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Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV)
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is a new plant virus that affects tomatoes, capsicums and chilies.
ToBRFV causes yellow and brown spots to appear on fruit, making it unmarketable.
This virus poses a biosecurity risk to Australian tomato and capsicum industries as it has not been detected in Australia. Growers need to be aware of symptoms for early detection.
SYMPTOMS
TomatoesLeaves infected with ToBRFV show yellowing, mosaic patterns (Fig. 1), mottling and occasionally leaf narrowing. Brown spots may appear on stems of fruit, leaves and the bracts surrounding the fruit (Fig. 2).
Figure 1. Mosaic pattern of ToBRFV on a tomato leaf (courtesy of Luria et al., 2017)
Figure 2. Necrotic spots of ToBRFV on stems of fruit and bracts surrounding the fruit (courtesy of Luria et al., 2017)Fruit infected with ToBRFV show brown (Fig. 3) or yellow (Fig. 4) spots, may be deformed and have irregular ripening, making it unmarketable.
Figure 3. Brown spots of ToBRFV on green fruit (courtesy of EPPO and Diana Godinez)
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV)
Figure 4. ToBRFV on mature fruit (courtesy of Dr Aviv Dombrovsky)
Symptoms can vary depending on the variety of tomato. Tomatoes with the Tm-22 resistance gene (used against other Tobamoviruses) are susceptible to ToBRFV.
Symptoms on fruit could be confused with Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) .
Capsicum (Capsicum annum species complex)Leaves infected with ToBRFV show deformation, yellowing and mosaic patterns. Capsicum fruits infected with ToBRFV are deformed with areas of yellow, brown or green stripes.
SPREAD
ToBRFV can be transmitted though propagation materials such as seeds, plants for planting, grafts and cuttings. It can persist in seeds, plant debris and contaminate soil for months. The virus can be also be transmitted through contact with equipment and clothing.
Overseas, bumble bees in glasshouses have been implicated in spread of the ToBRFV, consequently it is possible that insects could spread the virus if it established in Australia.
DISTRIBUTION OF TOBRFV
ToBRFV was first reported in 2014 on tomatoes in Israel. It has subsequently been reported in Jordan, Mexico, Germany, USA (California), Italy (Sicily), Northern Palestine, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Greece, China and Spain. The wide distribution of ToBRFV has been attributed the global movement of seed.
The ToBRFV has since been eradicated from a tomato greenhouse crop in the United States.
MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
Australia’s Department of Agriculture has introduced emergency measures for the importation of tomato and capsicum seed. See:
(1) Australian Biosecurity Import Conditions (BICON) (https://bicon.agriculture.gov.au/BiconWeb4.0)
(2) Emergency measures for tomato and capsicum seed: tomato brown rugose fruit virus (http://www.agriculture.gov.au/import/goods/plant-products/seeds-for-sowing/emergency-measures-tobrfv#what-evidence-exists-for-tobrfv-spread-through-the-movement-of-tomato-and-capsicum-seed ) .
To safeguard your crops from ToBRFV:
Practice good plant hygiene.
Source seed, seedlings and graft material that is free of ToBRFV from a reliable supplier.
Test a proportion of seed and seedlings for ToBRFV.
Monitor crops regularly for ToBRFV.
Ensure staff and visitors adhere to on-farm biosecurity and hygiene practices.
Disinfect tools, propagating material and equipment with sodium hypochlorite (1 per cent solution of a 12 per cent concentrate of pool chlorine).
Remove volunteer or wild tomato plants that could act as reservoirs for the virus. Other potential reservoir plants include fat hen (Chenopodium murale), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), Petunia hybrids (garden plants) and black nightshade (Solanum nigrum).
REPORT SUSPECTED DETECTIONS
© The State of Victoria Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions 2019
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia licence. You are free to re-use the work under that licence, on the condition that you credit the State of Victoria as author. The licence does not apply to any images, photographs or branding, including the Victorian Coat of Arms and the Victorian Government logo. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en
ISBN 978-1-76090-168-4 (pdf/online/MS word)
Accessibility
If you would like to receive this publication in an alternative format, please telephone the DJPR Customer Service Centre on 136 186, email [email protected] or via the National Relay Service on 133 677 www.relayservice.com.au. For Translating and Interpreting Service, phone 131 450 and ask them to phone the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline on 1800 084 881. This document is also available on the internet at www.agriculture.vic.gov.au
Disclaimer
This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication.
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV)
If you think you have found ToBRFV on your crop, report it to Agriculture Victoria by phoning the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline on 1800 084 881 or emailing photos of the symptoms, along with your contact details and the pest's location to [email protected].
REFERENCES AND FURTHER INFORMATION
To arrange for virus testing, phone Crop Health Services on (03) 9032 7515.
Anon (2019) How horticulture responds to ToBRFV threat. https://www.hortidaily.com/article/9102578/how-horticulture-responds-to-tobrfv-threat/ .
EPPO Alert List – Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (Tobamovirus - ToBRFV). https://www.eppo.int/ACTIVITIES/plant_quarantine/alert_list_viruses/tomato_brown_rugose_fruit_virus.
Luria N, Smith E, Reingold V, Bekelman I, Lapidot M, Levin I, Elad N, Tam Y, Dela N, Abu-Ras A, Ezra N, Haberman A, Yitzhak L, Lachman O, Dombrovsky A (2017) A new Israeli Tobamovirus isolate infects tomato plants harboring Tm-22 resistance genes. PLOS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170429
© The State of Victoria Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions 2019
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia licence. You are free to re-use the work under that licence, on the condition that you credit the State of Victoria as author. The licence does not apply to any images, photographs or branding, including the Victorian Coat of Arms and the Victorian Government logo. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en
ISBN 978-1-76090-168-4 (pdf/online/MS word)
Accessibility
If you would like to receive this publication in an alternative format, please telephone the DJPR Customer Service Centre on 136 186, email [email protected] or via the National Relay Service on 133 677 www.relayservice.com.au. For Translating and Interpreting Service, phone 131 450 and ask them to phone the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline on 1800 084 881. This document is also available on the internet at www.agriculture.vic.gov.au
Disclaimer
This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication.
© The State of Victoria Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions 2019
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia licence. You are free to re-use the work under that licence, on the condition that you credit the State of Victoria as author. The licence does not apply to any images, photographs or branding, including the Victorian Coat of Arms and the Victorian Government logo. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en
ISBN 978-1-76090-168-4 (pdf/online/MS word)
Accessibility
If you would like to receive this publication in an alternative format, please telephone the DJPR Customer Service Centre on 136 186, email [email protected] or via the National Relay Service on 133 677 www.relayservice.com.au. For Translating and Interpreting Service, phone 131 450 and ask them to phone the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline on 1800 084 881. This document is also available on the internet at www.agriculture.vic.gov.au
Disclaimer
This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication.