facts about the civil war
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FACTS ABOUT THE CIVIL WAR. Most tragic moment in American history----the struggle for the heart and soul of America. Equality of all men in question Both sides fighting to preserve their traditions Brother vs brother---family vs family 1 out of 4 soldiers would die in this conflict - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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•Most tragic moment in American history----the struggle for the heart and soul of America.
•Equality of all men in question•Both sides fighting to preserve their traditions
•Brother vs brother---family vs family •1 out of 4 soldiers would die in this conflict
•10,000 battles in the Civil War•War has been called the War for Southern
Independence and the War Against Northern Aggression.
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•War would destroy 1 America and build another.
•Almost as many died in this war as all wars combined before and since.
•It is America’s bloodiest war.
•1 out of 7 Civil War soldiers injured would die in field hospitals, whereas, in the Vietnam War,
1 out of 270 injured soldiers would die in MASH units.
•First war of the Industrial Revolution---new weapons would cause massive destruction
against outdated military tactics.
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•50,000 books, hundreds of songs and poems written during the Civil War
•Schools, parks and streets named after heroes of the Civil War
•Confederate Flag controversial in our society today.
•Preserved the Union and democracy
•Slavery abolished, African Americans become citizens with the right to vote, but the equality
of all men continues to be a struggle in our country today.
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DIFFERENT VIEWS ON THE WARDIFFERENT VIEWS ON THE WAR
Slavery was to blameAgricultural vs. industrial societies
SectionalismWar was good
State’s rights vs. National Government
Preserve the Union and democracy
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1. Confederate States of America----CSA Jefferson Davis---President Confederate Constitution
2. Firing on Fort Sumter, April 12, 1861• Lincoln needed border states • South fires first shot• Suspends Constitution
3. NORTH VS. SOUTH• Advantages• Strategy• Military leaders
Border states were slave states
but remained loyal to the North…Lincoln needed
them….. Maryland, Delaware,
Kentucky and Missouri……..
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4. THE WAR YEARS: 1861 TO 1863-----Turning points Battle Fronts
Western Theater------------------------Eastern theater
Summary: USA is defeating the CSA because of General Grant
Summary: CSA is defeating the USA because of General Lee
Lincoln’s “first steps” to abolish slaveryEmancipation Proclamation--Jan. 1863
freed slaves in states still in rebellionKept Great Britain out the warFreed slaves can fight for the Union armyUnion troops: “freedom fighters”
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Key Union victories in July 1863VicksburgGettysburg
Pickett’s ChargeLincoln’s Gettysburg Address
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GRAY/CSAGRAY/CSA•Confederate States of AmericaConfederate States of America
•President Jefferson DavisPresident Jefferson Davis•Capital: Richmond, VACapital: Richmond, VA
•Rebs------Rebels---”Johnny Rebs”Rebs------Rebels---”Johnny Rebs”•Secessh-------SeccessionSecessh-------Seccession
•GraycoatsGraycoats•Yellow belliesYellow bellies
BLUE/USABLUE/USA•United States of America United States of America
or Unionor Union•President Abraham LincolnPresident Abraham Lincoln•Capital: Washington, D.C.Capital: Washington, D.C.
•Feds-----FederalFeds-----Federal•Yanks-----YankeesYanks-----Yankees
•BluebelliesBluebellies•Blue coatsBlue coats
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Lincoln/Davis
•Born in Kentucky
•Self-educated
•Congressmen from Illinois
•Abolitionist
•First Presidential candidate for the Republican Party
•Minority president
•Born in Kentucky
•Self-educated
•Congressmen from Illinois
•Abolitionist
•First Presidential candidate for the Republican Party
•Minority president
•Born in Kentucky
•Served as Secretary of War
•Senator from Mississippi
•Slaveowner
•Served as Secretary of State
•First and only President of the CSA
•Born in Kentucky
•Served as Secretary of War
•Senator from Mississippi
•Slaveowner
•Served as Secretary of State
•First and only President of the CSA
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Rebel Cabinet
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When the Confederate States Confederate States of Americaof America was formed, its founders wrote a constitution similar to the United United States Constitution.States Constitution. Its differences, however, indicate how the South Wanted to change their structure of government.
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MAIN MAIN DIFFERENCES:DIFFERENCES:
•State’s rights
•Tariffs are equal throughout the CSA
•Slavery is legal and is allowed to expand!
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Secession
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Secession
Border states/slaves states remain loyal to the Union
VA. 8
West Virginia secedes from Virginia in 1863 and
sides with USA.
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Cartoon: Lincoln vs Davis
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Cartoon: North thought of secession
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Cartoon: Davis hanging himself
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Picture: Fort Sumter 1
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North v. South at the Beginning
North v. South at the Beginning
North South
Advantages ? ?
Disadvantages
? ?
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0
1020
3040506070
8090
100
Population Factories Wealth Cotton
NorthSouth
Based on %Based on %
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22 states 23,000,000 population Industrial economy Majority of transportation Lincoln, a military novice.
– Asks Robert E. Lee to command Union troops and declines
Belief war is about slavery and preserving the Union.
11 states 10,000,000
– includes 4 million slaves Agricultural economy
– Exports, not food Limited manufacturing
and railroad lines. Davis, military
experience.– Better military leaders
Belief war is about states rights, independence and preserving their war of life.
“The North’s major advantage would be its economy and the South’s main disadvantage
was its economy”
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Rating the North & the South
Rating the North & the South
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Railroad Lines, 1860Railroad Lines, 1860
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Resources: North & the South
Resources: North & the South
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Men Present for Duty in the Civil War
Men Present for Duty in the Civil War
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Suspended “civil libertiescivil liberties” or parts of the Constitution – writ of habeas corpus: Protects from
unfair arrest and trial by jury.– Occupation of Baltimore: Controlled
by military---- “martial law”– Arrested over 15,000 civilians:
Without “probable cause”---suspicious “Rebel” sympathizers.
– Closed “rebel” newspapers: Violated 1st amendment rights of “free speech and press”.
First Income Tax Greenbacks
– 1st paper money
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Professional development of officers. 1802 West Point is formed 55 of 60 largest battles, both sides were commanded by
West Pointers. Artillery and Infantry schools opened. Professional staff begins in earnest
Greater independence for military leaders. Politicians focus on strategy and are less involved in
operational and tactical decisions. Mexican War
Many leaders on both sides gain valuable experience. First great post-Industrial Revolution war.
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Telegraph– Davis uses to gather forces for Shiloh.– Fredericksburg sees first extensive use on
the battlefield.Railway
– Greatly changes logistics and strategic maneuver.
– North had good system; South had acceptable quantity, but no standardized track width.
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Outdated muskets replaced with rifle – greatly changes tactics. – more accurate, faster loading, fire more rounds than muskets– Minié ball (more destructive bullet)– Cold HarborCold Harbor: 2k dead in 20 minutes, another 5k wounded.
Calvary used for reconnaissance– Scouting and skirmishes
Artillery– invention of shells, devices that exploded in the air.– fired canisters, special shells filled with bullets.– Grenades– land mines are used
Ironclads– replaces wooden ships
Trench warfare replaces Napoleonic tactics
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Defend and delay until Union gives up. Quick victories to demoralize Union
Alliance with Great Britain Capture Washington, D.C.
Defend RichmondSought decisive battle that would convince
the Union it wasn’t worth it Use better military leadership to your advantage and outsmart Union generals.
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Aggressive offensive to crush the rebellion.– War of attrition: South has less manpower…
Gen Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan– Control river systems: Ohio and Mississippi– Blockade and seizure of ports
War goal: Preserve Union and later abolish slaveryCapture RichmondDon’t allow Confederacy to rest.Napoleonic tactics at first----later “trench warfare”
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Strategy
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South Leaders
Jefferson Davis
Robert E. Lee
Stonewall Jackson
Jeb Stuart
Pierre T. Beauregard James Longstreet George Pickett
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South Leaders
Abe Lincoln
Ulysses Grant
George McClellan
George Meade
David Farragaut William T. Sherman Joseph Hooker George A. Custer
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Raised Armies
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Financed War
North1. Tariffs
2. War bonds
3. Income taxes
4. Paper money called “greenback”s
South1. Wealthy lent over
$100 million
2. Foreign aid $15 million
3. Income taxes
4. Paper money
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Picture: Draft riots
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Western Theater
Eastern Theater
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Theater/Battles 1862
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Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas), July, 1861
Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas), July, 1861
• Lincoln sent 30,000
inexperienced soldiers to fight at
Bull Run.
• Lincoln sent 30,000
inexperienced soldiers to fight at
Bull Run.
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• Northern troops were pushed back to D.C.• South won this battle but “lost the war”.• WHY? Failed to capture Washington, D.C. • Would never be so close to Washington, D.C.
• Northern troops were pushed back to D.C.• South won this battle but “lost the war”.• WHY? Failed to capture Washington, D.C. • Would never be so close to Washington, D.C.
Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas), July, 1861
Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas), July, 1861
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The Battle of the Ironclads,
March, 1862
The Battle of the Ironclads,
March, 1862
The Monitor vs.
the Merrimac
The Monitor vs.
the Merrimac
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Union StrategyControl river systems and split the Confederacy in half and isolate the
3 sections.Union Leaders:
General Ulysses S. GrantUnion Army:
Army of the West
Confederate StrategyConfederate StrategyFight a defensive war and drive
Union out of SouthConfederate Leader: Several different generalsConfederate Army:
Army of Tennessee
USA General Ulysses S. Grant
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DATEDATE BATTLEBATTLE VICTORVICTOR RESULTRESULTFeb. 1862 Fort Donelson Union Controlled the Ohio River
March 1862 Fort Henry Union Controlled Cumberland River
April 1862 Shiloh Union Controlled Tennessee River
April 1862 New Orleans Union Controlled mouth of Mississippi
July 1863 Vicksburg Union Controlled Mississippi River * split Confederacy in half
**Turning Point BattleTurning Point Battle
Battles in West 1
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Union StrategyCapture Richmond, Virginia
Union LeadersSeveral different leaders: Winfield
Scott, George McClellan, John Pope, Ambrose Burnside, Joe
Hooker, George Meade, Ulysses Grant
Union ArmyArmy of the Potomoc
Confederate StrategyCapture Washington, D.C.Confederate Leader
General Robert E. LeeConfederate Army
Army of Virginia
CSA General Robert E. Lee
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DATE BATTLE VICTOR RESULT
July 1861 Bull Run South Union retreats to Wash. D.C.
Manasses
June 1862 7 Days South Lee stops McClellan from taking Richmond
August 1862Bull Run South Lee stops John Pope from taking
Richmond
*Sept. 1862 Antietam Draw McCellan stops Lee from taking Washington, D.C.
Lincoln issues Emancipation
Proclamation
*Turning Point battle
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•AbolitionistsAbolitionists pressured Lincoln to free the slaves.
•After the Battle of AntietamBattle of Antietam, he announced that the slaves
would be freed.
•Became effective on Jan. 1, 1863, in those states still in
rebellionrebellion.
•Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation did not end slavery in US
•Lincoln’s “first”“first” step towards ending slavery.
•“Final step” 13th Amendment13th Amendment to the Constitution on Dec. 1865 would legally and constitutionally
abolish slavery.
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•Freed all slaves in states in rebellion
against the US
•Did not apply to slaves in
border states fighting for US
•No affect on southern areas already under US control.
•Freed all slaves in states in rebellion
against the US
•Did not apply to slaves in
border states fighting for US
•No affect on southern areas already under US control.
•War was NOW fought to end slavery. •US soldiers were “Freedom Fighters”•War was NOW fought to end slavery. •US soldiers were “Freedom Fighters”
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• Kept Great Britain from siding with the South
and becoming an
ally.
• Kept Great Britain from siding with the South
and becoming an
ally.
War was now a war toWar was now a war to •abolish slaveryabolish slavery
•destroy the Southdestroy the South • preserve the Unionpreserve the Union
War was now a war toWar was now a war to •abolish slaveryabolish slavery
•destroy the Southdestroy the South • preserve the Unionpreserve the Union
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Freedom to the Slave, 1863
•Picture celebrated the Emancipation Emancipation
ProclamationProclamation in 1863.
•While it placed a white Union soldier in the
center:
•It also portrayed the important role of African
American troops and emphasized the
importance of education and literacy.
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The Southern View of Emancipation
The Southern View of Emancipation
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•Over 200,000 freed slaves fought for the US…..
•Famous 54th Black Regiment of Massachusetts which was organized by Frederick Douglass…..
•Over 200,000 freed slaves fought for the US…..
•Famous 54th Black Regiment of Massachusetts which was organized by Frederick Douglass…..
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AfricanAmericans in Civil War
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On July 4, 1863On July 4, 1863 30,000 Confederate troops defending Vicksburg surrendered their arms.
Grant captured 260 cannons, 60,000 stand-of-arms, and more than 2 million rounds of ammunition.
Former slaves celebrated Independence Day for the first time.
4 days later, the Mississippi River was in the hands of the Union army
Effectively cutting the Confederacy in two.
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Vicksburg/Gettysburg
•Grant captures
Vicksburg, splits the CSA
in half.
•USA controls the Mississippi
River.
•Grant captures
Vicksburg, splits the CSA
in half.
•USA controls the Mississippi
River.
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DATE BATTLE VICTOR RESULTDec. 1862 Fredericksburg South Lee stops
Burnside from taking Richmond
Jan. 1863 Chancellorsville South Lee stops Joe Hooker from taking Richmond
*July 1863 Gettysburg North George Meade stops Lee from moving into Washington, D.C.
*Turning point battle
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Theater/Battles 1862
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The Road to Gettysburg: 1863
The Road to Gettysburg: 1863
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•General Lee invades the North.
•The “High Tide of the
Confederacy”. South’s
last chance to capture
Washington, D.C.
•General Lee invades the North.
•The “High Tide of the
Confederacy”. South’s
last chance to capture
Washington, D.C.
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General Lee orders a frontal assault on Union lines to break through, surround and destroy the North.
General George Pickett
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Gettysburg CasualtiesGettysburg Casualties
•The defeat of Lee at Gettysburg would be the last time Lee would invade the North and try to take Washington, D.C.
•Lee’s retreat at Gettysburg on July 3rd and Grant’s defeat of the South at Vicksburg on July 4th would lead to the eventual
surrender of the South by 1865.
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On November 19, 1863, some 15,000 people gathered at Gettysburg to honor the Union
soldiers who had died there just four months before.
President Lincoln delivered a two-minute speech which became known as the Gettysburg
Address.
He reminded people that the Civil War was being fought to preserve a country that upheld
the principles of freedom, equality, and self-government.
The Gettysburg Address has become one of the best-loved and most-quoted speeches in the
English language.
It expresses grief at the terrible cost of war and the importance of preserving the Union.
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Four score and seven years Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth ago, our fathers brought forth
upon this continent a new upon this continent a new nationnation: conceived in liberty,
and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal……Now we are engaged in a great civil warengaged in a great civil war. . .testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived
and so dedicated. . . can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that
war…..
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We have come to dedicate a portion dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives for those who here gave their lives
that that nation might livethat that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we
should do this…But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate. . . we cannot consecrate. . we cannot
hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here have consecrated it, far above our
poor power to add or detract.
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The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, It is for us the living, rather,
to be dedicated here to the to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who unfinished work which they who
fought here have thus far so fought here have thus far so nobly advancednobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great
task remaining before us. . .
Gettysburg Address
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That from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave
the last full measure of devotion. That we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain. That this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom and that government of the and that government of the
people, by the people, for the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from people, shall not perish from
the earth. the earth.
Gettysburg Address
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After Union victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg,
President Lincoln appointed General Grant as the
Commanding General of all Union troops.
Grant commanded the Army of the Potomac in the East and
was instructed by Lincoln to force General Lee to surrender.
Grant appointed his 2nd in command General William T. Sherman to head up the Army of the
West. It is here that Lincoln, Grant and Sherman devise a new strategy of “total war” or bring the civilian population into the war, destroy the South and free
the slaves.
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•Graduate from West Point, 1843
•Served in the Mexican War
•Shoe salesman before the War
•Successful in Western Theater
•Appointed by Lincoln in 1864 to command all Union
forces
•The Butcher
•Unconditional Surrender Grant
•Supported “total war” concept
•Graduate from West Point, 1843
•Served in the Mexican War
•Shoe salesman before the War
•Successful in Western Theater
•Appointed by Lincoln in 1864 to command all Union
forces
•The Butcher
•Unconditional Surrender Grant
•Supported “total war” concept
•Graduate from West Point, 1829
•Served in the Mexican War
•Arrested John Brown
•Lincoln asked Lee to head up the Union Army
•Refused because of loyalty to Virginia.
•Defeated Union in battles from 1861 to 1863 in the
Eastern theater
•Excellent in military strategy
•Graduate from West Point, 1829
•Served in the Mexican War
•Arrested John Brown
•Lincoln asked Lee to head up the Union Army
•Refused because of loyalty to Virginia.
•Defeated Union in battles from 1861 to 1863 in the
Eastern theater
•Excellent in military strategy
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The Progress of War: 1861-1865
The Progress of War: 1861-1865
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Sherman’s
Marchthroug
hGeorgiato theSea, 1864
Sherman’s
Marchthroug
hGeorgiato theSea, 1864
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William T. Sherman
Grant’s right hand general.
Fought with Grant in the West.
Most noted for this saying;
““War is hell and the worse you War is hell and the worse you make it the sooner it will be make it the sooner it will be
over.”over.”Put in charge of the Army of the West after Lincoln appoints Grant
as head of all Union troops.
Responsible for the March to the Sea and using “total war” in
destroying the South.
William T. Sherman
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Tactic of war where the Union marched through the South and destroyed all
resources the civilian population needed to survive.
GoalGoal: To make war as horrible and destructive as possible to force your enemy
to surrender.
Total war brings the civilian population into the war to demoralize the enemy and
force them to surrender.
It is “in your face warfare” or you (South) started this war and until you surrender, we
will destroy the you.
Tactic of war where the Union marched through the South and destroyed all
resources the civilian population needed to survive.
GoalGoal: To make war as horrible and destructive as possible to force your enemy
to surrender.
Total war brings the civilian population into the war to demoralize the enemy and
force them to surrender.
It is “in your face warfare” or you (South) started this war and until you surrender, we
will destroy the you.
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Total War 1
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Total War 3
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Total War 2
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Picture: Richmond
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Picture: Richmond
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Picture: Richmond
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The Final Virginia Campaign:1864-1865
The Final Virginia Campaign:1864-1865
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Presidential
Election of 1864
Presidential
Election of 1864
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Letter Grant to Lee
5 PM, April 7, 1865…..
To: General R. E. Lee, Commanding CSA
The results of the last week must convince you of the hopelessness of further resistance on the part of the Army of Northern Virginia in this struggle. I feel that it is so, and regard it as my duty to shift from myself the responsibility of any further effusion (spilling) of blood by asking of you the surrender of that portion of the Confederate States army known as the Army of Northern Virginia……
Very respectfully, your obedient servant, U.S. Grant
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Letter Grant to Lee
April 7, 1865
To: General U.S. Grant:
General: I have received your note of this date. Though not entertaining the opinion you express of the hopelessness of further resistance on the part of the Army of Northern Virginia, I reciprocate your desire to avoid useless effusion of blood, and therefore, before considering your proposition, ask the terms you will offer on condition of its surrender.
Commanding General of CSA,
R. E. Lee
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Letter Grant to Lee
April 8, 1865….
To: General R. E. Lee, Commanding CSA
Your note of last evening just received. In reply would say that there is but one condition I would insist upon---namely, that the men and officers surrendered shall be disqualified for taking up arms against the Government of the United States……..I will meet you at any point agreeable to you, for the purpose of arranging definitely the terms upon which the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia will be received.
General U.S. Grant, Commanding Officer, USA
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Picture: South surrendering
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Casualties on Both Sides
Casualties on Both Sides
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Civil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other
Wars
Civil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other
Wars
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Horrors of War 2
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Horrors of War 1
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Horrors of War 3
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Horrors of War 3
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Andersonville Prison
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Impact on Future Conflicts
• Expanding battlefield due to new technology.• Defense is favored.
– fortification.
• Beginnings of trend toward dispersal and increased “individual” combat.
• Shift to Total War– Whole government had to be removed for success.– Civil and military “targets”.
• Sherman’s March to the Sea.
– Emancipation Proclamation.
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• Abraham Lincoln did not live to see the official end of the war.
• Throughout the winter of 1864–1865, a group of Southern conspirators in Washington, D.C., had plotted to kidnap Lincoln and exchange him for Confederate prisoners of war.
• After several unsuccessful attempts, their leader, John Wilkes Booth, assigned members of his group to assassinate top Union officials.
On April 14, 1865, Booth shot President Lincoln while he was watching a play at Ford’s Theater.
Booth was shot to death after he had fled from the theater and was found hiding in a tobacco barn.
Lincoln’s funeral train took 14 days to travel from Washington, D.C., to his hometown of Springfield, Illinois.
Twelve days later, an actor named John Wilkes Booth assassinatedPresident Lincoln. Davis and his cabinet had just arrived in Charlottewhen he heard the news. Davis responded, "I certainly have no special regard for Mr. Lincoln; but there are a great many men of whose end I would much rather have heard than this. I fear it will be disastrous for our people and I regret it deeply."
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Sketch of Lincoln’s death
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Picture: Lincoln’s Assassination
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Document: Lincoln’s death
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•On July 7, 1865 a large crowd gathered in the
courtyard of the Washington Arsenal.
•An unexpectedly large number of people wanted
to witness the multiple hanging, so many that it
became necessary to issue tickets.
•Mary Surratt, Paine, Herold, and Atzerodt were
all found guilty in a military trial and
sentenced to be hanged.
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•Vendors sold lemonade and cakes, creating a party
atmosphere. •At about 1:26 p.m. the
executioner clapped his hands together three times dropping the
bodies some 5 to 6 feet. •As each reached the end of the rope, the body jerked upward, then settled into a slow swaying
motion. •The bodies hung for nearly 25
minutes, at which time they were cut down and doctors examined them pronounced each one dead.
•The bodies were then placed inside the coffins, the lids were
closed, and the four were buried in shallow graves near the gallows
which had taken their lives.