factors influencing speed and sprint performance...estimation of mechanical cost during sprint races...

Factors Influencing Speed and

Sprint Performance

Elio Locatelli

Consiglio Federale

Presidente Alfio Giomi

Direttore Tecnico Giovanile e

Sviluppo Stefano Baldini

Direttore Tecnico Alto Livello (“AEC”)*

Elio Locatelli

Assistente D.T.G. e Sviluppo Antonio Andreozzi

Capitano Squadre Giovanili

Gabriella Dorio

SALTI Advisor – Mazzaufo

Advisor – Giannini Tutor – Del Forno Tutor – Lazzarin Tutor – Paolino

Tutor – Pilori

MEZZOFONDO Advisor – Ghidini

Advisor – Cito Tutor – Endrizzi Tutor – Gigliotti

VELOCITA’ Advisor – Di Mulo

Assistente – Frinolli

Assistente – Pisani Tutor – Cosso

Tutor – Biagetti

OSTACOLI Advisor – Tozzi

Tutor – Mori Tutor – Morandi

LANCI Advisor – Vizzoni

Advisor – Coslovich

Tutor – Angius Tutor – Roverato

PROVE MULTIPLE Advisor – Camellini Tutor – Andreatta

MARCIA Advisor – Gandellini

Tutor – Sala

Referente

Fiduciari Tecnici Regionali

Stefano Ruggeri

Assistente Alto Livello

Roberto Pericoli

SSTS** Velocità / Ostacoli

Filippo Di Mulo Collaboratori

Giorgio Frinolli Riccardo Pisani

SSTS** Mezzofondo Gianni Ghidini

SSTS** Fondo e Marcia Antonio La Torre

CONSULTANTS

Tecnici Personali (“AEC”)*

Medico Federale Andrea Billi

Segretario Generale Fabio Pagliara

Capo Area Tecnica

Riccardo Ingallina

* Atleti Elite Club ** Squadra di Supporto Tecnico Scientifico

Modello Tecnico Federale 2017-2020

Responsabile Tecnico Corsa in Montagna, Trail e

Ultradistanze Paolo Germanetto

Definition

• In sport, Speed is the ability to react to a stimulus or signal in the shortest possible time, and to perform cyclyc and/or acyclic movements at the highest tempo at various levels of resistance.

• Speed becomes mesurable by specifying velocity as the ratio of distance covered and unit of time: V= s/t

Estimation of mechanical cost during sprint races

• Example of 100m

The total energetic cost(E tot) of an athlete in100m, run at a constant velocity, without wind and at sea level, can be measured, following Prof. Di Prampero, additioning the following parametres :

- The cost to win the air resistance,(Ca)

- The non-aerodynamic cost

- The cost for accelerating the athlete mass

Estimation of the metabolic cost in 100 metres

• We can estimate the total métabolic cost « C » by measuring:

- the glycolytic energie

- the phosphagenes energie

- the cinetic of the utilisation oxygene

Bioenergetic models of the muscles work in sprint

Energetic Sources How it works the uptake process

Time of the uptake process

Max utilisation time of the process

Max time of utilization at

maximum speed

Anaerobic Alactic

reaction by CPK + MK, ATP of the

muscles 0 Up to 20" Up to 3-4"

Anaerobic Lactic Glycolisis with

lactate production Starting from 4" from 30“ to 5'-6' From 30" to 40"

Aerobic oxygen / glycogen Krèbs Cycle Not for sprint From 40” to20'

• Bioenergetic Model

-Green= glycolysis

- Red= ATP/CP

- Jellow= aerobic

Factors influencing sprint performance

• Reaction Time

• Explosive strength and Power

• Muscle Stiffness

• Technique

• Efficiency of the anaerobic system

Practically, these factors, (excluding reaction time) are those that influence the length and the frequency of the strides; the athlete shall try to optimize these two parameters to improve his/her performance.

Sprint Performance

• Sprint performance:

- Is determined by the length and frequency of the strides. To increase the speed of a subject is necessary to increase one or both parameters.

- Practically the coach should build an individual optimal model for each athlete, taking into consideration his/her neuromuscular capacities and his/her anthropometric data.

- To modify one or both the above parameters the sprint training should include special exercises which can affect them (C. Vittori 1982).

Measuring Speed

• Average Speed= S/T; Measured in m/sm.

Example: 100m in 10” = 10m/s, that means 36 km/hour

(10s x 3600s divided 10mx100m)

• Average Frequency = number of strides done in a certain time; is measured in hertz.

Example: 100m in 9.58s with 41 strides; frequency = 41 : 9.58 = 4,28 hertz.

• Average Length: to obtain it we should divide the race distance by the number of strides measured in cm

Example: 41strides in 100m. = 243,9cm

Fastest performances

• The faster race:

- 4x100m (JAM) 36.84s = 39.08km/hour

• The top flying speed measured:

- Usain Bolt in Berlin: in the100m final, he

covered the space between 60 and 80m

in 1.61s that means 44.72km/hour

SPRINT MODELS

• Usain Bolt: 100m 9.58 41.0 strides

• Tim Montgomery: 100m 9.78 49.1 strides

• Frankie Frederiks: 100m 9.87 46.2 strides

• Asafa Powell: 100m 9.74 43.5 strides

• Ekaterini Thanou : 100m 10.82 53.0 strides

• Marlene Ottey (1): 100m 10.85 46.3 strides

• Marlene Ottey (2): 100m 10.74 46.9 strides

• Florence Griffith: 100m 10.54 47.6 strides

• N.B. -Marlene Ottey, after 1 year of specific exercises, did 10.74 with 46.9 strides (Milano: 1996).

Special Exercises Affecting Stride Lenght

• Strength exercises with overloads to improve explosive strength (quadricep extensors)

• Strength exercises with light overloads: tight belts or heavy shoes (for the leg flexors)

• Long alternated bounces over 100m, recording time and number of bounces.

• Skipping exercises with and without ankle weight (200/250 gr.); 200 contacts.

• 30 – 60m sprints with ankle weights (150 gr.)

• 100 runs with longer strides, recording time and number of strides.

Special Exercises Affecting Stride Frequency

• Strength exercises for reactive strength (Plyometric)

• Pacing exercises forfeet reativity

• Verical two legs jumps over hurdles (different heights)

• Fast skipping with low knees over 30m (calculating the rate)

• Kick-back run over 50 contacts, recording the time

• Skipping exercises with weighted belt (4 – 5 kg) over 50 contacts, recording the time

• Sprint over 30m with harness (time difference about: 0.6s)

• Sprint runs with weighted belt over 60 – 80m

• Fast circular short strides over 60m, recording time and number of srides

• Maximal speed (hand time and N. of strides)

6’’ 30 28,5 (N. strides)

Shorter strides Longer strides

6’’43 30,5 6’’41 27,5

6’’70 35,2 6’’72 25,7

6’’94 38,0 6’’89 25,0

Relations between running time and stride lenghts in 60m

BOSCO TEST

Using Bosco apparatus and Biorobot

BOSCO TEST

Data So Scm ∆

So /Scm Sbw ∆ F/V

REACTIVITY

h ct Watt

EVANGELISTI G. 27/1/8

4 52.6 57.6 5.0 23.6 0.448 70.5 155 89.2

CAMPUS M. 30/5/9

4 47.9 55.2 7.3 20.4 0.425 61.8 124 98.7

BUTTIGLIONE D. 15/5/9

4 48.1 54.8 6.7 22.9 0.476 63.5 159 78.4

MAY F. 15/5/9

4 44.2 51.1 6.9 17.6 0.398 55.8 154 71.1

CAPRIOTTI A. 15/5/9

4 42.9 46.1 3.2 16.8 0.392 52.0 159 64.2

Middle / Long Distances and Walking

Aerobic Test • Aerobic Test: (K4)

a) Energetic Cost (running at 13Km/h)

(in mmol. O²/ml/kg):

- Carabelli G. 0,193

- Galletti L. 0,183

- Pirovano W. 0,229

b) VO²max:

- Carabelli: 60ml/kg/min

- Galletti: 56ml/kg/min

- Pirovano: 64 ml/kg/min

c) MAV (Km/h)

- Carabelli: 17,9

- Galletti: 17,6

- Pirovano: 18,2

Aerobic Test (using K4)

Anaerobic Test

• Anaerobic Tests:

a) Measurement of lactic acid after speed endurance

training: different sets of 60m runs.

b) After a 100 or 200 or 400m in competition.

Data collected after a 400m indoor:

- Aimar (47.15) 25.10 mmol. (après 6’)

- Grossi (47.55) 20.70 mmol. (après 8’)

- Nuti (46.59) 23.11 mmol. (après 4’)

Lactic Acid level after a series of 60m runs

• The athletes were asked to run four different sets of 60m at 95% of max

- 2x60m with 1’30’’ recovery

4’ pause


4’pause


4’ PAUSE


Standards for Aerobic Endurance Capacity

General Endurance Evaluation (Men)

• 2,5 - 3,5 m/sec normal [untrained]

• 3,5 - 4,0 m/sec low endurance level

• 4,0 - 4,7 m/sec medium endurance level

• 4,8 - 5,2 m/sec high endurance level

• 5,3 - 5,6 m/sec TOP ATHLETE

Hollmann, W.

ZERSENAY TADESE / ERI (21.03.2010)

20 KM / 55:21

• 6.0 M/SEC

FLORENCE KIPLAGAT / KEN (16.02.2014)

20 km / 61:56

• 5.4 M / SEC

distance ATP / CRPH

%

anaerobic-lac

%

aerobic

%

30 m 80 19 1

60 m 55 43 2

100 m 25 70 5

200 m 15 60 25

400 m 12 43 45

800 m 10 30 60

1500 m 8 20 72

3000 m 5 15 80

5000 m 4 10 86

10000 m 3-2 12-8 85-90

marathon 0 5-2 95-98

Share of energy supply mechanism

during different track and field events

MADER / HARTMANN):

Event Specific Standards for General Endurance

(At END of General Phase)

Event Standard Threshold MALE

(m/s)

Standard Threshold FEMALE

(m/s)

800m 4.7 – 5.1 4.5 – 4.9

1500m 5.0 – 5.4 4.8 – 5.2

5000m 5.1 – 5.6 4.9 – 5.4

10000m/ 42.195m >5.4 >5.2

Lange & Pohlitz 1985

Updated 2014

Performance profile & special topics in the 20 km Men

20km men World Championship: Rome to Osaka

ROME

1987

TOKYO

1991

GOTEBORG

1995

ATHENS

1997

SEVILLE

1999

EDMONTON

2001

PARIS

2003

HELSINKY

2005

OSAKA

2007

1 1.20.45 1.19.37 1.19.59 1.21.43 1.23.34 1.20.31 1.17.21 1.18.35 1.22.20

2 1.21.07 1.19.46 1.20.23 1.21.53 1.24.19 1.20.33 1.18.00 1.19.36 1.22.40

3 1.21.24 1.20.22 1.20.48 1.22.01 1.24.31 1.20.36 1.18.07 1.19.44 1.22.41

4 1.21.53 1.20.29 1.21.28 1.22.57 1.24.43 1.20.55 1.18.14 1.20.00 1.23.36

5 1.22.53 1.20.29 1.21.39 1.23.03 1.24.51 1.21.09 1.19.35 1.20.19 1.23.39

6 1.23.01 1.20.52 1.22.16 1.23.10 1.25.15 1.22.05 1.19.40 1.20.25 1.23.42

7 1.23.38 1.21.01 1.22.21 1.23.14 1.25.26 1.22.11 1.19.46 1.20.34 1.23.52

8 1.23.42 1.21.15 1.22.30 1.23.33 1.25.33 1.22.20 1.20.14 1.20.45 1.24.10

9 1.23.51 1.21.22 1.23.24 1.23.49 1.25.54 1.22.42 1.20.15 1.21.01 1.24.35

10 1.24.14 1.21.32 1.23.34 1.23.53 1.26.00 1.23.14 1.20.24 1.21.43 1.24.39

1987-

2007

0.01.35

0.01.33

0.01.17

0.01.43

0.00.46

0.00.41

0.00.14

0.00.28

0.00.44

0.00.25

1-

10 0.03.29 0.01.55 0.03.35 0.02.10 0.02.26 0.02.43 0.03.03 0.03.08 0.02.19

01:14:53

01:16:19

01:17:46

01:19:12

01:20:38

01:22:05

01:23:31

01:24:58

01:26:24

01:22:39

01:20:41

01:21:50

01:22:56

01:25:01

01:21:38

01:19:10

01:20:16

01:23:35

Averages of the First 10 in World Championships

01:12:00

01:13:26

01:14:53

01:16:19

01:17:46

01:19:12

01:20:38

01:22:05

01:23:31

01:24:58

01:26:24

01:19:37 01:19:59

01:21:43

01:23:34

01:20:31

01:17:21

01:18:35

01:22:20

01:21:15

01:22:30

01:23:33

01:25:33

01:22:20

01:20:14 01:20:45

01:24:10

Relationship of 1st to 8th in World

Championships

20km men Olympic Games: Seoul to Beijing

SEOUL

1988

BARCELONA

1992

ATLANTA

1996

SYDNEY

2000

ATHENS

2004

BEIJING

2008

1 1.19.57 1.21.45 1.20.07 1.18.59 1.19.40 1.19.01

2 1.20.00 1.22.25 1.20.16 1.19.01 1.19.45 1.19.15

3 1.20.14 1.23.11 1.20.23 1.19.27 1.20.02 1.19.42

4 1.20.34 1.23.39 1.20.31 1.20.18 1.20.38 1.19.47

5 1.20.43 1.24.06 1.20.41 1.20.25 1.20.55 1.19.51

6 1.20.47 1.25.16 1.20.47 1.20.57 1.21.40 1.19.57

7 1.20.53 1.25.35 1.21.09 1.21.01 1.21.53 1.20.32

8 1.21.14 1.26.08 1.21.13 1.21.13 1.21.56 1.20.36

9 1.21.16 1.26.23 1.21.16 1.21.14 1.22.08 1.20.59

10 1.21.29 1.26.38 1.21.56 1.21.34 1.23.33 1.21.17

1988-

2008

0.00.56

0.00.45

0.00.32

0.00.47

0.00.52

0.00.50

0.00.21

0.00.38

0.00.17

0.00.12

1-10 0.01.32 0.04.53 0.01.49 0.02.35 0.03.53 0.02.16

01:17:46

01:18:29

01:19:12

01:19:55

01:20:38

01:21:22

01:22:05

01:22:48

01:23:31

01:24:14

01:24:58

SEOUL BARCELONA ATLANTA SYDNEY ATHENS BEIJING

01:20:43

01:24:31

01:20:50 01:20:25

01:21:13

01:20:06

Averages of the First 10 in

Olymipic Games

01:14:53

01:16:19

01:17:46

01:19:12

01:20:38

01:22:05

01:23:31

01:24:58

01:26:24

SEOUL BARCELONA ATLANTA SYDNEY ATHENS BEIJING

01:19:57

01:21:45

01:20:07

01:18:59

01:19:40

01:19:01

01:21:14

01:26:08

01:21:13 01:21:13

01:21:56

01:20:36

Relationship of 1st to 8th in

Olympic Games

01:14:53

01:16:19

01:17:46

01:19:12

01:20:38

01:22:05

01:23:31

01:24:58

01:26:24

01:22:39

01:20:43

01:20:41

01:24:31

01:21:50

01:20:50

01:22:56

01:25:01

01:20:25

01:21:38

01:19:10

01:21:13

01:20:16

01:23:35

01:20:06

Average of First 10 in World

Championships and Olympic Games

All-Time Performances

(updated as at 16/08/2008)

1.16.43 Sergey Morozov

1.16.53 Vladimir Kanaykin


1.17.21 Jefferson Pérez

1.17.22 Francisco Javier Fernández

1.17.23 Vladimir Stankin

1.17.33 Nathan Deakes


1.17.41 Hongjun Zhu

1.17.46 Julio René Martínez

01:22:39

01:20:43

01:20:41

01:24:31

01:21:50

01:20:50

01:22:56

01:25:01

01:20:25

01:21:38

01:19:10

01:21:13

01:20:16

01:23:35

01:20:06

01:17:21

01:13:26

01:14:53

01:16:19

01:17:46

01:19:12

01:20:38

01:22:05

01:23:31

01:24:58

01:26:24

MEANS W.C. & O.G.

Comparison of the averages of the first 10 performances all-time vs

World Championship and Olympic Games

Biomechanics in the Race Walking events

Race walking is the agonistic expression

of the brisk, or better, fast walking:

• From a biomechanics view, it’s a complex

movement;

• It’s fixed by the strictly observance of rules;

• A correct race walking technique permits to

improve the performance.

Race Walking is a technical discipline:

• Learning of a correct race walking technique is a

fundamental prerequisite to develop and to get top-

level performance;

• A correct race walking technique permits to integrate

physiological aspects with energy cost (economy

race walking).

Why is necessary a correct

race walking technique ?

Technique Violations

• Loss of contact “Race Walking is a progression of steps so taken

that the walker makes contact with the ground, so

that no visible (to the human eye) loss of contact

occurs”.

- IAAF Handbook [Rule 230]

• Bent knee “The advancing leg shall be straightened (i.e. not

bent at the knee) from the moment of first contact

with the ground until the vertical upright position”.

- IAAF Handbook [Rule 230]

Inefficient Technique

Inefficient technique depends on:

• Poor neuromuscular coordination;

• Dominance of muscular districts causes inefficacy;

• Inadequate flexibility.

reflect unfavorable biomechanics

Race Walking Sequence

Double

Support Single

Support

Double

Support

Single

Support

Double support phase

Double

Support Double

Support

Double Support Phase

Take Home Message (1)

• Continuous contact with the ground;

• Double contact clearly visible (to the human eye);

• Support leg should be straightened from the moment of the

first contact with the ground until the vertical upright position;

• Emphasize the push off phase;

• Grazing step;

• Right stride (correlated to the anthropometry of the athlete,

his/her speed, his/her technical “maturity”);

• Harmonious movements of arms, shoulder and trunk;

Take Home Message (2)

• Rotations of the hips;

• Upright trunk;

• Relaxed head position;

• The advancing leg makes contact with the ground not too far

from the perpendicular projection of the centre of gravity;

• Progressive foot approaching to the ground;

• Complete push-off.

factors influencing speed and sprint performance...estimation of mechanical cost during sprint races...

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