DATA USERS' NOTENSSDC 70-06

F l 1i L

COPYAPOLLO 11 LUNAR PHOTOGRAPHY

(NSSDC ID NO. 69-059A-01)

APRIL 1970

1NATIONAL SPACE SCIENCE DATA CENTER

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION • GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER, GREENBELT, MD.

.

DATA USERS' NOTENSSDC 70-06

APOLLO 11 LUNAR PHOTOGRAPHY(NSSDC ID No. 69-059A-01)

PREPARED BY:

A. T. Anderson, Acquisition ScientistC. K. Michlovitz, Data Services Manager

K. Hug, Technical Writer

APRIL 1970

FOREWORD

The purposes of this Data Users' Note are to announce the availability of the completeset of Apollo 11 pictorial data and to aid an investigator in the selection of Apollo 11 photo-graphs for study. In addition, this Note can provide guidance in the interpretation of thephotographs. As background information, the Note includes brief descriptions of the Apollo11 mission objectives, photographic equipment, and photographic coverage and quality. TheNational Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) can provide all forms of photographs describedin the section on Format of Available Data.

NSSDC will supply, as resources permit, Jimited quantities of photographs without chargewhere they are to be used, first, for specific scientific studies, and, second, for college-levelscience courses. All requesters should refer to the section on Ordering Procedures for specificordering instructions. Scientists conducting an investigation that requires photographic datashould inform NSSDC of their needs and should identify the nature of their study, theiraffiliation with a scientific organization, university, or company, and any government contractsthey may have for performing the investigation. The Data Center seeks to keep informed ofthe results of any scientific investigations performed with the use of Apollo photographs. Wetherefore request that scientists submit reprints of any published papers to the Data Centerso that the results of their studies can be made known to other users. It is also requestedthat in such papers NSSDC be acknowledged as the source of photographic data.

J

CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION 1

PHOTOGRAPHIC OBJECTIVES.'. 1

PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT 2

Cameras . . . 2Films .. . 4Accessories 4

PHOTOGRAPHIC COVERAGE AND QUALITY 5

FORMAT OF AVAILABLE DATA 6

70-mm Photography 616-mm Photography 635-mm Photography 6

ORDERING PROCEDURES 7

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS " 9

REFERENCE 11

BIBLIOGRAPHY 11

APPENDIX A - Summary of Apollo 11 Photographic Coverage A-l

APOLLO 11 LUIM'AR PHOTOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

Apollo 11 (1969-059A) was launched from Cape Kennedy, Florida, on July 16, 1969,on a 9-day lunar landing mission. The spacecraft attained a near-circular orbit with an apoluneof 65 nautical miles and a perilune of 54 nautical miles. Photography during the mission wasaccomplished from the Apollo 11 command module (CM), which spent 59 hours in lunarorbit; from the lunar module (LM), which landed successfully at 6.67° north latitude and23.49° east longitude in the southwest part of Mare Tranquillitatis; and by the Apollo 11astronauts during extravehicular activities (EVA) on the lunar surface. The command moduleand crew returned to earth on July 24, 1969.

The purpose of this first Apollo lunar landing mission was to open a new field of explora-tion and scientific research. The success of the mission, as stated by Dr. Thomas Paine ofNASA, " . . . . . will lead to a greater understanding of our planet and provide a new insightinto the origin and history of the solar system . . . . and subsequent missions will reflect moreambitious scientific objectives . . . . at a variety of lunar sites."

PHOTOGRAPHIC OBJECTIVES -

Apollo 11 represented man's first opportunity to directly observe scientific phenomenaon the lunar surface. Both the surface and orbital photography of the mission served notonly to document man's first lunar landing and the extravehicular activities of the astronauts,but also to identify scientific areas and experiments for study in future missions.

The photographic equipment and materials carried by Apollo 11"were designed specifically:(1) to photograph "targets of opportunity," i.e., scientifically interesting sites, and potentialApollo landing sites as time and circumstances permitted; (2) to obtain photographs of thelunar module and lunar surface activities after LM landing; (3) to obtain vertical and obliquestereo strips of nearside and farside regions of scientific interest; (4) to record mission opera-tional activities; and (5) to obtain documentation for subsequent landing crew trainingpurposes.

PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT

Cameras

The camera equipment carried by Apollo 11 consisted of one 70-mm Hasselblad electriccamera, two Hasselblad 70-mm lunar surface superwide-angle cameras, one Hasselblad ELdata camera, two 16-mm Maurer data acquisition cameras, and one 35-mm lunar surfacecloseup stereoscopic camera.

70-mm Hasselblad Electric Camera. This camera, which was carried aboard the commandmodule, featured a motor-drive mechanism, powered by two nickel-cadmium batteries, thatadvanced the film and cocked the shutter whenever the camera was activated. The settingsand ranges for equipment on this camera were:

Lens Focal Length: 80 mm 250 mmFocus: 3 ft to infinity 8.5 ft to infinityAperture: f/2.8 to f/22 f/5.6 to f/45Shutter Speed: 1 sec to 1/500 sec 1 sec to 1/500 secField of View: 37.9° side, 51.8° diagonal 12.5° side, 17.6° diagonalFilm Magazine Capacity: 200 frames B&W, thin base

160 frames color, thin base100 frames, standard base

- 70-mm Hasselblad Lunar Surface Superwide-Angle Cameras. These cameras, which werecarried aboard the lunar module, were operated manually for the shutter and film advance.The settings and ranges for equipment on these cameras were:

Lens Focal Length: 38 mmFocus: 12 in. to infinityShutter Speed: 1 sec to 1/500 secField of View: 71.7° side, 91.1° diagonal

70-mm Hasselblad EL Data Camera. This electrically powered camera, carried on thelunar module, featured semiautomatic operation. It used a 60-mm Biogon lens exclusively.The operating sequence was initiated by squeezing a trigger mounted on the camera handle.A reseau grid was set in front of the image plane to provide photogrammetric information inthe analysis of the photography. The camera was bracket-mounted on the front of a LMastronaut's suit. The settings and ranges for equipment on this camera were:

Lens Focal Length: 60-mm BiogonFocus: 3 ft to infinityAperture: f/5.6 to f/22Shutter Speed: 1 sec to 1/500 secField of View: 49.2° side, 66° diagonal

16-mm Maurer Data Acquisition Cameras. Apollo 11 carried two Maurer data acquisitioncameras, one on the command module and one on the lunar module. The cameras were usedprimarily to record engineering data and for continuous-sequence terrain photography. TheCM camera had lenses of 5-, 10-, 18-, and 75-mm focal lengths; the LM camera was fittedwith an 18-mm wide-angle lens. Accessories included a right-angle mirror, a power cable,and a CM boresight window bracket.

The Maurer camera weighed 2.8 pounds with a 130-foot film magazine attached. It hadframe rates of 1, 6, and 12 fps automatic and 24 fps semiautomatic at all lens focal lengths,and shutter speeds of 1/60, 1/125, 1/500, and 1/1000 second, again, at all lens focal lengths.Other settings and ranges for equipment on the camera were:

Lens FocalLength:

Focus:

Aperture:

5 mmfixed fromfront of lensto infinityf/2.0 to f/16

10 mm6 in. toinfinity

T/1.8toT/22

18 mm12 in.toinfinity

75 mm42 in. toinfinity

T/2toT/22 f/2.5tof/32

1 17.5° hor. x80.2° vert.;160° diag.

54.9° hor. x41.1° vert.;65.2° diag.

32.3° hor. x23.5°. vert.;

> 39.2° diag.

7.9° hor. x5.7° vert.;10° diag.

Field ofView:

During lunar surface extravehicular activity, Astronaut Armstrong was filmed by thelunar module pilot with the LM 16-mm camera set at normal or near-normal frame rates(12 and 24 fps); when the camera was operating automatically, a rate of 1 fps was used.The camera was mounted inside the LM looking through the right-hand window. vAt a filmspeed of 1 fps, a 130-foot, 16-mm magazine was expended in 87 minutes real time; at thestandard rate of 24 fps, the film's running time was 3.6 minutes.

35-mm Lunar Surface Closeup Stereoscopic Camera. This camera, which was carriedon the lunar module's Modular Equipment Storage Assembly (MESA), was designed for thehighest possible resolution of a 3-inch square area with a flash illumination and fixed distance.Photography was accomplished by holding the camera on a walking stick against the objectto be photographed. The camera was powered by four nickel-cadmium batteries that operatedthe motor drive mechanism and an electronic flash strobe light. The capabilities, settings,and ranges for equipment on this camera were:

Area Photographed:Camera Lenses:

Focus:Aperture:Film:Surface Particle

Identification:

72 mm x 82.8 mmdiffraction limited to 46.12 mm at f/17 using Kodak M-39 copylenses focused for object distance of 184.5 mmfixed rangef/22.6 fixed30-ft SO-368 - 112 stereo pairs

as low as .004 in.

3

Resolution: approximately 80 micronsMagnification: 0.33 timesBase-Height Ratio: 0.16 for stereoscopic photosStereo Angle: 9° convergentCycling Time: 10 sec

Films

The films used throughout the mission were as follows.

SO-368 Film (CEX)

Description: Ektachrome MS, color reversal, ASA 64; haze filter requiredResolution: 80 lines/mm for 1000:1 test object contrastUse: terrain and general photography

SO-168 Film (HCEX and CIN)

Description: Ektachrome EF, high-speed color reversal, ASA 160 for surfaceand interior photography; no filter required; HCEX exposed anddeveloped at ASA 160, and CIN exposed and developed at ASA1000

Resolution: 80 lines/mm for 1000:1 test object contrastUse: surface and interior photography at low light levels

3400 Filmi

Description: Panatomic-X, black and white, ASA 80Resolution: 170 lines/mm for 1000:1 test object contrastUse: high-resolution terrain photography

Accessories

Accessories for the Apollo 11 photographic equipment included the following.

• The light meter used was an automatic spot meter with a narrow angle of acceptance(limited to 1°). The scales on the meter were automatically rotated to give thecorrect aperture and shutter speed settings.

• A right-angle mirror was used for bracket-mounted photography on the front of the18-mm and 75-mm acquisition camera lenses.

• A ring sight — an optical aiming device — was used to correct Newton interferencein which light rays interfere in a spherically varying mode.

• Three types of filters were used. (1) A haze filter (Photar 2a), which had a cutoffof 3400 A and less, a transmittance of 100 percent in the visible spectrum, andneeded no exposure correction, was used with the SO-368 film with the 80-mm and250-mm lenses. (2) A red filter, which had a cutoff of 6000 A and less, a transmit-tance of 90 percent for 6500 A and longer, and an exposure correction of 2.5 stops(added exposure needed), was used with black and white film to reduce atmospherichaze. (3) A polarizing filter was used on the lunar surface superwide-angle camerafor the photo geology experiment.

PHOTOGRAPHIC COVERAGE AND QUALITY

The orbital and surface lunar photographs obtained during the Apollo 11 mission wereof good quality, resolution, and contrast. There were 1359 frames of 70-mm photography,58,134 frames of 16-mm photography, and 17 pairs of lunar surface stereoscopic photographs.Although only one near-vertical stereo strip was obtained, good low- and medium-obliquephotographs were taken. Photos of Tranquillity Base taken from the lunar module and onthe surface were also of good quality.

Although the Apollo 11 coverage included photographs of the earth, only the lunarphotographs are described in this Data Users' Note. For information on the photographsof the earth, please refer to the section on Ordering Procedures.

The photographic coverage of the command and lunar modules is described in map formin the "Apollo Mission 11 Lunar Photography Indexes," which accompanies this Data Users'Note. On the index maps, photographic coverage is depicted on a mercator projection withan approximate scale of 1:7,500,000 at the equator. The index consists of four separatesheets that indicate targets of opportunity shown on 70-mm color film (sheet 1), targets ofopportunity shown on 70-mm black and white film (sheets 2 and 3), and sequence photographyon 16-mm color film (sheet 4).

An index of all photography taken during the Apollo 11 mission is contained in "Apollo11 Photography: 70-mm, 16-mm, and 35-mm Frame Index," which also accompanies thisData Users'Note. For each 70-mm frame, the index presents information on: (1) the focallength of the camera, (2) the photo scale at the principal point of the frame, (3) the seleno-graphic coordinates at the principal point of the frame, (4) the percentage of forward overlapof the frame, (5) the sun angle (medium, low, high), (6) the quality of the photography,(7) the approximate tilt (minimum and maximum) of the camera, and (8) the direction oftilt. A brief description of each frame also appears in the index.

The index to the 16-mm sequence photography includes information concerning theapproximate surface coverage of the photographic sequence and a brief description ofprincipal features shown. A "remarks" column is also included to indicate if the sequenceis plotted on the photographic index map.

The pictures taken using the lunar surface closeup stereoscopic camera are described inpages 187-197 of the "Apollo 11 Preliminary Science Report."1 The referenced documentcontains a print of each photograph taken and descriptive information about the cameraand the quality of the photography.

A summary of the photographic coverage for each film magazine is given in Appendix A.This summary is ordered by film type and size.

FORMAT OF AVAILABLE DATA

The Apollo 11 films on file at NSSDC include direct copies of the original 70-mm, 16-mm,and 35-mm films that are stored at the NASA Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC), Houston,Texas. These films were processed by the MSC Photographic Technology Laboratory andconstitute the NSSDC master copies. To satisfy requests for photographs, additional(second-generation) working copies have also been prepared. An indication of the standardformats and sizes of Apollo 11 photography available from NSSDC is given below.

70-mm Photography

Reproductions of complete magazines of 70-mm photography can be obtained either(1) as positive or negative film copies on 70-mm black and white roll film or (2) as positivecontact black and white paper prints on 70-mm roll paper. Selected frames of 70-mmphotography will be processed as 8- x 10-inch black and white paper prints or as contactblack and white positive or negative film copies on 4- x 5-inch film sheets. (Color reproduc-tions in the form of contact positive or negative film copies on 4- x 5-inch film sheets or as8- x 10-inch prints can be obtained for selected frames. However, the color reproductionswill be provided only to those persons performing detailed investigations.)

16-mm Photography

The 16-mm sequence films are available as 16-mm positive or negative color film dupli-cates. For convenience, the individual 16-mm magazines have been spliced together and areavailable on two reels. It should be pointed out that this photography is suitable only forscientific investigation. These films normally will be provided on a 3-month loan basis,although in special instances arrangements can be made for permanent retention.

35-mm Photography

Reproductions of the 35-mm stereo photography can be obtained as 35-mm colorstereo slides in glass mounts.

ORDERING PROCEDURES

When ordering photographic data, please refer to "Apollo Mission 11 Lunar PhotographyIndexes" and "Apollo 11 Photography: 70-mm, 16-mm, and 35-mm Frame Index" andindicate:

• Apollo mission number,

• complete frame number(s), e.g., AS11-36-5291,

• form and size of reproduction, e.g., 8 x 10" B&W print or 4 x 5" color positivetransparency, and

• other identifying information such as crater or feature names.

The Apollo Lunar Photography Order Form enclosed with this Note is provided for therequester's convenience. All parts of the form must be completed to ensure satisfactoryrequest fulfillment. If the photographs are to be used in an ongoing or planned study, thisshould be indicated in the appropriate place on the form, and some indication of the natureof the study and of whether it is being performed under contract to the government shouldbe given. To assist NSSDC in processing requests for reproductions, please identify all re- 'quired photography in a single order/

NSSDC will provide reproduction support to individuals and organizations only when thedata requested are needed for specific scientific research projects or for use in college-levelscience courses, in that order. The current policy in satisfying such requests is to furnishlimited quantities of reproductions without charge. Nominal charges will be imposed forlarge orders. When charges are deemed necessary, the requester will be advised of the exactcharge and the procedure for making payment before the request is filled. The price listprovided on the order form is intended to give the reader an indication of the per item costof reproductions in the event charges are necessary.

The Apollo 11 pictures may be reviewed at NSSDC. Inquiries about or requests forphotographs from U.S. scientists should be addressed to:

National Space Science Data CenterCode 601.4Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland 20771

Telephone: (301) 982-6695

Requests for photographs from researchers outside the U.S.A. should be directed to:

World Data Center A for Rockets and SatellitesCode 601Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland 20771 U.S.A.

The World Data Center A for Rockets and Satellites is now assisting scientists located outsidethe United States in acquiring space science data held in U.S. national archives. SinceJanuary 2, 1969, it has been located contiguous to NSSDC.

Individuals or organizations that wish to obtain Apollo 11 photographic reproductionsfor purposes other than use in research projects or college-level science courses should addresstheir requests to:

Public Information DivisionCodeFPNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationWashington, D.C. 20546

Printed materials to satisfy general information requests are also available from this division.

Representative sets of Apollo 11 photographs can be obtained (at cost) as full-colorlithographs from:

Superintendent of DocumentsGovernment Printing OfficeWashington, D.C. 20402

Requests should specify NASA picture sets as follows.

• NASA Picture Set 1, "Apollo - In the Beginning" ($1.25)

• NASA Picture Set 2, "Men of Apollo" ($1.00)

• NASA Picture Set 3, "Eyewitness to Space" ($2.75)

• NASA Picture Set 4, "First Manned Lunar Landing" ($1.75)

• NASA Picture Set 5, "Man on the Moon" ($1.00)

Inquiries or requests regarding pictures of the earth taken during the Apollo 11 missionshould be directed to:

Technology Application CenterUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerque, New Mexico 87106

8

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Data Center wishes to thank the individuals and organizations responsible for thehigh-quality photographs and supporting data obtained during the Apollo 11 mission. Themission photography was successfully accomplished by the Apollo 11 crew: AstronautsNeil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and Michael Collins.

Arrangements to have the photographs and data available through NSSDC were madewith the assistance of the program scientist, Dr. Richard Allenby of NASA Headquarters,and the project scientist, Mr. James Sasser of .the Mapping Sciences Laboratory, NASAManned Spacecraft Center. Copies of the photographs and the supporting documentationwere furnished by the MSC Photographic Technology Laboratory and the Mapping SciencesLaboratory, respectively. The lunar index maps were printed by the USAF AeronauticalChart & Information Center, St. Louis, Missouri, from data provided by the Mapping SciencesLaboratory.

REFERENCE

1. "Apollo 11 Preliminary Science Report," NASA SP-214, pp. 187-197, Oct. 1969.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

"Apollo 11 Photography Index, 70 mm and 16 mm," Mapping Sciences Laboratory, Scienceand Applications Directorate, NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, undated.

"Apollo 11 Preliminary Science Report," NASA SP-214, Oct. 1969.

"Final Photographic and TV Operations Plan — Apollo 11," Experiments Section, MissionOperations Branch, Flight Crew Support Division, NASA Manned Spacecraft Center,Houston, Texas, July 1, 1969.

Gold, T., "Apollo 11 Observations of a Remarkable Glazing Phenomenon on the LunarSurface," Science, 165, No. 3900,1345-1349, Sept. 1969.

"The Role of Optics in the Apollo Program," Optical Spectra, 3, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 1969.'

11

APPENDIX A

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