas.

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Table of Contents

S N. Contents Page No.

1. Introduction. 1

2. Company overview. 3

3. Energy Scienario of India. 9

3.1 Power Situation Of The Country. 9

3.2 Production and Consumption of Energy.

10

3.3 Cost of Energy. 12

3.4 Sources of Energy in India. 13

3.5 Pollution Scenario 28

3.5 Power Requirement in the State of Gujarat.

30

3.6 Need for Alternative Energy. 30

3.7 Impact Due to Fossil Fuel Consumption.

31

3.8 Renewable Energy Scenario in India.

41

3.9 Availability of Energy Resources. 42

4. Objectives 44

5. Research Methodology 44

6. Bio fuels. 45

6.1 Different Type of bio fuel. 46

6.2 Bio-fuel in India. 46

6.3 Jatropha Incentives in India. 49

6.4 Biofuels Production Cycle. 50

6.5 Bio-fuel production from biomass. 51

6.6 Commercial Bio-Fuel Production In India.

51

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6.7 Sustainable Bio-fuel Production. 53

6.8 Pros & Cos of Bio fuel. 57

7. Best Bio-Fuel Crops For India. 59

7.1 What is Jatropha ? 59

7.2 Possible uses of Jatropha 617.3 Detail about Jatropha 637.4 Physical and chemical properties of diesel and Jatropha. 647.5 Pictures of Jatropha 65

8. Bio-Fuel –Alternative to Transport Fuel. 668.1 Economic Benefit. 668.2 Social Benefits. 678.3 Economics of Jatropha Bio-Diesel. 68

9. Bio Deasel. 719.1 What is biodiesel fuel. 719.2 How Bio Deasel made ? 729.3 Pros & Cos of Biodeasel. 74

10. Production of Bio Deasel. 7710.1 Environmental Effects. 7710.2 Food, land and water vs. Fuel. 7710.3 India’s Biodiesel Scene. 78

11. Ethanol. 7911.1 What is Bio fuel Ethanol. 8011.2 Ethanol as a Fuel. 8011.3 Alcohol Through Corn, Maize, Grain, Starch etc.

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11.4 Ethanol in India. 8111.5 Impact on developing countries. 8311.6 Pros & Cos of Ethanol Production. 84

12. Strategic Implication. 8713. Conclusion. 8814. Bibliography. 89

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1. Introduction

A search of alternate source of clean energy is very necessary as natural

petroleum stock is depleting rapidly. Petroleum fuel lasts only for next 50-70 years

if no new sources of energy are found. The combustion of petroleum fuel releases

huge amount of air pollution. This results in global warming and causes many

diseases. Also we are dependent on foreign countries for more than 70% of

petroleum fuel, so it is necessary to search a good alternate source of energy

which can fulfill our energy needs, release less pollution, saves money and

generate more employment. Now Govt. has taken initiative to search for such fuel

which can fulfill our above said requirements. Bio-fuel is emerging as an alternate

source of energy; it has many advantages which must be utilized to fulfill

alternate energy sources requirements. Although it has some disadvantages but

we have to overcome for utilizing it as best available alternate source for

transportation energy. We have realized various needs and odds about bio-fuel,

and we shorted out them as follows:

For this we have to find out whether it is economical to switch over to Bio-fuel

from petroleum This would require a comprehensive study of all existing sources

of energy; their production; their ill effects; their sustainability; bio fuels as an

alternate source; technology; costing; marketing strategy; market potential etc.

This study examined the feasibility of the bio fuel as an alternative fuel for

transportation purposes in the India. The emphasis in this examination with

respect to alternative transportation fuels was on bio-diesel, ethanol, alcohol

gasoline mixtures, and liquid natural gas. Feasibility was assessed within the

context of environmental concerns, performance of vehicle, cost of fuel, and

associated government regulations that are driving technology to meet demands

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related to air pollution control that may be able to be met though the use of

alternative fuels for transportation purposes. A heavy dependence on foreign

sources for transportation fuels continues to characterize an important

component of the supply side of the Indian energy equation. Further, our reliance

on foreign sources for transportation fuels is expected to continue to increase as

long as crude oil remains the dominant source of transportation fuels in the India.

Additionally, environmental concerns are expected to be manifested in future

demands for a curtailment of the use of crude oil based transportation fuels. The

successful introduction of the use of alternative fuels for transportation purposes,

however, is likely to be heavily dependent up consumer acceptance. Thus, such

factors as the cost of use of an alternative fuel and the characteristics of such fuel

with respect to the operational performance of vehicles in comparison to current

fuel (petrol, diesel) must be positive. Then only it is accepted otherwise we have

stick to our present fuels or we have to search for some other options for energy.

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2. Company overview

Abellon CleanEnergy is an integrated sustainable energy solutions provider with a

vision to contribute to clean energy generation through focus on Bio energy,

including Bio pellets, Bio fuels, Bio power, and waste management, as well as

other forms of clean energy generation. Abellon's integrated bioenergy model is

based on the conversion of biomass feedstocks into higher efficiency solid and

liquid fuels using innovative physical and thermo-chemical conversion processes

and technologies.

Being derived from biomass sources, the biofuel products are carbon-neutral and

significantly reduce pollution by offseting conventional fossil-fuel consumption.

Furthermore, the bioenergy model supports inclusive-growth and sustainable

development. Our Guiding Philosophy.

• No 'Food vs Fuel' conflict

• Synergy with existing agricultural practices

Abellon has setup collection centers at various locations and procures agro and

other organic wastes for the subsequent levels in the value chain. This collected

waste is sent to the BioPower plant for energy generation as well as for the liquid

and solid biofuels production.

2.1 Group & Leadership:

The group is led by a team of first generation entrepreneurs powered by the

philosophy of innovation led 'Blue Ocean Thinking,' global focus, and values based

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organization and team building. As a group, we believe in consistently adopting

new business models and innovation to build our businesses, supported by the

principles of Empowerment of Youth, Achievement & Motivation, Creativity &

Innovation, Sustainability and Excellence.

Our leadership and senior team of entrepreneurs, management professionals, and

technical experts have extensive experience and deep capabilities of

implementing and executing large scale projects.

2.2 Focus of the Company:

2.2.1 Bio Pellets:

'BioRich' -Abellon's Eco-friendly and carbon neutral Bio Pellet, is a refined and

densified fuel that allows remarkable consistency and burn efficiency at

substantially lower particulate emissions. BioRich is a powerful replacement to

conventional fossil fuel and can be utilized in boilers, furnaces, kilns across

various manufacturing facilities and thermal power plants.

2.2.2 Bio-Power:

Abellon, with wide experience in setting up large biomass based co-

generation facilities, endeavors to generate electricity in India, and globally. We

are setting up Biomass based power plants across the world which are designed

to run on 100% biomass with direct combustion (Rankine Cycle) technology.

2.2.3 Liquid Biofuels:

Abellon os concentrating on the production of Bioethanol and Biodiesel, with an

objective of cutting down consumption of conventional petrol and diesel.

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2.2.4 BioEthanol:

Focus of Abellon is on second-generation biomass-to-liquid technologies for

bioethanol production using ligno-cellulosic (wood based residue and grasses)

feedstock. In addition to using ligno-celluosic residue, Abellon exploring ligno-

cellulosic energy crops that need less fertilizer and have a short harvesting cycle

which enable a positive impact on environment, rural incomes, livelihoods and

social capital development.

2.2.5 BioDiesel:

Abellon is focusing on mass-production of Bio Diesel from high lipid content

'Marine Algal' strains by separating lipids from it through deployment of

specialized technology of transmogrification. Abellon has initiated extensive

research and development on methods & techniques of growing algae through our

in-house pilot set-up, with a focus on the identification of algal strains with high

lipid content, which can be cultivated under diverse temperature, humidity and

geographical conditions.

Algae offers some significant benefits, including its rich oil content, which allows it

to consume nearly twice its weight of carbon dioxide, its ability to flourish in fresh

water, polluted water, seawater and farm run-offs, and to grow in any kind of

habitat. By developing our Algae Farms close to power plants,Abellon is focusing

on the dual benefits of 'Accelerated Photosynthesis' through enhanced supply of

carbon dioxide, as well as significant reduction in atmospheric carbon levels,

leading to reduction in global warming.

Through Abellon's partnerships with agricultural experts, scientists, engineers,

industries, investors and government departments, development agents and

farmers, Abellon endeavor to create a holistic and scalable model to achieve

sustainable development.

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2.2.6 Wind Energy:

Wind energy offers immense untapped potential of energy generation. Abellon

acts as an international project developer for development, construction,

operation, and maintenance of wind energy projects. Our focus includes setting

up integrated wind farms and operating in the large as well as micro-turbine

segment.

2.2.7 Solar Energy:

Abellon's key area of focus in solar energy is to develop and operate integrated

solar farms - integrating solar heating or steam generation systems with the

existing utility network of industries seamlessly. The Company is currently in the

process of developing innovative solutions to harness this energy efficiently and

economically for diverse industrial and domestic applications.

2.2.8 Waste Management:

Abellon is focusing on the entire waste cycle, including urban cleaning

services, soil and site remediation, collection, sorting, transfer, treatment, and

recycling/recovery. Through waste management, we endeavor to reduce the

pollutant load of waste, convert waste to energy through recycling and recovery,

and generate gas which can serve as fuel.

2.2.9 Water Management:

Abellon's expertise lies in designing and building solutions supported by quality

services with a focus on public health protection, leak reduction, improved

productivity (plants and pipelines) and water conservation, as well as, effective

treatment and recycling of waste water, to ensure optimal utilization of water.

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Drawing from the significant group level expertise and experience in the areas of

utilities, water and waste management, Abellon offers innovation and technology

driven, holistic, end-to-end solutions in these areas, working with civic authorities,

industries, and other large customers.

A series of four colloquies held in the first quarter of 2000 examined the expected

development of biomass commercialization in the next 2 to 5 years. Each colloquy

included seven to ten representatives from key industries that can contribute to

biomass commercialization and who are in positions to influence the future

direction. They represented:

• Corn Growers

• Biomass Suppliers

• Plant Science Companies

• Process Engineering Companies

• Chemical Processors

• Agri-pulp Suppliers

• Current Ethanol Producers

• Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers

• Enzyme Suppliers

Others attending included representatives from the National Renewable Energy

Laboratory (NREL), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the U.S. Department of

Energy’s Office of Fuels Development, the U.S. Department of Agriculture,

environmental groups, grower organizations, and members of the financial and

economic development community. The informal discussions resulted in improved

awareness of the current state, future possibilities, and actions that can

accelerate commercialization. Biomass commercialization on a large scale has

four common issues:

1. Feedstock availability from growers

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2. Large-scale collection and storage

2. An economic process

4. Market demand for the products

3. ENERGY SCENARIO IN INDIA

INTRODUCTION

Energy is essential to the modern society. Over 85% of our energy demands are

met by the combustion of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels, coal, oil and natural gas, are a

nonrenewable source of energy. The fuels are burned to release the chemical

energy that is stored within this resource. Fossil fuels are excellent sources of

energy for our transportation needs; however they are also the primary source of

electrical energy in the world today. Coal power plants account for at least 60% of

our national energy and 52% of the world's demand. We, as a world, burn

approximately 1.9 billion tons of coal a year to generate electricity. A worst-case

scenario is the "Third World" scenario, which predicts that the world will exhaust

its non-renewable fuel in the very near future.

3.1 Power Situation Of The Country:-

• Current demand (2008) exceeds supply by 13.4% and peak time shortage

by 17.1%

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• Current primary energy growth rate is 3.6% per annum

• To overcome the power demand-supply gap, the expected capacity

installation

should be 2,05,000 MW in 2012 and 4,00,000 MW by 2030

3.2 Production and Consumption of Energy:

3.2.1 Crude Oil:

• Crude oil demand: 2.4-mn barrels/day in 2008. It is expected to rise to 6.0

mn

barrels/day in 2030.

• India imported about 80% crude oil in 2006 and is expected to import about

90%

by 2030.

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The graph below shows the widening gap between indigenous production

and

consumption from the period 1990 until 2006.

Oil accounted for one-third of the imports in April, 2008 at USD 8.02 bn.

3.2.2 Coal:

• Coal consumption is expected to triple between 2005 and 2030

• Coal imports amounted to 12% in 2005, and are expected to rise to 28% in 2030

The graph below shows that India’s coal production and consumption scenario -

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3.3 Cost of Energy:-

3.3.1 Crude Oil:

• It is predicted that crude oil prices will continue to rise

• The crude oil prices may touch $185 per barrel by 2030

crude prices were projected to touch $115/barrel by the year 2025, but it has

touched already $150 in 2008 before sliding a little. Thus rising price of crude oil

is an area of great concern to the world economy. Taking the high price case

scenario, which is more likely, the projected price per barrel of crude oil is $185.

The chart below shows the cost of generating steam of furnace oil over the last six

years.

As we can notice, this cost has been escalating too.

Note: This chart has been prepared based on our technical team’s analysis of the cost of furnace

oil.

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3.3.2 Coal

Similar to furnace oil, the cost of generation of steam has been rising for coal too.

This can be seen in the chart below:

Note: This chart has been prepared based on our technical team’s analysis of the cost of coal

3.4 SOURCES OF ENERGY IN INDIA:-

The various energy resources used in India include fossil fuels providing

petroleum and natural gas and coal mining that cater to the coal energy

demands in India. .The sun is the source for solar energy that is converted

to electrical energy using solar panels.

The vast water resources in and around India are utilized by conversion of

the kinetic energy from the flowing water as in waterfalls and the dams built

on various rivers intoelectric energy.

The energy of the tides and tidal waves is also utilized for electrical energy

harvesting.

The usage of wind energy comes in the form of windmills and huge wind

energy farms for generation of usable energy forms by transformation of the

kinetic energy of the wind into energy units.

Other sources of energy in India include biomass energy by burning bio-

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fuels available in large quantities owing to the huge domestic cattle

population in India.

Energy is also derived from the vast timber resources of the country. This

forms the wood energy.

Nuclear energy or atomic energy from radioactive materials has been

developed into a vast industry in itself.

Geothermal energy is an unlimited natural energy source that utilizes the

steam from hot water springs that acts as energy boosters to drive turbines

of power plants.

The various chemicals are used for chemical energy generation used in

batteries. Even the hydrogen available in large quantities in the

environment has been captured and utilized as an energy source by

reacting hydrogen with oxygen.

FOSSIL FUELS:

Nearly 90 percent of the world’s energy comes from fossil fuels. Because fossil

fuels are the

main source, they are not alternative energy sources. Fossil fuels include coal,

natural gas, and petroleum, which is often called oil. People use fossil fuels to

meet nearly all of their energy needs, such as powering cars, producing electricity

for light and heat, and running factories. Because their use is so widespread, it is

important to understand fossil fuels in order to make informed decisions about

present and future alternative energy sources.

Fossil fuels are a popular source of energy because they are considered

convenient, effective,

plentiful, and inexpensive, but a few nations have most of the world’s fossil fuels,

a fact that often causes conflicts. Nevertheless, as of 2006, there are no practical

and available alternatives to fossil fuels for most energy needs, so they continue

to be heavily used.

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Fossil fuels sources burn coal or hydrocarbon fuels, which are the remains of the

decomposition of plants and animals. There are three main types of fossil fuels:

coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Another fossil fuel, liquefied petroleum gas

(LPG), is principally derived from the production of natural gas. Heat from burning

fossil fuel is used either directly for space heating and process heating, or

converted to mechanical energy for vehicles, industrial processes, or electrical

power generation.Earth has a lot of fossil fuels. Scientists in 2005 estimated that

the ground contains about ten trillion metric tons of coal, enough to fuel human

energy needs for hundreds of years. Petroleum and natural gas deposits are not

nearly so extensive. Most scientists believe that if people keep using up oil and

gas at 2005 rates, all known petroleum and gas reserves will be used up by the

beginning of the twenty-second century.

Most fossil fuel-powered operations, however, use the burning of the fossil fuel to

power much more complex machines, such as internal combustion engines. In

many cases, other fuels could supply the necessary heat; for example,

locomotives could be powered by burning wood instead of burning coal, and

power plants can be powered by water instead of coal. The advantage of fossil

fuels in these situations is that they produce large amounts of heat for their

volume, and they are currently widely available, with some liquid and gas fuels

available at pumps.

Pros:-

The technology and infrastructure already exist for the use of fossil fuels.

Petroleum energy density in terms of volume (cubic space) and mass

(weight) is superior to some alternative energy sources (or energy storage

devices, like a battery (electricity)).

Fossil fuels are currently more economical, and more suitable for

decentralized energy use.

Cons:-

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Petroleum-powered vehicles are very inefficient. Only about 30% of the

energy from theb fuel they consume is converted into mechanical energy.

The rest of the fuel-source energy is inefficiently expended as waste heat.

The heat and gaseous pollution emissions harm our environment.

The inefficient atmospheric combustion (burning) of fossil fuels in vehicles,

buildings, and power plants contributes to urban heat islands.

The combustion of fossil fuels leads to the release of pollution into the

atmosphere. According to the Union of Concerned Scientists, a typical coal

plant produces in one year. Dependence on fossil fuels from volatile regions

or countries creates energy security risks for dependent countries.

Fossil fuels are non-renewable, un-sustainable resources, which will

eventually decline in production and become exhausted.

Extracting fossil fuels is becoming more difficult as we consume the most

accessible fuel deposits. Extraction of fossil fuels is becoming more

expensive and more dangerous as mines get deeper and oil rigs must drill

deeper, and go further out to sea.

Extraction of fossil fuels results in extensive environmental degradation,

such as the strip mining and mountaintop removal of coal. Since these

power plants are thermal engines, and are typically quite large, waste heat

disposal becomes an issue at high ambient temperature. Thus, at a time of

peak demand, a power plant may need to be shut down or operate at a

reduced power level, as sometimes do nuclear power plants, for the same

reasons.

COAL:-

Nearly 63 percent of the India’s total energy requirements are met from coal. The

available coal reserves in India are sufficient to meet our needs for at least

another 100 years. India now ranks 3rd amongst the coal producing countries in

the world. Taking the above facts into consideration it is obvious that coal is one

of the potential energy substitutes in India.

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The Advantages of Coal:-

Coal is one of the most abundant sources of energy, more so than oil and

natural gas.

Coal is inexpensive when compared to other fossil fuels (or alternative

energy sources)

Coal is versatile enough to be used for recreational activities such as BBQ’s

or simply for home fires.

Burning coal can produce useful by-products that can be used for other

industries or products

Electricity produced from coal is reliable.

Coal can be safely stored and can be drawn upon to create energy in time of

emergency.

Coal based power is not dependent on weather which cannot be said for

alternative forms of renewable energy such as wind or solar power.

Transporting coal does not require the upkeep of high-pressure pipelines

and there is no requirement for extra security when transporting coal.

Using coal reduces the dependence on using oil, which is often found in

nations where there is unstable political regimes.

The Disadvantages of Coal:-

Burning coal emits harmful waste. It also emits twice as much carbon

dioxide when compared with natural gas to produce the same level of heat.

Carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels now account for

about 65 per cent of the extra carbon dioxide in our atmosphere. The

burning of coal by large-scale factories to power industry has led to acid rain

in some regions

Coal can be cleaned and/or turned into a liquid of gas but this technology

has yet to be fully developed and adds to the expense of creating fuel via

coal

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Coal mining can scar the landscape and the equipment used for mining is

large and noisy which may affect local wildlife

Transporting coal can be problematic because it requires an extensive

transportation system and can also cause additional pollution in the form of

emissions from transportation vehicles such as lorries, etc

There are limited stocks of coal remaining – they will be entirely depleted

this millennium if we continue to burn coal in the future at the same rate we

are today coal can be considered as a non-renewable energy source

The mining industry can cause health difficulties for miners and fatalities

due to the potentially dangerous nature of the work

Burning dirty coal can create significant pollution problems.

NUCLEAR ENERGY:

Nuclear power stations use nuclear fission to generate energy by the reaction of

uranium-235

inside a nuclear reactor. The reactor uses uranium rods, the atoms of which are

split in the process of fission, releasing a large amount of energy. The process

continues as a chain reaction with other nuclei. The energy heats water to create

steam, which spins a turbine generator, producing electricity. Depending on the

type of fission fuel considered, estimates for existing supply at known usage rates

varies from several decades for the currently popular Uranium-235 to thousands

of years for uranium-238. At the present rate of use, there are (as of 2007) about

70 years left of known uranium-235 reserves economically recoverable at a

uranium price of US$ 130/kg. The nuclear industry argue that the cost of fuel is a

minor cost factor for fission power, more expensive, more difficult to extract

sources of uranium could be used in the future, such as lower-grade ores, and if

prices increased enough, from sources such as granite and seawater. Increasing

the price of uranium would have little effect on the overall cost of nuclear power;

a doubling in the cost of natural uranium would increase the total cost of nuclear

power by 5 percent. On the other hand, if

the price of natural gas was doubled, the cost of gas-fired power would increase

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by about 60

percent. Current light water reactors burn the nuclear fuel poorly, leading to

energy waste. Nuclear reprocessing or burning the fuel better using different

reactor designs would reduce the amount of waste material generated and allow

better use of the available resources. As opposed to current light water reactors

which use uranium-235 (0.7 percent of all natural uranium), fast breeder reactors

convert the more abundant uranium-238 (99.3 percent of all natural uranium) into

plutonium for fuel. It has been estimated that there is anywhere from 10,000 to

five billion years worth of Uranium-238 for use in these power plants. Fast breeder

technology has been used in several reactors. India has run out of uranium and is

building thermal breeders that can convert Th-232 into U-233 and burn it.

The long-term radioactive waste storage problems of nuclear power have not

been fully solved. Several countries have considered using underground

repositories. Nuclear waste takes up little space compared to wastes from the

chemical industry which remains toxic indefinitely. Spent fuel rods are now stored

in concrete casks close to the nuclear reactors. The amounts of waste could be

reduced in several ways. Both nuclear reprocessing and fast breeder reactors

could reduce the amounts of waste. Subcritical reactors or fusion reactors could

greatly reduce the time the waste has to be stored. Subcritical reactors may also

be able to do the same to already existing waste. The only long-term way of

dealing with waste today is by geological storage. The economics of nuclear

power is not simple to evaluate, because of high capital costs for building and

very low fuel costs. Comparison with other power generation methods is strongly

dependent on assumptions about construction timescales and capital financing for

nuclear plants.

Pros:-

The energy content of a kilogram of uranium or thorium, if spent nuclear

fuel is reprocessed and fully utilized, is equivalent to about 3.5 million

kilograms of coal.

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The cost of making nuclear power, is about the same as making coal power,

which is considered very inexpensive.

Raw material extraction is much safer for nuclear power compared to coal.

Coal mining is the second most dangerous occupation in the United States.

For the same amount of electricity, the life cycle emission of nuclear is

about 4% of coal power.

According to a Stanford study, fast breeder reactors have the potential to

power humans on earth for billions of years, making it sustainable.

Cons:-

The improper operation of a nuclear reactor with no containment vessel can

be catastrophic in the event of an uncontrolled power increase in the

reactor.

Trans-uranic waste produced from nuclear fission of uranium is poisonous

and highly radioactive.

Geothermal energy:-

Geothermal energy is energy created by the heat of the Earth. Under the Earth’s

crust lies a

layer of thick, hot rock with occasional pockets of water. This water sometimes

seeps up to the surface in the form of hot springs. Even where the water does not

travel naturally to the Earth’s surface, it is sometimes possible to reach it by

drilling. This hot water can be used as a virtually free source of energy, either

directly as hot water, steam, or heat or as a means of generating power.

Geothermal energy is nonpolluting, inexpensive, and in most cases renewable,

which makes it a promising source of power for the future. Geothermal energy

harnesses the heat energy present underneath the Earth. Two wells are drilled.

One well injects water into the ground to provide water. The hot rocks heat the

water to produce steam. The steam that shoots back up the other hole(s) is

purified and is used to drive turbines, which power electric generators. When the

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water temperature is below the boiling point of water a binary system is used. A

low boiling point liquid is used to drive a turbine and generator in a closed system

similar to a refrigeration unit running in reverse.

Pros:-

Geothermal energy is base load power.

Economically feasible in high grade areas now.

Low deployment costs.

Geothermal power plants have a high capacity factor; they run continuously

day and night with an uptime typically exceeding 95%.

Once a geothermal power station is implemented, there is no cost for fuel,

only for operations, maintenance and return on capital investment.

Since geothermal power stations consume no fuel, there is no

environmental impact associated with emissions or fuel handling.

Geothermal is now feasible in areas where the Earth's crust is thicker. Using

enhanced geothermal technology, it is possible to drill deeper and injects

water to generate geothermal power.

Geothermal energy does not produce air or water pollution if performed

correctly.

Cons:-

Geothermal power extracts small amounts of minerals such as sulfur that

are removed prior to feeding the turbine and re-injecting the water back into

the injection well.

Geothermal power requires locations that have suitable subterranean

temperatures with in 5 km of surface.

Some geothermal stations have created geological instability, even causing

earthquakes strong enough to damage buildings.

Hydro Energy:

28

In hydro energy, the gravitational descent of a river is compressed from a long run

to a single location with a dam or a flume. This creates a location where

concentrated pressure and flow can be used to turn turbines or water wheels,

which drive a mechanical mill or an electric generator.

Pros:-

Hydroelectric power stations can promptly increase to full capacity, unlike

other types of power stations. This is because water can be accumulated

above the dam and released to coincide with peak demand.

Electricity can be generated constantly, so long as sufficient water is

available.

Hydroelectric power produces no primary waste or pollution.

Hydropower is a renewable resource.

Much hydroelectric capacity is still undeveloped, such as in Africa.

The resulting lake can have additional benefits such as doubling as a

reservoir for irrigation, and leisure activities such as water sports and

fishing.

Cons:-

The construction of a dam can have a serious environmental impact on the

surrounding areas. The amount and the quality of water downstream can be

affected, which affects plant life both aquatic, and land-based. Because a

river valley is being flooded, the local habitant of many species is destroyed,

while people living nearby may have to relocate their homes.

Hydroelectricity can only be used in areas where there is a sufficient and

continuing supply of water.

Flooding submerges large forests (if they have not been harvested). The

resulting anaerobic decomposition of the carboniferous materials releases

methane, a greenhouse gas.

Dams can contain huge amounts of water. As with every energy storage

29

system, failure of containment can lead to catastrophic results, e.g. flooding

Dams create large lakes that may have adverse effects on Earth tectonic

system causing intense earthquakes.

Hydroelectric plants rarely can be erected near load centers, requiring long

transmission lines.

SOLAR POWER:

India is both densely populated and has high solar isolation, providing an ideal

combination for solar power in India. Much of the country does not have an

electrical grid, so one of the first applications of solar power has been for water

pumping; to begin replacing India's four to five million diesel powered water

pumps, each consuming about 3.5 kilowatts, and off-grid lighting. Some large

projects have been proposed, and a 35,000 km² area of the Thar Desert has been

set aside for solar power projects, sufficient to generate 700 to 2,100 gigawatt.

Solar power involves using solar cells to convert sunlight into electricity, using

sunlight hitting

solar thermal panels to convert sunlight to heat water or air, using sunlight hitting

a parabolic

mirror to heat water (producing steam), or using sunlight entering windows for

passive solar

heating of a building. It would be advantageous to place solar panels in the

regions of highest solar radiation.

Pros:-

Solar power imparts no fuel costs.

Solar power is a renewable resource. As long as the Sun exists, its energy

will reach Earth.

Solar power generation releases no water or air pollution, because there is

no combustion of fuels.

In sunny countries, solar power can be used in remote locations, like a wind

turbine. This way, isolated places can receive electricity, when there is no

30

way to connect to the power lines from a plant.

Solar energy can be used very efficiently for heating (solar ovens, solar

water and home heaters) and day lighting.

Coincidentally, solar energy is abundant in regions that have the largest

number of people living off grid — in developing regions of Africa, Indian

subcontinent and Latin America.

Passive solar building design and zero energy buildings are demonstrating

significant energy bill reduction, and some are cost-effectively off the grid.

Photo voltaic equipment cost has been steadily falling and the production

capacity is rapidly rising.

Distributed point-of-use photo voltaic systems eliminate expensive long-

distance electric power transmission losses.

Photo voltaic are much more efficient in their conversion of solar energy to

usable energy than bio-fuel from plant materials.

Cons:-

Solar electricity is currently more expensive than grid electricity.

Solar heat and electricity are not available at night and may be unavailable

because of weather conditions; therefore, a storage or complementary

power system is required for off-the-grid applications.

Solar cells produce DC which must be converted to AC (using a grid tie

inverter) when used in currently existing distribution grids. This incurs an

energy loss of 4–12%.

The energy payback time — the time necessary for producing the same

amount of energy as needed for building the power device — for

photovoltaic cells is about 1–5 years, depending primarily on location.

Tidal Power Generation:

31

Tidal power can be extracted from Moon-gravity-powered tides by locating a water

turbine in a tidal current, or by building impoundment pond dams that admit-or-

release water through a

turbine. The turbine can turn an electrical generator, or a gas compressor, that

can then store energy until needed. Coastal tides are a source of clean, free,

renewable, and sustainable energy. Tides are caused through a combination of

forces created by the gravitational pull of the sun and the moon, and the rotation

of the earth. Energy naturally present in water bodies or in their movement can

be used for generation of electricity.

Indian context:-

India being surrounded by sea on three sides has a high potential to harness tidal

energy. The three most potential locations in this regard are Gulf of Cambay, Gulf

of Kutch (west coast) and Ganges Delta, Sunderbans, WestBengal (eastcoast). The

total potential of tidal energy in India is estimated at 8,000 mw with Gulf of

Cambay accounting for over 90 per cent.

Pros:-

Tidal power is free once the dam is built. This is because tidal power

harnesses the naturalpower of tides and does not consume fuel. In addition,

the maintenance costs associated with running a tidal station are relatively

inexpensive.

Tides are very reliable because it is easy to predict when high and low tides

will occur. The tide goes in and out twice a day usually at the predicted

times. This makes tidal energy easy to maintain, and positive and negative

spikes in energy can be managed.

Tidal energy is renewable, because nothing is consumed in the rising of

tides. Tidal power relies on the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun, which

pull the sea backwards and forwards, generating tides.

32

Cons:-

Tidal power is not currently economically feasible, because the initial costs

of building a dam are tremendous. Furthermore, it only provides power for

around 10 hours each day, when the tide is moving in or out of the basin.

The barrage construction can affect the transportation system in water.

Boats may not be able to cross the barrage, and commercial ships, used for

transport or fishery, need to find alternative routes or costly systems to go

through the barrage.

Maximum energy production is limited to 2.5 terawatts. This is the total

amount of tidal dissipation or the friction measured by the slowing of the

lunar orbit.

WIND POWER:

This type of energy harnesses the power of the wind to propel the blades of wind

turbines. These turbines cause the rotation of magnets, which creates electricity.

Wind towers are usually built together on wind farms.

The installed capacity of wind power in India was 10,925 MW, mainly spread

across Tamil Nadu (4301.63 MW), Maharashtra (1942.25 MW), Gujarat (1565.61

MW), Karnataka (1340.23 MW), Rajasthan (738.5 MW), Madhya Pradesh (212.8

MW), Andhra Pradesh (122.45 MW), Kerala (26.5 MW), West Bengal (1.1 MW) and

other states (3.20 MW).It is estimated that 6,000 MW of additional wind power

capacity will be installed in India by 2012. Wind power accounts for 6% of India's

total installed power capacity, and it generates 1.6% of the country's power. Initial

cost for wind turbines is greater than that of conventional fossil fuel generators.

Noise produced by the rotor blades. There is interference on television signals. It

causes significant bird and other avian deaths. Wind resources might not be

available near cities and, even so, the space might be used for other purposes

33

that can generate larger profits. Wind cannot be stored (unless batteries are used)

Not all winds can be harnessed to meet the timing of electricity demands.

Pros:-

Wind power produces no water or air pollution that can contaminate the

environment, because there are no chemical processes involved in wind

power generation. Hence, there are no waste by-products, such as carbon

dioxide.

Power from the wind does not contribute to global warming because it does

not generate greenhouse gases.

Wind generation is a renewable source of energy, which means that we will

never run out of it.

Wind towers can be beneficial for people living permanently, or temporarily,

in remote areas. It may be difficult to transport electricity through wires

from a power plant to a faraway location and thus, wind towers can be set

up at the remote setting.

Farming and grazing can still take place on land occupied by wind turbines.

Those utilizing wind powers in a grid-tie configuration will have backup

power in the event of a power outage.

Because of the ability of wind turbines to coexist within agricultural fields,

sitting costs are frequently low.

Cons:-

Wind is unpredictable; therefore, wind power is not predictably available.

When the wind speed decreases less electricity is generated. This makes

wind power unsuitable for base load generation.

Wind farms may be challenged in communities that consider them an

eyesore or obstruction.

Wind farms, depending on the location and type of turbine, may negatively

34

affect bird migration patterns, and may pose a danger to the birds

themselves (primarily an issue with older/smaller turbines).

Wind farms may interfere with radar creating a hole in radar coverage and

so affect national security.

Tall wind turbines have been proven to impact Doppler radar towers and

affect weather forecasting in a negative way. This can be prevented by not

having the wind turbines in the radar's line of sight. Mainly petrol, diesel,

CNG, LPG and now bio-fuels are used for transportation purpose.

3.5 Pollution Scenario

With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, the use of energy in the form of fossil

fuels began growing as more and more industries were set up. This occurred in

stages, from the exploitation of coal deposits to the exploitation of oil and natural

gas fields. In the past century, it became evident that the consumption of

nonrenewable sources of energy had caused more environmental damage than

any other human activity. Electricity generated from fossil fuels such as coal and

crude oil has led to high concentrations of harmful gases in the atmosphere. This

has in turn led to problems such as ozone depletion and global warming.

• Currently, India is rated as the 6th largest contributor of CO2 emissions

• There has been an increase of nearly 5.9% every year in CO2 emissions since

1950

• The energy sector is the largest contributor of CO2 emissions in India

• The total pollution was about 350 million metric tonnes (MMT) in 2005 and is

expected to rise to 490 MMT in 2015

Indian CO2 Emmisson:

35

Source: ENVIS Center – Central Pollution Control Board

3.5 Power Requirement in State of Gujarat

The total installed capacity for power generation in Gujarat was about 11,051 mw

in April, 2008; while power demand in peak hours comes up to 12,000 MW and in

case of off-peak hours it is nearly 10,500 MW.

Gujarat is substantially depending on coal based thermal power station for

meeting its power requirements.

With the increase in gas prices, most of the liquid fuel based power stations are

facing a

tough time and the demand for solid fuel based thermal power stations is high.

This also means all new power initiatives in the state will come based on solid fuel

power

station. Thus our dependency on coal is rapidly increasing in generation of

electricity.

3.6 Need for Alternative Energy36

Due to the acute power shortage, widening gap between production and

consumption of

conventional energy sources, rising cost of these energy sources and increasing

CO2

emissions, there is an immediate need for alternate energy usage.

Entrepreneurs, Academics, scientists, environmentalists, and economists have

started to

discover the alternative for the replacement of conventional energy generation

sources across the globe and which is tapered on renewable energy sources with

innovative, clean technologies.

Renewable energy sources include the sun, wind, water, agricultural residue, fuel

wood,

and animal dung. Energy generated from the sun is known as solar energy. Hydel

is the

energy derived from water. Biomass – firewood, animal dung, and biodegradable

waste

from cities and crop residues – is a source of energy when it is burnt. Geothermal

energy

is derived from hot dry rocks, magma, hot water springs, natural geysers, etc.

Ocean

thermal is energy derived from waves and also from tidal waves.

3.7 Impact Due to Fossil Fuel Consumption:

Global Warming and Climate Change:

There are many reasons that have contributed to the environmental threats.

Some of the

37

major ones are as mentioned below.

Global warming is caused by a build up of carbon dioxide (CO2) acting like

a planetary duvet and trapping heat in the atmosphere. Climate Change refers to

the increase in the average temperature of the Earth's near-surface air and

oceans since the mid-twentieth century and its projected continuation. The main

cause of climate change is attributed to the build up of carbon dioxide (CO2) in

the atmosphere. While every living thing produces CO2 naturally, human activities

such as the combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the

concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide to increase by about 35% since the

early 1900's. Experts believe that the increasing global temperature may cause

sea levels to rise, exacerbate the intensity of extreme weather events, and affect

the amount and pattern of global precipitation. Other effects of global warming

will include changes in agricultural yields, trade routes, glacier retreat, species

extinctions and extension in the ranges of disease vectors.

Here one can see the clear correlation between global temperature rise and levels

of CO2

in the atmosphere. The world's scientists are now in agreement that the

undisputed rise

In global temperatures has at least a contributory cause from us all and that CO2

emissions must be reduced.

The Green House Effect:-

38

After been steady for over thousands of years, the CO2 emission over the last

couple of

decades has dramatically risen multi fold. This is the single most important reason

for the

Climate Change. The variation in CO2 emissions over the history can be seen from

the

below.

India may be a long way from melting polar ice caps, but its economy has been

among the worst affected on account of global warming as it is one of the most

vulnerable countries when it comes to effects of climate change. This is because

India has a vast coastal line and the rising sea levels caused by global warming

will cause an ecological disaster. Rising temperatures and sea level besides

insufficient rains due to global warming will take a heavy toll on India's agro-

based economy by the end of this century.

Climate changes are likely to effect India in a host of ways. India would face

39

problems because of rising sea levels. Agricultural productivity would be affected

as monsoons will be short with intense bursts. Water supply would also suffer

because of lesser snowfall in the Himalayas, which provide water for 40% of the

world’s population. The effect on GDP will be non-linear. Initially, every 2 degree

rise in temperature would result in a 5% dip in global GDP and for the next 6

degrees it would be 15-16%. Considering that twenty-five percent of the Indian

population lives in coastal areas and 27 percent of the Indian economy is agro-

based, climate change and rising sea level are desperately dangerous for our

country.

The average facade temperature of the globe has augmented more than 1 degree

Fahrenheit since 1900 and the speed of warming has been almost three folds the

century long average since 1970. This phenomenon of increase in earth’s average

temperature is called Global warming. Specialists studying the climate record of

the earth are of the opinion now that human actions, mainly the discharge of

green house gases smokestacks, vehicles, and burning forests, are perhaps the

key reasons for this. The gases append to the planet's normal greenhouse effect,

permitting sunlight in, but stopping some of the ensuing heat from radiating back

to space.

As stated earlier, the major cause of global warming is the emission of green

house gases like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide etc into the atmosphere.

The major source of carbon dioxide is the power plants. These power plants emit

large amounts of carbon dioxide produced from burning of fossil fuels for the

purpose of electricity generation.

40

About twenty percent of carbon dioxide emitted in the atmosphere comes from

burning of

gasoline in the engines of the vehicles. Green house gases stay can stay in the

atmosphere

for an amount of years ranging from decades to hundreds and thousands of years.

No matter what we do, global warming is going to have a major effect on Earth.

Even though climate change is on top of the agenda worldwide, problems with

local air pollution stemming from

burning fossil fuels are ever present.

Carbon dioxide is considered the most prominent contributor to the global

warming issue. The impact of global warming on the environment is extensive and

affects many areas. In the Antarctica, warmer temperatures may result in more

rapid ice melting which increases sea level and compromises the composition of

surrounding waters. Rising sea levels alone can impede processes ranging from

settlement, agriculture and fishing both commercially and for recreation.While

CO2 is a global problem contributing to global warming, emissions of sulphur

oxide (SOx), nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) are impacting the

environment locally. When talking about thermal power, this means at cities and

nearby areas.

41

Sulphur dioxide is a corrosive acid gas, which combines with water vapour in

the

atmosphere to produce acid rain. Both wet and dry deposition have been

implicated in the damage and destruction of vegetation and in the degradation of

soils, building materials and watercourses. SO2 in ambient air is also associated

with asthma and chronic bronchitis. The principal source of this gas is power

stations and industries burning fossil fuels, which contain sulphur.Sulphur occurs

naturally in coal and remains even after its processing. The quantity of Sox

produced in the exhaust gases is directly related to the quantity of sulphur in the

fuel. One of the ways to reduce Sox emmission is by using low sulphur fuels like

biomass in power plants.

Nitrogen oxides are formed during high temperature combustion processes

from the oxidation of nitrogen in the air or fuel. The principal source of nitrogen

oxides – nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO), collectively known as NOx- is

emission from power stations industrial processes.

Nitrogen dioxide has a variety of environmental and health impacts. It irritates the

respiratory

system and may worsen asthma and increase susceptibility to infections. In the

presence of sunlight, it reacts with hydrocarbons to produce photochemical

pollutants such as ozone. Nitrogen oxides combine with water vapour to form

nitric acid. This nitric acid is in turn removed from the atmosphere by direct

deposition to the ground, or transfer to aqueous droplets (e.g. cloud or rainwater),

thereby contributing to acid deposition.

Acid Rain:

Acid rain is caused by release of SOX and NOX from combustion of fossil fuels,

which then mix with water vapour in atmosphere to form sulphuric and nitric acids

respectively. The effects of acid rain are as follows:

42

• Acidification of lakes, streams and soils.

• Direct and indirect effects (release of metals, eg: Aluminum, washes away plant

• nutrients)

• Killing of wildlife (trees, crops, aquatic plants, and animals)

• Decay of building materials and paints, statues, and sculptures

• Health problems (respiratory, burning- skin and eyes)

Acid Rain:

Fossil Fuels – Impact on Environment, Economy and

Health:-

43

The technical definition of fossil fuels is "incompletely oxidized and decayed

animal and vegetable materials, specifically coal, peat, lignite, petroleum and

natural gas". The technical

definition of fuel is "material that can be burned or otherwise consumed to

produce heat". Man’s fuel needs, since the olden times, have been met through

the use of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels, as its name suggests, were formed from the

organic remains of prehistoric plants and animals. In our modernized western

world, fossil fuels provide vast luxurious importance.

We retrieve these fossil fuels from the ground and under the sea and have them

converted

into electricity. They are responsible for much of the world’s electric power and

total energy demands. Approximately 90% of the world's electricity demand is

generated from the use of fossil fuels. Since 1900's, the world’s consumption of

fossil fuels has nearly doubled every 20 years.

Fossil fuels comprise mainly of coal, oil and gas. These three were formed millions

of years ago beneath the earth’s surface from the decomposition of dead plants

and animal Fossil fuels comprise mainly of coal, oil and gas. These three were

formed millions of years ago beneath the earth’s surface from the decomposition

of dead plants and animals. These are foreseen to be in short supply in the future

as man’s fuel needs continue to grow at a fast rate.

Fossil Fuel Evolution Natural Process:-

44

Environmental Impacts of Fossil Fuel:

Combustion of these fossil fuels is considered to be the largest contributing factor

to the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. In fact it is believed that

energy providers

are the largest source of atmospheric pollution today. There are many types of

harmful outcomes which result from the process of converting fossil fuels to

energy. Some of these include air pollution, water pollution, accumulation of solid

waste, not to mention the land degradation and human illness.

• Air pollution is another problem arising from the use of fossil fuels, and can

result in the formation of smog. Other than causing human illness, smog can also

affect the sustainability of crops.

• Many toxic substances are released during the conversion or retrieval process

including

"Vanadium" and "Mercury".

Various Sources of Pollution:-

45

When coal is burned, it releases nitrous oxide. Unfortunately this remains in the

atmosphere for very long time. The harmful impact of this chemical could take up

to a couple of hundred years to make itself known. The only solution in this case is

to reduce the formation of nitrous oxide. Nearly 50% of the nitrogen oxide in the

atmosphere and 70% of sulfur dioxide are direct result of emissions released when

coal is burned.

Health Impacts:

The byproducts that form from the burning of fossil fuels are very dangerous.

These small particles can exist in the air for indefinite periods of time, up to

several weeks and can travel for miles. The particles, sometimes smaller than 10

microns in diameter, can reach deep within the lungs. Particles that are smaller

than this can enter the blood stream, irritating the lungs and carry with them toxic

substances such as heavy metals and pollutants.

Over a lifetime of continued exposure, a person's ability to transfer oxygen and rid

pollutants

is impeded. Those affected could become afflicted with fatal asthma attacks and

ther serious lung conditions. the World Resources Institute reports that between

the ears of 2000 and 2020, 8 million deaths worldwide could possibly occur

without changing resent conditions. In 1990 alone, respiratory diseases were a

leading cause of disabilities and illnesses worldwide. This is a global problem and

requires a global solution.

Need for Environmental Safety:-

In the process of development, the issues confronting today are achieving desired

development for economic or social reasons on one hand and safe guarding the

environment

46

and maintaining good quality living conditions on the other. While taking up

developmental activities, the assimilative capacities of the environmental

components i.e., air, water and land to various pollution are rarely considered.

Also, lack of proper land use control is resulting in poor land use compatibility. The

developmental activities being haphazard and uncontrolled are leading to over

use, congestion, incompatible land use and poor living conditions. The problems

of environmental pollution are becoming complex and are creating high risk

environment.

There are many ways by which our environment is getting polluted and unfit to

live. Our environment should be very clean and free from pollution, all fit for our

loved ones. Nowadays, the environmental issues have become so threatening that

the entire world has sat up and taken notice. There are several reasons behind

this alarming situation and condition that has cropped up in the present world. It

has become our responsibility as a citizen to save the environment from the

present risks and coming ones too. The awareness in people is essential and this

will make a great difference.

Making Hands togather to Save Earth:

47

3.8 Renewable Energy Scenario in India:-

In today's scenario Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are being focused on as an

important

48

element of India’s power policy aimed to meet the power needs of remote areas

in an environmentally friendly way. India is the first country to have a dedicated

ministry for developing and promoting non- conventional energy sources (MNRE).

Certain forms of renewable energy sources (such as wind energy and small-hydro

have already been able to establish a strong presence. In response to the policy

and incentives extended to the participants, there is a strong participation seen

from the private sector. One such example is the fact that a significant share of

the wind-power based generation capacity has been set-up by the private sector.

The spread of various renewable energy technologies has been aided by a variety

of policies and support measures by Government. Major policy initiatives have

been taken to encourage private/foreign direct investment to tap energy from

renewable sources including provision of fiscal and financial incentives. These

policy initiatives are directed towards a greater thrust on overall development and

promotion of renewable energy technologies and applications. This will facilitate

excellent opportunities for increased investment in this sector, technology up

gradation, induction of new technology market development and export

promotion.

India is both a major energy producer and a consumer. India currently ranks as

the world’s seventh largest energy producer, accounting for about 2.49% of the

world’s total annual energy production. It is also the world’s fifth largest energy

consumer, accounting for about 3.45% of the world’s total annual energy

consumption in 2004. Since independence, the country has seen significant

expansion in the total energy use in the country with a shift from non-commercial

to commercial sources. The share of commercial energy in total primary energy

consumption rose from 59.7% in 1980–81 to 72.6% in 2006–07.

3.9 Availability of Energy Resources:-

India is not endowed with large primary energy reserves in keeping with her vast

geographical area, growing population, and increasing final energy needs. The

49

distribution of

primary commercial energy resources in the country is quite skewed. Whereas

coal is abundant and is mostly concentrated in the eastern region, which accounts

for nearly 70% of the total coal reserves, the western region has over 70% of the

hydrocarbons reserves in the country. Similarly, more than 70% of the total hydro

potential in the country is located in the northern and the north eastern regions.

The southern region, which has only 6% of the coal reserves and 10% of the total

hydro potential, has most of the lignite deposits occurring in the country. In India,

the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is responsible for programmes

covering renewable energy sources.

* Although potential is based on surplus agro-residues, in practice biomass power

generation

units prefer to use fuel-wood for technoeconomic reasons. A potential of 45000

MW from around 20 MH of wastelands assumed to be yielding 10MT/ha/annum of

woody biomass having 4000 k-cal/kg with system efficiency of 30% and 75% PLF

has not been

taken into account. In order to realize this potential a major inter-Ministerial

initiative involving, among others, Environment and Forests, Agriculture, Rural

Development, and

Panchayat Raj would be required. Further, a Biomass atlas is under preparation

which is expected to more accurately assess State-wise renewable energy

potential from agro-residues.

* Potential based on areas having wind power density (wpd) greater than 200

W/m2 assuming land availability in potential areas @ 1% and requirement of wind

farms @ 12 ha/

MW, all of which may not be technically feasible or economically viable for grid

interactive wind power. This economically viable potential could get enhanced

with higher level of land

availability than what has been assumed. Areas having lower wpds might be

suitable for off-grid applications. Further, preliminary surveys do not at this

50

juncture suggest a sizeable grid interactive off-shore wind power potential.

Potential for solar power is dependent on future developments that might

make solar technology cost-competitive for grid interactive power

generation applications. However, insolation in the country varies between

4–7 kWh/m2/day. MW = megawatt; kW = kilowatt; kWp = kilowatt peak; sq

m = square metre; sq km = square kilometre; CHP = combined heat and

power.

MNES has also envisage the energy generation potential from various sources as

followed:

4. Objective of Project:

To find out whether Bio-fuel is an alternate source of transportation energy

in India.

To find out whether it is feasible to produce Bio-fuel at an economical cost.

To find out whether Bio-fuel production has impact on food prices.

To find out consumption of important resources in Bio-fuel production.

To find out whether it is economical to switch over to Bio-fuel from

petroleum.

5. Research Methodology :

51

For this research firstly we have to understand the requirement of

alternative energy.

Then analyze all the available resources, their advantages, disadvantages

and their feasibility.

Then it is required to find out whether it is economical to go for alternative

sources of energy.

We will find the crops which are used to produce bio-fuel.

We will also find whether producing bio-fuel on small scale is feasible or not.

We have to collect data and secondary info. From various Govt. and other

websites.

6. Biofuels:

Government has also put mandate for biofuel for transportation sector. However,

due to lesser production of biofuel, India has long way to go for achievement of

blending mandates given in 11th five year plan (as mentioned below).

After stabilization of 5% ethanol blending petrol sales, the content of ethanol in

petrol would be considered for increasing up to 10% by the middle of the Eleventh

Plan, subject to ethanol availability and commercial viability of blending.

Depending upon the bio-diesel production and availability, the entire country may

be progressively covered with sale of 5% bio-diesel blended diesel by the end of

the Eleventh Plan.

Bio-fuel development and use is a complex issue because there are many bio-fuel

options which are available. Bio-fuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, are currently

produced from the products of conventional food crops such as the starch, sugar

and oil feed-tocks from crops that include wheat, maize, sugar cane, palm oil and

52

oilseed rape. Any major switch to bio-fuels from such crops would create a direct

competition with their use for food and animal feed, and in some parts of the

world we are already seeing the economic consequences of such competition. Bio-

fuels are a wide range of fuels which are in some way derived from biomass. The

term covers solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases. Bio-fuels are gaining

increased public and scientific attention, driven by factors such as oil price spikes

and the need for increased energy security. Bio-ethanol is an alcohol made by

fermenting the sugar components of plant materials and it is made mostly from

sugar and starch crops. With advanced technology being developed, cellulosic

biomass, such as trees and grasses, are also used as feed stocks for ethanol

production. Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is

usually used as a gasoline additive to increase octane and improve vehicle

emissions. Bio-ethanol is widely used in the USA and in Brazil. Biodiesel is made

from vegetable oils, animal fats or recycled greases. Biodiesel can be used as a

fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a diesel additive to

reduce levels of particulates, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons from diesel-

powered vehicles. Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterification

and is the most common bio-fuel in Europe. Bio-fuels provided 1.8% of the world's

transport fuel in 2008. Investment into bio-fuels production capacity exceeded $4

billion worldwide in 2007 and is growing.

6.1 Different Types of Bio-Fuel:-

There are many different bio-fuels available in the UK. One of the most common

worldwide is E10 fuel, which is actually a mixture of 10% ethanol and 90%

petroleum. This formula has been 39 improved in recent years with the

introduction of E15 fuel (15% ethanol, 85% petroleum); E20 fuel (20% ethanol,

80% petroleum); E85 fuel (85% ethanol, 15% petroleum); E95 fuel (95% ethanol,

15% petroleum) and E100 fuel which is ethanol with up to 4% water.There are

many other types of biofuel available including vegetable oil, which is used in

many older diesel engines; butanol, which is seen as a replacement for petroleum;

53

and biogas which is produced from biodegradable waste materials.

6.2 Bio-fuel in India:-

Bio-fuel development in India centers mainly around the cultivation and

processing of Jatropha plant seeds which are very rich in oil (40%). The drivers for

this are historic, functional, economic, environmental, moral and political. Jatropha

oil has been used in India for several decades as biodiesel to cater to the diesel

fuel requirements of remote rural and forest communities; jatropha oil can be

used directly after extraction (i.e. without refining) in diesel generators and

engines. Jatropha has the potential to provide economic benefits at the local level

since under suitable management it has the potential to grow in dry marginal non-

agricultural lands, thereby allowing villagers and farmers to leverage non-farm

land for income generation. As well, increased Jatropha oil production delivers

economic benefits to India on the macroeconomic or national level as it reduces

the nation's fossil fuel import bill for diesel production (the main transportation

fuel used in the country); minimizing the expenditure of India's foreign-currency

reserves for fuel allowing India to increase its growing foreign currency reserves

(which can be better spent on capital expenditures for industrial inputs and

production). And since Jatropha oil is carbon-neutral, large-scale production will

improve the country's carbon emissions profile. Finally, since no food producing

farmland is

required for producing this biofuel (unlike corn or sugar cane ethanol, or palm oil

diesel), it is

considered the most politically and morally acceptable choice among India's

current bio-fuel

options; it has no known negative impact on the production of the massive

amounts grains and other vital agriculture goods India produces to meet the food

requirements of its massive population (1.1 Billion people as of 2008). Seeds from

the Jatropha curcas plant are used for the production of biofuel, a crucial part of

India's plan to attain energy sustainability.

54

40 India's total biodiesel requirement is projected to grow to 3.6 Million Metric

Tons in 2011-12, with the positive performance of the domestic automobile

industry. The Government is currently implementing an ethanol-blending program

and considering initiatives in the form of mandates for biodiesel. Due to these

strategies, the rising population, and the growing energy demand from the

transport sector, bio-fuels can be assured of a significant market in India. On 12

September 2008, the Indian Government announced its 'National Bio-fuel Policy'.

It aims to meet 20% of Inda's diesel demand with fuel derived from plants. That

will mean setting aside 140,000 square kilometers of land. Presently fuel yielding

plants cover less than 5,000 square kilometers

BIOMASS, BIOFUELS, AND VEGETABLE OIL:

Biomass production involves using garbage or other renewable resources such as

corn or

other vegetation to generate electricity. When garbage decomposes, the methane

produced is captured in pipes and later burned to produce electricity. Vegetation

and wood can be burned directly to generate energy, like fossil fuels, or processed

to form alcohols. Vegetable oil is generated from sunlight, H2O, and CO2 by

plants. It is safer to use and store than gasoline or diesel as it has a higher flash

point. Straight vegetable oil works in diesel engines if it is heated first. Vegetable

oil can also be transesterified to make biodiesel, which burns like normal diesel.

Bio-fuels are renewable. They come from plants and other currently growing

organic material, so it is possible to generate new ones constantly. This makes

them more environmentally problems, such as habitat destruction and fertilizer

runoff. Farmers use large amounts of fossil fuels to grow crops such as corn, which

decreases the value of the energy made from those crops. In some cases,

producing bio-fuels such as ethanol actually uses more energy than the ethanol

yields

.

Biomass is abundant on Earth and is renewable. Biomass is found

throughout the world, a fact that should alleviate energy pressures in third

world nations.

55

Alcohols and other fuels produced by these alternative methods are clean

burning and are feasible replacements to fossil fuels.

Since CO2 is first taken out of the atmosphere to make the vegetable oil and

then put back after it is burned in the engine, there is no net increase in

CO2. However, there is still the emissions due to fossil fuel used in growing

and producing bio-fuel.

Vegetable oil has a higher flash point and therefore is safer than most fossil

fuels.

Transitioning to vegetable oil could be relatively easy as biodiesel works

where diesel works, and straight vegetable oil takes relatively minor

modifications.

The world already produces more than 100 billion gallons a year for the food

industry, so we have experience making it.

Direct combustion of any carbon-based fuel leads to air pollution similar to

that from fossil fuels.

Direct competition with land use for food production and water use. As this

decreases food supply, the price of food increases worldwide.

Current production methods would require enormous amounts of land to

replace all gasoline and diesel. With current technology, it is not feasible for

bio-fuels to replace the demand for petroleum.

6.3 Jatropha incentives in India:

Jatropha incentives in India are a part of India's goal to achieve energy

independence by the year 2012. Jatropha oil is produced from the seeds of the

Jatropha curcas, a plant that can grow in wastelands across India, and the oil is

considered to be an excellent source of bio-diesel. India is keen on reducing its

dependence on coal and petroleum to meet its increasing energy demand and

encouraging Jatropha cultivation is a crucial component of its energy policy. Large

plots of waste land have been selected for Jatropha cultivation and will provide

much needed employment to the rural poor of India. Businesses are also seeing

56

the planting of Jatropha as a good business opportunity. The Government of India

has identified 400,000 square kilometres (98 million acres) of land where Jatropha

can be grown, hoping it will replace 20% of India's diesel consumption by 2011.

Indian Railways:-

The Indian Railways has started to use the oil (blended with diesel fuel in various

ratios) from the Jatropha plant to power its diesel engines with great success.

Currently the diesel locomotives that run from Thanjavur to Nagore section and

Tiruchirapalli to Lalgudi, Dindigul and Karur sections run on a blend of Jatropha

and diesel oil. Jatropha curcas is not native to India but it was an early import form

the New World thanks to Portuguese trade links between the West and East Indies

and its fame as a medicinal plant

Indian Railways was virtually bankrupt in 2002 when it began investigating

Jatropha as a means to reduce its whopping diesel bill. There was no money to

send Perambur’s engineers into the lab, but train travel was free so they were

sent out to interview railway retirees and rural villagers in order to learn as much

about the history of Jatropha as possible. Though the measure was not popular at

the time, it turned out to be the key to Indian Railways’ success with

Jatropha.Jatropha curcas is not native to India but it was an early import form the

New World thanks to Portuguese trade links between the West and East Indies and

its fame as a medicinal plant—Jatropha literally means “medicinal plant” in Greek.

57

6.4 Biofuels Production Cycle:-

6.5 Bio-fuel production from biomass:-

Bio-fuel consist of two major categories of fuels-Bio-ethanol and Biodiesel,

therefore there are two different procedures of producing bio-fuel from biomass.

58

The methods followed have a strong impact on the end results that are achieved.

There are two key reactions that are involved in the production of Bio-ethanol, one

is Hydrolysis and the other is Fermentation.

For years, some critics have claimed that corn-based ethanol has a negative "net

energy balance" – that is, that ethanol requires more energy to produce than it

delivers as fuel. But as bio-fuel production efficiencies have improved, critics have

turned their focus to broader sustainability issues.

Bio-Fuels Do Harm, Aren't They?

Bio-fuels have been hailed as a green alternative to oil by some, but in the US,

where there are massive plants converting maize (corn), it has been criticized for

making food more expensive and being environmentally unfriendly. Britain

produces about 55,000 tons a year of bio-ethanol, which is added to petrol, mostly

from sugar beet, and 75,000 tons of biodiesel, added to diesel, from tallow and

rape, soya and palm oil. Two million tons a year would be needed to meet the 5

per cent target.

6.6 Commercial Bio-Fuel Production In India:-

Cultivation of feedstock for bio-fuels can destroy habitat and contribute to

reducing biological diversity:-

De-forestation (alarm for palm oil production in Indonesia and Malaysia).

Habitat stress and loss of biodiversity from spreading of mono cultures, use

of water resources and pesticides.

Compaction and erosion of soil.

Invasive species (often high-growth plants that need no input of fertilizers,

such as miscreants).

Second-generation fuels: indication that some diverse systems will give

higher yields than monocultures.

59

Commercial Bio-Fuel Production In India:-

Apart from the environmental problems, there are a few social problems as well.

Competition for land use.

Competition for land use.

Increase in prices for food, feed and industrial fibres.

Some areas, people and industries may gain – others will loose without

compensating measures.

Working conditions at plantations.

General agricultural industry problem – substandard wages and poor

working conditions.

Local community conditions.

Lack of trickle down effects.

Increasing concentration of lands in the ownership of a few large

landowners in developing countries.

Takeover of land for bio-fuel cultivation by large international

agribusinesses, wiping out traditional ways of living and sending people into

poverty.

6.7 Sustainable Bio-fuel Production:-

A senior scientist at the Land Institute, Cox and his organization work to develop

agricultural

systems that are both sustainable and produce strong grain yields for food.

The reason for his invitation, however, became clear to him, as food riots erupted

around the globe this year. Cox and fellow scientists argue that a "perfect storm"

has formed, one in which high petroleum prices combined with soil erosion, the

increase in price of nitrogen-based fertilizer,government waste and corruption,

60

crop failures in Australia, and growing food demand have strained the world's

ability to feed itself, especially in developing nations. The resulting increase in

food prices has led to violent unrest across Asia, the Caribbean, and Latin

America. The United Nations World Food Program yesterday said high food prices

have caused "a silent tsunami threatening to plunge more than 100 million people

on every continent into hunger." Agricultural staples such as corn and soybeans

are increasingly used to produce bio-fuels like ethanol and biodiesel, respectively,

rather than food.

The United States has ramped up its foodbased bio-fuel production in an effort to

end its dependence on foreign oil and combat global warming. According to the

White House, ethanol production has quadrupled from 1.6 billion gallons in 2000

to 6.4 billion gallons in 2007. The increased production of ethanol comes primarily

from corn, and it has made the United States the number one producer of the

alternative fuel worldwide. But this shift from producing corn and soybeans for

fuel rather than food has affected global food supplies. A 2006 paper published by

the Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences of the United States of

America (PNAS) said that “Neither bio-fuel [ethanol or biodiesel] can replace much

petroleum without impacting food supplies.” With increased demand for already

scarce foodstuffs, prices have soared; benefitting corn and soybean producers but

harming poor consumers internationally.

The PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences) study agreed,

stating, “Even dedicating all U.S. corn and soybean production to bio-fuels would

meet only 12 percent of gasoline demand and 6 percent of diesel demand.”A

partial solution to this increasingly complex problem would be to produce bio-fuel

from nonfood sources.

Bio-fuel production from non-grain biomass such as sugarcane would be less

destructive than grain biofuels.Even then, he said, non-grain bio-fuel would not

satisfy our future fuel demand unless we sharply reduced our overall demand for

fuel across the board. 45 The following table shows the vegetable oil yields of

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common energy crops associated with biodiesel production. This is unrelated to

ethanol production, which relies on starch, sugar and cellulose content instead of

oil yields.

The following table shows the vegetable oil yields of common energy crops

associated with biodiesel production. This is unrelated to ethanol production,

which relies on starch, sugar and cellulose content instead of oil yields.

Crop wise Statistical Information:-

62

Advantages of Bio- Fuel:-

Bio-fuel being produced from plants, vegetable sources, grains, corns, is a

superior fuel than fossil fuel from the environmental point of view.

Use of bio-fuel becomes compelling in view of the tightening of automotive

vehicle emission standards and court interventions.

The need to provide energy security, specially for the rural areas.

The need to create employment for the rural people through plantation,

seed procurement, oil extraction.

The plantation of the bio-diesel crops provide nutrients to soil, checking soil

erosion and land degradation.

Rehabilitating degraded lands through greening.

Addressing global concern relating to containing Carbon emissions as

provided in the Framework Convention on Climate Change.

Reduce dependence on crude oil imports.

Disadvantages of Bio-Fuels:-

Biodiversity - A fear among environmentalists is that by adapting more land

to produce crops for bio-fuels, more habitats will be lost for animals and wild

plants. It is feared for example, that some Asian countries will sacrifice their

rainforests to build more oil plantations.

The food V fuel debate - Another concern is that if bio-fuels become

lucrative for farmers,they may grow crops for bio-fuel production instead of

food production. Less food production will increase prices and cause a rise in

inflation.

Burning of rapeseed or corn can contribute as much to nitrous oxide

emissions than cooling through fossil fuel savings.

63

Non-sustainable bio-fuel production – Many first generation bio-fuels are not

sustainable. It is necessary to create sustainable bio-fuel production that

does not affect food production, and that doesn’t cause environmental

problems.

6.8 The Pros and Cons of Bio-fuels:-

Bio-fuels are Easy to Use, but Not Always Easy to Find:-

Despite the upsides, however, experts point out that bio-fuels are far from a cure

for our

addiction to petroleum. A wholesale societal shift from gasoline to bio-fuels, given

the number of gas-only cars already on the road and the lack of ethanol or

biodiesel pumps at

existing filling stations, would take some time.

Are There Enough Farms and Crops to Support a Switch to Bio-

fuels?

Another major hurdle for widespread adoption of bio-fuels is the challenge of

growing

enough crops to meet demand, something skeptics say might well require

converting just

about all of the world’s remaining forests and open spaces over to agricultural

land.

Replacing only five percent of the nation’s diesel consumption with biodiesel

would require

diverting approximately 60 percent of today’s soy crops to biodiesel production.

Does Producing Bio-fuels Use More Energy than They Can

Generate?

64

Another dark cloud looming over bio-fuels is whether producing them actually

requires more

energy than they can generate. After factoring in the energy needed to grow

crops and then

convert them into bio-fuels. Producing ethanol from corn required 29 percent

more energy

than the end product itself is capable of generating. He found similarly troubling

numbers in

making biodiesel from soybeans.

Conservation is a Key Strategy for Reducing Dependence on Fossil

Fuels.

There is no one quick-fix for weaning ourselves off of fossil fuels and the future

will likely

see a combination of sources--from wind and ocean currents to hydrogen, solar

and some use of bio-fuels: powering our energy needs. We must reduce our

consumption, not just replace it with something else. Indeed, conservation is

probably the largest single “alternative fuel” available to us.

7. Best Bio-Fuel Crops For India:-

There are a number of emerging bio-fuel crops - jatropha, algae, switch grass,

arundo donax,

camelina, chinese tallow, kudzu and more. Jatropha is the ideal bio-fuel crop for

India as it can grow on arid land and India cannot afford to divert its agricultural

lands towards energy production.

7.1 WHAT IS JATROPHA ?

Jatropha is a quick maturing plant species that starts bearing fruits within a year

of its planting and following the extraction of the oil can be blended with

petroleum diesel for use. It is a very hardy plant and grows in a wide variety of

65

agro-climatic conditions from arid to high rainfall areas and on lands with thin soil

cover to good lands. It is also not browsed by cattle and so its plantation can be

easily under taken in the farmers’ fields and their boundaries, under-stocked

forests, public lands and denuded lands facing increasing degradation. Its

plantation, seed collection, oil extraction etc. will create employment

opportunities for a large number of people, particularly the poor, and will help

rehabilitate unproductive and wastelands and save precious foreign exchange by

substituting imported crude.

Jatropha is a tall bush or small tree (up to 6 m height). The genus Jatropha

contains approximately 170 known species. The genus name Jatropha derives

from the Greek jatrós (doctor),trophé (food), which implies medicinal uses. The

seeds are toxic and they contain about 35 % of non-edible oil. The plant is planted

as a hedge (living fence) by farmers all over the world around homesteads,

gardens and fields, because it is not browsed by animals.

Jatropha curcus is a drought-resistant perennial, growing well in

marginal/poor soil. It is easy to establish, grows relatively quickly and lives,

producing seeds for 50 years.

It is found to be growing in many parts of the country, rugged in nature and

can survive with minimum inputs and easy to propagate.

This highly drought-resistant species is adapted to arid and semi-arid

conditions. The current distribution shows that introduction has been most

successful in the drier regions of the tropics with annual rainfall of 300-1000

mm.

It occurs mainly at lower altitudes (0-500 m) in areas with average annual

temperatures well above 20°C but can grow at higher altitudes and

tolerates slight frost.

Jatropha seedcakes, produced as a by-product of pressing the oil, make an

excellent organic fertilizer or protein-rich livestock feed. Another by-product

is glycerin.

66

Jatropha the wonder plant produces seeds with an oil content of 37%. The

oil can be combusted as fuel without being refined. It burns with clear

smoke-free flame, tested successfully as fuel for simple diesel engine. The

by-products are press cake a good organic fertilizer, oil contains also

insecticide.

By the year 2011 a planned 20% of the total diesel consumption is to come

from Jatropha biodiesel, with biodiesel production planned to reach around

13 million tons annually by 2013.

Average yields quoted in their projection are 1.5 kg per plant per year, oil

recovery from the seeds is expected to be 91%, and the oil cake and

glycerol are to be sold to compensate for the cost of processing the seeds

into biodiesel.

Because of its mineral content, which is similar to that of chicken manure, it

is valuable as organic manure. In practical terms an application of 1 ton of

Jatropha press cake is equivalent to 200 kg of mineral fertilizer.

About one-third of the energy in the fruit of Jatropha can be extracted as oil

that has a similar energy value to diesel fuel. Jatropha oil can be used

directly in diesel engines added to diesel fuel as an extender or trans-

esterised to a bio-diesel fuel.

7.2 Possible Uses of the Jatropha:

Jatropha press cake Jatropha oil.The comparison of properties of Jatropha oil and

standard specifications of diesel.

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The wood and fruit of Jatropha can be used for numerous purposes including fuel.

The seeds of Jatropha contains (. 50% by weight) viscous oil, which can be used

for manufacture of candles and soap, in the cosmetics industry, for cooking and

lighting by itself or as a diesel/paraffin substitute or extender. This latter use has

important implications for meeting the demand for rural energy services and also

exploring practical substitutes for fossil fuels to counter greenhouse gas

accumulation in the atmosphere.

These characteristics along with its versatility make it of vital importance to

developing countries subjected to decreasing tree cover and soil fertility because

of increasing population and development pressures. Nearly half the world’s

poorest people live on marginal lands with the number expected to increase from

500 million to 800 million by 2020. These areas are by definition isolated and

fragile, with soils susceptible to erosion and subjected to environmental stresses

of deforestation, prolonged droughts, and decreasing soil and ground water.

Although southern Africa is rich in biodiversity and production potential, large

areas are under semiarid and arid conditions with a moderate-to-high risk of

drought. Plants species like Jatropha that can grow on lands not usually attractive

68

for agriculture and supply raw material for industry, fuels for basic energy

services and improve environment are therefore an obvious choice that needs to

be assessed carefully and comprehensively

7.3 Detail about Jatropha:

69

7.4 Physical and chemical properties of diesel and

Jatropha.

70

7.5 Pictures of Jatropha:

8. Bio-Fuel –Alternative to Transport Fuel:-

In bio-diesel the country has a ray of hope. Bio-fuels are renewable liquid fuels

coming from

biological raw material and have been proved to be good substitutes for oil in the

transportation sector. As such bio-fuels: bio-ethanol and bio-diesel are gaining

worldwide acceptance as a solution to environmental problems, energy security,

reducing imports, rural employment and improving agricultural economy. Ethanol

is one such substitute that can be produced from Sugarcane, Sweet Sorghum and

used in blend with gasoline for automobiles. Similarly, bio-diesel can be produced

from oil bearing seeds of many plants grown in the wild like Jatropha curcas,

71

Pongamia, Neem, Mahua and blended with High Speed Diesel for transport

vehicles, generators, railway engines, irrigation pumps, etc. Large volumes of

such oils can also substitute imported oil for making soap. Bio-diesel is made from

virgin or used vegetable oils (both edible & non-edible) and animal fats through

trans-verification and is a diesel substitute and requires very little or no engine

modifications up to 20% blend and minor modification for higher percentage

blends. The use of bio-diesel results in substantial reduction of un-burnt

hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulate matters. It has almost no sulphur,

no aromatics and has about 10% built in oxygen,which helps it to burn fully. Its

higher cetane number improves the combustion. Environmentally and socially

there are significant benefits to bio-diesel over petroleum products. When oil

crops grow, they take carbon dioxide from the air and store it in their structure -

both in the plant and in the oil. When they are burnt, the carbon is released back

into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. However, no new carbon dioxide is

released; rather it is just a release of what was taken in whist the plant grew.

Therefore, on balance, very little carbon is released. This is quite different to the

burning of a fossil fuel where new carbon has been taken from its store

underground and released anew into the atmosphere.The total wasteland

available for cultivation of crops for bio-fuel is 638518.31 sq km which constitutes

20.17 percent of the total geographical area in the country. Gullied and/or

Revinous land 20,553.35sqkm Upland with or without scrub 194,014.29 sq km,

Waterlogged and Marshy land 16,568.45 km, Land affected by salinity/alkalinity-

coastal/inland 20,477 sq km, Shifting Cultivation Area 35,142.20 sq km,

Underutilized/ degraded notified forest land 1,40,652.31 sq km, Degraded

pastures/grazing land 25,978.91 sq km, Degraded land under plantation crop

5,828.069 sq km, sand-Inland/coastal 50,021.65 sq km, mining industrial

wastelands 1,252.13 sq km, barren rocky/stony waste/sheet rock area 64,584.77

sq km steep sloping area 7,656.29.

8.1 Economic Benefit:-

Its higher cetane number improves the combustion and higher viscosity

72

maintains better lubrication of the engine.

Bio-diesel is completely harmless to the environment; especially the

groundwater and flush point of bio-diesel is more than 100°C. So storage of

bio-diesel is simple and it doesn’t need any different infrastructure than

petro-diesel.

Bio-diesel can fulfill need to provide energy security, specially for the rural

areas.

educes dependencRe on crude oil import and out-go of foreign exchange for

oil import.

8.2 Social Benefits:-

Large scale bio-diesel tree plantation (Jatropha / Karanja) can create

employment for the rural people. Besides It can also generate employment

for Seed procurement, Oil Extraction & packaging.

The plantation of the bio-diesel crops provide nutrients to soil, checking soil

erosion and land degradation and it rehabilitates degraded lands through

greening.

8.3 Economics of Jatropha Bio-Diesel :-

In order to promote bio-diesel and to help it to compete with petroleum

diesel, govt. of India should reward tax incentives to the bio-diesel

manufacturers at least for the first 10 years. The economics of Bio-diesel

depends highly on the cost of the raw materials / seeds. The cost of Bio-

diesel produced from Jatropha seed has been worked out as Rs.23.3 / kg or

Rs.19.80 / liter, considering the cost of 1 kg Jatropha seed is Rs.5/- per kg,

as shown in the table below:

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Economics of Jatropha Bio-Diesel:-

Particulars Rate (Rs./Kg) Quantity

(KG)

Cost (Cost)

Cost of

collection &Oil

extraction

2 4 8

Cost of Oil

cakeproduced

3 2.8 (-)8.40

Cost of

Glycerin

produced

20 .115 (-)2.3

Cost of

Transesterfica

6 - 6

74

tion

Cost of bio-

diesel per kg

after

deduction of

the cost of oil

cake and

glycerin.

23.3 1 23.3

The cost components of Bio-diesel are the price of seed, seed collection and oil

extraction, oil trans-esterification, transport of seed and oil. As mentioned earlier,

cost recovery will be through sale of oil-cake and of glycerol. Taking these

elements into account, the price of Bio-diesel has been worked out assuming raw

material cost of Rs. 3 per kg and varying prices of by-products. The cost of Bio-

diesel varies between Rs. 9.37 per litre to Rs. 16.02 per litre depending upon the

price assumed for the oil- cake and glycerol. The use of Bio-diesel is thus

economically feasible.

INCOME FROM 1000 HECT LAND:

1. Quantity of Jatropha seeds yield = 5000 tonnes

2. Quantity of Jatropha oil (@ 30%) = 1500 tonnes / 1.755 million liters (@ Sp. Gr.

0.85%)

3. Quantity of Bio-diesel (@ 95% of Jatropha oil) = 1.668 million liters

4. Cost of Bio-diesel (announced by the Govt. of India @ Rs.26.50 / liter) = Rs.4.42

crore

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5. Cost of Bio-diesel (US$) = US$ 1 million

6. Quantity of De-Oiled cake (70%) = 3500 tonnes

7. Cost of the De-oiled Cake (@ Rs.2000/- per tonne) = Rs.70 lakh

8. Cost of the De-oiled Cake (US$) = US$ 0.16 million

9. Total Income from Bio-diesel & De-oiled Cake = Rs.5.12 crore

10. Total Income from Bio-diesel & De-oiled Cake (US$) = US$ 1.16 million

Marketing framework: -

The blending of biodiesel can be taken up at the depot level of the diesel

distribution and

marketing company. However, it should be emphasized that marketing of

biodiesel blended

diesel should be done as an organized trade and this activity should be handed by

the diesel

distributing companies. The biodiesel to be blended has to mandatorily tested for

its quality. This will also keep in check any adulteration activity. The storage of

biodiesel does not need any specialized tanking and the storage tanks used for

biodiesel can also be used for biodiesel. The blending of biodiesel is also a simple

affair and the circulatory pumps generally available in any diesel storage depot

are sufficient to make a homogenous blend. Another option for marketing of

biodiesel blended diesel is for specialized fleet operations e.g. bus fleets etc. For

this blending may be taken up at these locations.

Though in few isolated instances neat biodiesel (B100) has been used primarily in

diesel engines on-board marine equipment, generally a blend 5-30% biodiesel in

diesel has been used. France, Italy and Spain for example have been using 5%

biodiesel in all conventional diesels. Biodiesel at 1-2% level has also been used as

a lubricity additive for low sulphur diesel. World experience has also indicated that

biodiesel blends were first introduced either in heavily polluted cities or in remote

areas producing biodiesel. The big fleets like bus companies and taxies were first

to introduce biodiesel.

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Biodiesel mixes easily in any proportions to the conventional diesel and by virtue

of its high density it can be easily mixed in a tank containing petroleum diesel. Its

handling and storage is just like the petroleum diesel and no separate

infrastructure is required. Therefore, the blending of biodiesel, which transported

by tankers, is carried out at marketing depots. The biodiesel blends do not need

separate dispensing and existing diesel dispensing station can also dispense

biodiesel blends.

9. BIO-DIESEL

Biodiesel refers to a vegetable oil- or animal fat-based diesel fuel consisting of

long-chain alkyl (methyl, propyl or ethyl) esters. Biodiesel is typically made by

chemically reacting lipids (e.g., vegetable oil, animal fat) with an alcohol.

Biodiesel is meant to be used in standard diesel engines and is thus distinct from

the vegetable and waste oils used to fuel converted diesel engines. Biodiesel can

be used alone, or blended with petro-diesel. Bio-diesel is a fatty acid of ethyl or

methyl ester made from virgin or used vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible)

and animal fats. The main commodity sources for Bio-diesel in India can be non-

edible oils obtained from plant species such as Jatropha curcas (Ratanjyot),

Pongamia

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pinnata (Karanj), Calophyllum inophyllum (Nagchampa), Hevcca brasiliensis

(Rubber) etc. Biodiesel contains no petroleum, but it can be blended at any level

with petroleum diesel to create a Bio-diesel blend or can be used in its pure form.

Just like petroleum diesel, Bio-diesel Operates in compression engine; which

essentially require very little or no engine modifications because 60 Bio-diesel has

properties similar to petroleum diesel fuels. It can be stored just like the

petroleum diesel fuel and hence does not require separate infrastructure. The use

of Bio-diesel in conventional diesel engines results in substantial reduction of un-

brunt hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particular matters. Bio-diesel is

considered clean fuel since it has almost no sulphur, no aromatics and has about

10% built-in oxygen, which helps it to burn fully. Its higher cetane number

improves the ignition quality even when blended in the petroleum diesel.

9.1 What is biodieasel fuel ?

Biodiesel is a fuel that is made from soy beans, or waste vegetable oil (cooking

oil). It can be

used in place of petroleum diesel fuel for vehicles or heating oil for buildings.

Unlike petroleum diesel, biodiesel is a renewable resource, and it creates less

pollution than petroleum diesel. It can be used alone or in combination with

petroleum diesel, or with heating oil. Generally, no expensive modifications to the

engines are required. This makes it easier to integrate biodiesel into current

systems than other alternative energy sources, which often require new

equipment.

9.2 How is biodiesel made ?

Biodiesel fuel is made from oils or fats, which are both hydrocarbons, most

commonly soybean oil. These hydrocarbons are filtered, and then mixed with an

alcohol, which is usually methanol, and a catalyst (sodium or potassium

hydroxide). The major products of this reaction are the biodiesel fuel, which is an

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ester, and glycerol, which has commercial uses, such as in cosmetics.

Biodiesel Labeled:-

Biodiesel is designated by the letter B and a number representing the percent of

the fuel that is biodiesel. The rest of the fuel is petroleum diesel. For example, a

mixture of 20% biodiesel and 80% petroleum diesel would be labeled B20. This

ratio of biodiesel to petroleum diesel is

commonly used.

Space-filling model of ethyl stearate, or stearic acid ethyl ester, an

ethyl ester produced from soybean or canola oil and ethanol.

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9.3 Pros & Cos of Biodeasel.

Pros of Biodiesel Fuel:-

. Biodiesel fuel is a renewable energy source that can be made from soy beans

grown for

fuel, or from cooking oils recycled from restaurants.

. Biodiesel is less polluting than petroleum diesel.

. The absence of sulfur in 100% biodiesel should extend the life of catalytic

converters.

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. Biodiesel fuel can also be used in combination with heating oil to heat residential

and

industrial buildings. This can reduce dependence on non-renewable and

increasingly

expensive heating oil.

. Biodiesel fuel can generally be used in existing oil heating systems and diesel

engines

without modification, and it can be distributed through existing diesel fuel pumps.

This is

an advantage over other alternative fuels.

. The lubricating effects of the biodiesel may extend the lifetime of engines.

. They are non-toxic.

. Bio-fuels are biodegradable.

. Biodiesel can be used alone or mixed in any ratio with petroleum diesel fuel.

. Biodiesel boasts of a zero total emissions production facility

. Bio-diesel have much higher flash point that makes a vehicle fueled by pure

biodiesel far

safer in an accident than one powered by petroleum diesel or the explosively

combustible

gasoline.

Disadvantages of Biodiesel Fuel:-

. Biodiesel is currently about one and a half times more expensive than petroleum

diesel

fuel. Part of this cost is because the most common source of oil is the soybean,

which

only is only 20% oil.

. It takes energy to produce biodiesel fuel from soy crops, including the energy of

sowing,

fertilizing and harvesting.

. Biodiesel fuel can damage rubber hoses in some engines, particularly in cars

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built before

1994.

. Biodiesel cleans the dirt from the engine. This dirt then collects in the fuel filter,

which

can clog it.

. Biodiesel is not distributed as widely as traditional, petroleum diesel, but

distribution

infrastructure is improving.

. Biodiesel produced from agricultural crops involve additional land use.

. It gives out more nitrogen oxide emissions.

. Pure biodiesel doesn't flow well at low temperatures, because of its nature, can’t

be

transported in pipelines. It has to be transported by truck or rail, which increases

the cost.

. Biodiesel is less suitable for use in low temperatures, than petro-diesel. At even

lower

temperatures, the fuel becomes a gel that cannot be pumped.

. Biodiesel is that it tends to reduce fuel economy. The energy content per gallon

of

biodiesel is approximately 11 percent lower than that of petroleum diesel

. There have been a few concerns regarding biodiesel’s impact on engine

durability

Contamination by water:-

Biodiesel may contain small but problematic quantities of water. One of the

reasons biodiesel

can absorb water is the persistence of mono and di-glycerides left over from an

incomplete

reaction. These molecules can act as an emulsifier, allowing water to mix with the

biodiesel. In addition, there may be water that is residual to processing or

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resulting from storage tank condensation. The presence of water is a problem

because.

. Water reduces the heat of combustion of the bulk fuel. This means more smoke,

harder

starting, less power.

. Water causes corrosion of vital fuel system components: fuel pumps, injector

pumps, fuel

lines, etc.

. Water & microbes cause the paper element filters in the system to fail , which in

turn results in premature failure of the fuel pump due to ingestion of large

particles.

. Water freezes to form ice crystals near 0 °C (32 °F). These crystals provide sites

for nucleation and accelerate the gelling of the residual fuel.

. Water accelerates the growth of microbe colonies, which can plug up a fuel

system. Biodiesel users who have heated fuel tanks therefore face a year-round

microbe problem.

10. Production of Bio Deasel:-

Biodiesel is commonly produced by the transmogrification of the vegetable oil or

animal fat

feedstock. There are several methods for carrying out this transmogrification

reaction including the common batch process, supercritical processes, ultrasonic

methods, and even microwave methods. A by-product of the transmogrification

process is the production of glycerol. For every 1 tonne of biodiesel that is

manufactured, 100 kg of glycerol are produced. Originally, there was a valuable

market for the glycerol, which assisted the economics of the process as a whole.

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Usually this crude glycerol has to be purified, typically by performing vacuum

distillation. This is rather energy intensive. The refined glycerol (98%+ purity) can

then be utilized directly, or converted into other products.

10.1 Environmental effects:-

The surge of interest in biodiesels has highlighted a number of environmental

effects associated with its use. These potentially include reductions in greenhouse

gas emissions, deforestation, pollution and the rate of biodegradation. Bio-diesel

from soy oil results, on average, in a 57% reduction in greenhouse gases

compared to fossil diesel, and biodiesel produced from waste grease results in an

86% reduction.

10.2 Food, land and water vs. Fuel:-

In some poor countries the rising price of vegetable oil is causing problems. Some

propose that fuel only be made from non-edible vegetable oils such as camelina,

jatropha or seashore mallow which can thrive on marginal agricultural land where

many trees and crops will not grow, or would produce only low yields.Farmers may

switch from producing food crops to producing bio-fuel crops to make more

money, even if the new crops are not edible. The law of supply and demand

predicts that if fewer farmers are producing food the price of food will rise. It may

take some time, as farmers can take some time to change which things they are

growing, but increasing demand for first generation bio-fuels is likely to result in

price increases for many kinds of food. Some have pointed out that there are poor

farmers and poor countries that are making more money because of the higher

price of vegetable oil. Biodiesel from sea algae would not necessarily displace

terrestrial land currently used for food production and new algaculture jobs could

be created.

10.3 India’s Biodiesel Scene:-

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Economic development in India has led to huge increases in energy demand,

which in-turn has encouraged development of the Jatropha Cultivation and

Biodiesel Production Systems.

Communities in rural India need to develop alternative energy options that will be

good for the environment and help promote sustainable livelihoods in the region,

without exposing them to such adverse effects of modernization as cultural

transformations, and allowing them to retain independence in the face of

globalization. The establishment of the Jatropha cultivation and local, community-

based production of environmentally friendly biodiesel fuel can lead to income

improvement in these regions. Establishment and ongoing improvement of a

Jatropha System will benefit four main aspects of development and secure a

sustainable way of life for village farmers and the land that supports them.

11.ETHANOL:

Ethanol fuel is ethanol (ethyl alcohol), the same type of alcohol found in alcoholic

beverages. It can be used as a transport fuel, mainly as a bio-fuel additive for

gasoline. World ethanol

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production for transport fuel tripled between 2000 and 2007 from 17 billion to

more than 52 billion litres. From 2007 to 2008, the share of ethanol in global

gasoline type fuel use increased from 3.7% to 5.4%. In 2009 worldwide ethanol

fuel production reached 19,5 billion gallons (73.9 billion liters). Ethanol is widely

used in Brazil and in the United States, and together both countries were

responsible for 89 percent of the world's ethanol fuel production in 2009.Most cars

on the road today in the U.S. can run on blends of up to 10% ethanol, and the use

of 10% ethanol gasoline is mandated in some U.S. states and cities.

Since 1976 the Brazilian government has made it mandatory to blend ethanol

with gasoline, and since 2007 the legal blend is 25% ethanol and 75% gasoline

(known as E25). In addition, by late 2009 Brazil had a fleet of more than 9 million

flexible-fuel vehicles regularly using neat ethanol fuel (known as E100). Bio-

ethanol, unlike petroleum, is a form of renewable energy that can be produced

from agricultural feed-stocks. It can be made from very common crops such as

sugar cane, potato, manioc and maize. However, there has been considerable

debate about how useful bio-ethanol will be in replacing gasoline. Concerns about

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its production and use relate to the large amount of arable land required for crops,

as well as the energy and pollution balance of the whole cycle of ethanol

production.

11.1 What is Ethanol:-

Ethanol (ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol) is a clear, colorless liquid with a

characteristic, agreeable

odor. In dilute aqueous solution, it has a somewhat sweet flavor, but in more

concentrated

solutions it has a burning taste. Ethanol, CH3CH2OH, is an alcohol, a group of

chemical

compounds whose molecules contain a hydroxyl group, -OH, bonded to a carbon

atom.

Ethanol melts at -114.1°C, boils at 78.5°C, and has a density of 0.789 g/mL at

20°C. Its low

freezing point has made it useful as the fluid in thermometers for temperatures

below -40°C.

11.2 Ethanol as a Fuel:-

In the first phase of the project, ethanol- blended petrol is being supplied through

retail outlets in nine States and four Union Territories. These states are Andhra

Pradesh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and

Uttar Pradesh. The four Union Territories include Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar

Haveli, Daman and Diu and Pondicherry. Petrol blended with 5 per cent ethanol

would be supplied by petrol pumps all over the country under the second phase

towards the end of the year. The content of ethanol blending would be increased

to 10 per cent in the third phase of the programme scheduled for 2005. Ethanol is

used as an automotive fuel by itself and can be mixed with gasoline to form what

has been called "gasohol" Fuel Ethanol- the most common blends contain 10%

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ethanol and 85% ethanol mixed with gasoline. Because the ethanol molecule

contains oxygen, it allows the engine to more completely combust the fuel,

resulting in fewer emissions. Since ethanol is produced from plants that harness

the power of the sun, ethanol is also considered a renewable fuel. Therefore,

ethanol has many advantages as an automotive fuel.

11.3 Alcohol Through Corn, Maize, Grain, Starch etc.:

In India production of alcohol apart from molasses & sugarcane route the non like

maize, starch, corn grain, sweet sorghum, tapioca, and sugar beet are also

equally get importance as the climatic conditions for such type of agricultural

crops suits in India. It is a right time for the central government through ministry

of agriculture to encourage and assist state governments to introduce a policy of

using only grain Molasses based alcohol may be used for industrial use as well as

fuel blending.

11.4 Ethanol In India:-

India imports nearly 70% of its annual crude petroleum requirement, which is

approximately 110 million tons. The prices are in the range of US$ 50 purchase is

in the range of Rs.1600 billion per year, impacting in a big way, the country's

foreign exchange reserves. The petroleum industry now looks very committed to

the use of etha fuel, as it is expected to benefit sugarcane farmers as well as the

oil industry in the long run. Ethanol (FUEL ETHANOL) can also be produced from

wheat, corn, beet, sweet sorghum etc. Ethanol is one of the best tools to fight

vehicular pollution, ccomplete combustion of fuel and thus reduces harmful

tailpipe emissions. It also reduces particulate emissions that pose a health hazard.

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DEMAND SUPPLY FOR ETHANOL:-

In parts of 4 states of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh & Goa

5% of

ethanol blended petrol has already been started and till 30th June 2003, it will be

fully covered. Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and the Union Territories of

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Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli Daman and Div and Pondicherry are also

covered till end of July 2003.

The entire country will be covered in 2nd Phase and ethanol content to be

increased to

10% in 3rd Phase. Most important R & D Studies are successful of blending ethanol

with Diesel, which itself is a very significant point in developing ethanol. All this

significance shows a definite assured market for the industry leading the project

to most viable and safe for financial assistance.

Anhydrous Ethanol Potential for Gasoline Blending.

The statistics published by the Ministry of Petroleum the potential is as follows:

For 5% Blend in Gasoline Requirement on all India Basis – 500 million ltrs. Per

annum

Requirement in 8 States – 300 million ltrs. Per annum Requirement in UP &

Maharashtra – 40 & 70 million ltrs. Per annum respectively This statistics show a

direct potential. Due to govt. promoting ethanol to mix in petrol there is drastic

demand for ethanol, which could overcome the existing unutilized capacity and

thus creating an excess demand.

11.5 Impact on developing countries:-

Demand for fuel in rich countries is now competing against demand for food in

poor countries. The increase in world grain consumption in 2006 happened due to

the increase in consumption for fuel, not human consumption. The grain required

to fill a 25 US gallons (95 L) fuel tank with ethanol will feed one person for a year.

Several factors combine to make recent grain and oilseed price increases impact

poor countries more:- .

. Poor people buy more grains (e.g. wheat), and are more exposed to grain price

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changes. . .Poor people spend a higher portion of their income on food, so

increasing food prices influence them more.

. Aid organizations which buy food and send it to poor countries see more need

when prices go up but are able to buy less food on the same budget.

The impact is not all negative. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

recognizes the potential opportunities that the growing bio-fuel market offers to

small farmers and aquacultures around the world and has recommended small-

scale financing to help farmers in poor countries produce local bio-fuel. On the

other hand, poor countries that do substantial farming have increased profits due

to bio-fuels. If vegetable oil prices double, the profit margin could more than

double.

In the past rich countries have been dumping subsidized grains at below cost

prices into poor countries and hurting the local farming industries. With bio-fuels

using grains the rich countries no longer have grain surpluses to get rid of.

Farming in poor countries is seeing healthier profit margins and expanding.

Interviews with local peasants in southern Ecuador provide strong anecdotal

evidence that the high price of corn is encouraging the burning of tropical forests.

The destruction of tropical forests now account for 20% of all greenhouse gas

emissions.

11.7 Pros & Cos of Ethanol Production:-

Pros:

However, there are several problems with the use of ethanol as an alternative

fuel. First,

. It is costly to produce and use.

. Ethanol has a smaller energy density than gasoline. It takes about 1.5 times

more ethanol

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than gasoline to travel the same distance.

. It requires vast amounts of land to grow the crops needed to generate fuel.

. Production of ethanol itself uses energy.

. Ethanol production uses land that will compete directly with food production.

. Another problem is that ethanol burning may increase emission of certain types

of

pollutants.

. Some of the ethanol will be only partially oxidized and emitted as

acetylaldehyde.

Aldehyde, a function of ethanol volume, is a threat to nose, eyes, throat &

possibly

causes cancer.

. Finally, ethanol production, like all processes, generates waste products that

must be

disposed. The waste product from ethanol production, called swill is extremely

toxic to

aquatic life.

Negative technical dimensions :-

. Driving ability of ethanol is lower:-

. Lower per litre energy value (EV).

. Takes more to drive the same distance.

. Consumers have to fill their cars more often.

. And they have to pay more for ethanol fuel.

. When blended above E10, consumers:-

. Driving regular cars have to pay at least $1,200 U.S. to have their engines

adopted.

. Have to drive extra distances to special service stations to buy ethanol.

. Ethanol can absorb water and it dilutes ethanol, reducing its value as a fuel;

. It causes problems with corrosion and phase separation in the gasoline mixture.

. It absorbs and carries dirt inside the fuel lines and fuel tank, thus

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contaminanting the car engine system.

. It is highly flammable and explosive compared to gasoline.

. It requires more attention to handle in daily life.

Cos

. Positive health and political impacts :-

. Replaces bad gasoline additives ,which are sources of surface and ground

water contamination, and dangerous to human health.

. It potentially replaces crude oil, which is a finite, non-renewable resource.

. It can be domestically produced, thus reducing dependence on oil imports.

. It can potentially cut oil import costs.

. Positive socio-economic impacts:-

. Ethanol uses agri-products as a feed-stock.

. It is a renewable source of energy, which can replace fossil fuel in the future.

. It increases value added and price of agri-products.

. Which increases net farm income.

. It creates more jobs in the rural sector.

. Strengthens rural economies.

. It can potentially reduce government subsidies to the farm sector.

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12. Strategic implications

. Changing consumer choice to ethanol can:

. Reduce dependence on foreign oil.

. Reduce local pollution and clean the atmosphere.

. Slow climate change.

. Provide a more renewable fuel source.

. The automobile industry will react to growing future demand for ethanol by

producing new engines.

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13.Conclusion

It is feasible to use bio-fuel as an alternate source of transportation energy in

India. So we must go for bio-fuels as an alternate source of energy. There are

many advantages of bio-fuel like:-

. Reducing the speed of global warming.

. Fulfilling the fuel demand of India.

. Handling the rising price of fuel.

. Reduce the dépendances on foreign petroleum;

. Provide a more renewable fuel source

. Generating more employments.

Although there are many problems in using it like :-

. Increasing the food prices that will affect negatively the food supply for the

developing

countries.

. Farmers may grow crops for bio-fuel production instead of food production.

. Producing bio-fuel actually requires more energy than they can generate.

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. With high population growth rates the bio-fuels negative effects on food prices

. Biodiesel is 1.5 times more expensive than petroleum diesel fuel.

14. Bibliography

. ARTICLE CNG vs LPG Comparision - Team-BHP.mht

. Bio fuel efficient alternative by Mesbahuddin

. Biofuel in India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia_files

. Ethanol & Biodiesel (Biofuels) India Market News Useful information for Fuel

Ethanol Plants & Ethanol Conferences in india.mht

. India Renewable Energy - Project Prefeasibility Report - Wind, Solar, Biofuels -

Research, Investment.mht.

. Neil Schlager and Jayne Weisblatt, editors. Alternative Energy Volume 1

. The Market Potential of CNG as a Transportation Fuel ASPO-USA Association for

the Study of Peak Oil and Gas

. http://www.eai.in/

. http://environment.about.com

. http://www.ethanolindia.net

. http://pellets-wood.com

. http://abelloncleanenergy.com

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