factorial designs more than one independent variable: each iv is referred to as a factor all levels...
Post on 22-Dec-2015
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Factorial Designs
More than one Independent Variable:
•Each IV is referred to as a Factor
•All Levels of Each IV represented in the Other IV
A Two-Way ANOVA
Factor A has 3 Levels
Factor BHas 2Levels
Each Cell is a COMBINATIONOf Treatments for a Group ofSubjects
A Two-Way ANOVA
Marginal MeansFor Factor B; doThey differ
Marginal Means for Factor A; do they differ?
Marginal Means average across the Levels of the OTHER Factor
A Two-Way ANOVA
A Two-Way ANOVA tells you:1. What a One-Way ANOVA would find out about Factor A2. What a One-Way ANOVA would find out about Factor B3. If there is an Interaction between Factor A and Factor B
A Two-Way Interaction
An Interaction is the effect which one IV has on the effect whichThe other IV has on the DV
Is the Difference between subjects who got Treatment B1 and B2The Same irrespective of whether they got Treatment A1, A2, or A3?
The Other Side of the Same Coin:
Are the Differences among subjects who got Treatments A1, A2 and A2The Same irrespective of whether they got Treatment B1 or B2?
Main Effects & Interactions
SPORTS
Yes .. No
Mea
n A
GG
RE
SS
ION
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
SEX
Female
Male
IV1: SportsIV2: GenderDV: Aggression
IV1: Main EffectIV2: Main EffectInteraction: None
Main Effect: AveragedAcross levels of theOther IV
Is the impact of sports on aggression differentFor Males and females?
M
FN
Y
Main Effects & Interactions
IV1: SportsIV2: GenderDV: Aggression
IV1: Main EffectIV2: Main EffectInteraction: Yes
Main Effect: AveragedAcross levels of theOther IV
Is the impact of sports on aggression differentFor Males and females?
M
FN
Y
SPORTS
Yes .. No
Mea
n A
GG
RE
SS
ION
100
80
60
40
20
0
SEX
Female
Male
M
FN
Y
Main Effects & Interactions
IV1: SportsIV2: GenderDV: Aggression
IV1: Main EffectIV2: Main EffectInteraction: Yes
Main Effect: AveragedAcross levels of theOther IV
Is the impact of sports on aggression differentFor Males and females?
M
FN
YM
FN
Y
SPORTS
Yes .. No
Mea
n A
GG
RE
SS
ION
100
80
60
40
20
0
SEX
Avg
Female
Male
F
M
Main Effects & Interactions
IV1: SportsIV2: GenderDV: Aggression
IV1: No Main EffectIV2: Main EffectInteraction: Yes
Main Effect: AveragedAcross levels of theOther IV
Is the impact of sports on aggression differentFor Males and females?
M
FN
YM
FN
Y
F
M
SPORTS
Yes .. No
Mea
n A
GG
RE
SS
ION
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
SEX
Avg
Female
Male
M
F
Main Effects & Interactions
IV1: SportsIV2: GenderDV: Aggression
IV1: No Main EffectIV2: No Main EffectInteraction: Yes
Main Effect: AveragedAcross levels of theOther IV
Is the impact of sports on aggression differentFor Males and females?
M
FN
YM
FN
Y
F
MM
F
SPORTS
Yes .. No
Mea
n A
ggre
ssio
n
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
SEX
Avg
Female
Male
No Interaction
Main EffectDifferences Same for B1 and B2And Same as Marginal Means
Main EffectDifferences sameFor A1, A2, & A3And Same asMarginal Means
Yummy Interaction
B1 and B2 Subjects change differently (across Factor A) fromOne another and from the Marginal Means
A1, A2, & A3 SubjectsChange differently(across Factor b) from oneAnother and fromMarginal Means
In my opinion: Interactions are more interesting and more importantThan main effects
Explaining the Relationship Between the IV and DV
Does Sports (IV1) affect Aggression (DV)?Yes but more so in malesYes but only in malesYes but oppositely in males and females (IV2)
If you have to qualify the relationship with a “But,” then youHave an Interaction.
Statistical Symbols
Σ Sumά Type I Errorβ Type II Errorμ Population Meanρ Population Correlationσ Population Standard Deviation
Interaction
InteractionsArms & Legs Not Parallel
SPORTS
Yes .. No
Mea
n A
GG
RE
SS
ION
100
80
60
40
20
0
SEX
Female
Male
SPORTS
Yes .. No
Mea
n A
GG
RE
SS
ION
100
80
60
40
20
0
SEX
Avg
Female
Male
SPORTS
Yes .. No
Mea
n A
GG
RE
SS
ION
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
SEX
Avg
Female
Male
SPORTS
Yes .. No
Mea
n A
ggre
ssio
n
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
SEX
Avg
Female
Male
Yes But more so in males
Yes But only in males
Yes But in different directions
Yes But in different directions, from different directions
The Structure of the ANOVAPartitioning the Total Sum of Squared Deviations
From the Grand Mean
If you must run your reaction time study at 3 different times of day:1. Counter Balance2. Use Time as a Second IV to pull Main Effect and Interaction
Variance (SS) out of Error Term
D.V.: Reaction Time
SS Main Effect A
SS Main Effect B
SS Interaction
AxB
SS Error
Variation W/I Drug Time Combination
E.G., Drug
E.G., Time of Day
Partitioning the Sums of SquaresInto 4 Parts
Variation of cell meansFrom Grand Mean(SS_Between Cell)
Variation of IndividualsFrom their cell means(SS-Within Cell)
Variation of Individuals fromThe Grand Mean
Sum to SSCell
Every Subjects’ Score is composed of these 4 parts
Do It!Step 1:Calculate SS-Total &SS-Error
Xi X-XBarA1B1 dev sq X-GM dev sqGroup A1B1 12 1 1 2.583333333 6.673611mean= 11 0 0 1.583333333 2.50694411 10 -1 1 0.583333333 0.340278
X-XBarA1B2
Group A1B2 12 1.66666667 2.777778 2.583333333 6.673611mean= 10 -0.3333333 0.111111 0.583333333 0.34027810.333333 9 -1.3333333 1.777778 -0.416666667 0.173611
X-XBarA2B1 dev sq X-GM dev sq
Group A2B1 8 0.66666667 0.444444 -1.416666667 2.006944mean= 7 -0.3333333 0.111111 -2.416666667 5.8402787.3333333 7 -0.3333333 0.111111 -2.416666667 5.840278
X-XBarA2B2 dev sq X-GM dev sq
Group A2B2 10 1 1 0.583333333 0.340278mean= 9 0 0 -0.416666667 0.1736119 8 -1 1 -1.416666667 2.006944
GM= 9.416667 9.333333 32.91667SSError SSTotal
Step 2: Calculate SS Main Effects For A & B
A1 B112 1211 1110 1012 810 79 7
Mean A1= 10.66667 9.166667MeanA1-GM= 1.25 -0.25
dev sq= 1.5625 0.0625
A2 B28 127 107 9
10 109 98 8
Mean A2= 8.166667 9.666667MeanA2-GM= -1.25 0.25
dev sq= 1.5625 0.0625
18.75 0.75SSA SSB
Step 3: Calculate SS Interaction
SSAxB= "f21-i23-j23-d21= 4.083333SSAxB= "o9-i23-j23= 4.083333
SSTot-SSA-SSB-SSError
OrSSCell-SSA-SSB
Step 4: Calculate Degrees of Freedom
DF Tot= N-1 11DF A= "2-1 1DF B= "2-1 1
DF AxB= (2-1)*(2-1) 1DFError= "11-3 8
Step 5: Calculate Mean SquaresDivide SS by df
DF Tot= N-1 11DF A= "2-1 1 MS A= 18.75DF B= "2-1 1 MS B= 0.75
DF AxB= (2-1)*(2-1) 1 MS AxB= 4.083333333DFError= "11-3 8 MSError= 1.166666667
Step 5: Calculate F-ValuesDivide MS by MSError
FMS A= 18.75 16.07 p<0.01MS B= 0.75 0.64 p>0.05
MS AxB= 4.083333333 3.50 p>0.05MSError= 1.166666667
Decision
If Interaction is non-significant:•Interpret Each Main Effect as if it came from a One-Way ANOVA•Do Tukey Post Hoc HSD test for every Significant IV with more
than 2 Levels
If Interaction is Significant:Do a Simple Effects ANOVA on Each IV
For EVERY Level of the other IVA 3x2 design would require 5 One-way ANOVAs