1. INFLAMMATION

2. Inflammation is defined as thelocal response of living tissuesto injury due to any agent.Inflammation is body defencereaction in order to alteration orlimits the spread of injuriousagent. 3. Causes: Physical agents (heat, cold,radiation, mechanical injury). Chemical agents (organic andinorganic poisons). Infective agents (bacteria,viruses, parasites). Immunological agents (cell-mediatedand antigen-antibodyreactions). 4. Clinical-morphologicalsigns of inflammation: rubor (redness); tumor (swelling); calor (heat); dolor (pain); functio laesa (loss of function). 5. Inflammation of an organis usually named byadding the suffix- 'itis' toits Latin name,e.g. appendicitis, hepatitis,cholecystitis, meningitis,etc. 6. Phases of inflammation:alteration,exudation,proliferation. 7. 1st phase alteration degenerationand necrosis of the cells, tissue.2nd phase exudation formation ofexudate. microcirculatory bed reaction withdisturbance of blood rheology, increased vascular permeability, exudation of main blood components, emigration of blood cells, phagocytosis, formation of exudation, development of inflammatory infiltration.3d phase proliferation, which leadsto restoration of tissue. 8. ClassificationAccording toprevailing one ofphases ofinflammation exudative, proliferative.According to thedefense capacity ofthe host andduration of theresponse acute, chronic. 9. Acute inflammation is of shortduration and represents the earlybody reaction and is usuallyfollowed by repair.Chronic inflammation is of longerduration. It occurs in case whenthe causative agent of acuteinflammation persists for a longtime. Besides, some stimulusinduce chronic inflammation fromthe beginning. 10. Morphological manifestationsof inflammation depend on anumber of factors andprocesses: factors of the organisms, factors of the host, type of exudation, cellular proliferation. 11. Factors of organisms: Type of injury and infection. Virulence. Dose. Portal of entry. Product of organisms. 12. Factors of host: General health of host. Immune state of host. Leucopenia. Site or type of tissueinvolved. Local host factors. 13. Morphology of acuteinflammationExudative inflammation ischaracterized by prevailing ofexudation and development ofexudates in tissue and bodycavities. 14. Morphological typesof exudative inflammation(according to character of exudates andprevailing location): Serous, when the fluid exudate resembles serumor is watery. Fibrinous, when the fibrin content of the fluidexudates. It can be croupous and diphtheritic. Purulent or suppurative exudate is formation ofpus in infection with pyogenic bacteria. Hemorrhagic, when there is vascular damage. Catarrhal, when the surface of epithelium in caseof inflammation produces increased amount ofmucus. Mixed 15. Serous inflammation exudate is not quite clear fluid andcontains about 2% of proteins with a bitof neutrophils, arises in body cavities, mucous, meninxand internal organs and skin, causes some infective agents(mycobacterium tuberculosis,meningococcus), physical and chemicalagents, autointoxication (in case ofuremia), outcomes: resolution (usually),sclerosis (very seldom). 16. Fibrinous inflammation exudate looks like white-grey membraneon the surface of organs or mucous,microscopically eosinophilic meshymass or amorphous coagulating mass, appears more often in body cavities andmucous, causes streptococci, staphylococci,corynebacterium diphteriae andshigella, autointoxication, outcomes: sclerosis (usually), resolution(very seldom). 17. Types of fibrinous inflammationaccording to the type of epitheliumon which inflammatory processdevelops and depth of necrosis: croupous develops on columnarepithelium, serous membranes(fibrinous membranes unfix easily,without any effort). diphtheritic develops onsquamous or intermediateepithelium (fibrinous membranesunfix with difficulties). 18. Croupous or diphtheriticinflammation possible in GITand endometrium depending ondeepness of necrosis: -superfitial necrosis croupous, -deep diphtheritic. 19. FibrinouscolitisIntraluminal fibrinous exudates Diffused leukocytes infiltration Hyperemia (blood congestion) Deep necrosis 20. Purulent inflammation exudate (pus) is creamy or opaque inappearance and is composed ofnumerous dead as well as livingneutrophils, some red cells, fragmentsof tissue debris and fibrin, develops in any tissue and organs, causes pyogenic bacteria, outcomes: sclerosis (may bepetrifaction), generalization, resolution(very seldom). 21. Types of suppuration: abscess focal purulent inflammation withfollowing formation of cavity, which containspurulent exudate, phlegmon unbounded purulent inflammationin which pus spreads diffusely betweendifferent components of tissue owing to fusionand tissue lysis, empyema purulent exudate accumulation inhuman closed cavities or cavities with beddrenage, furuncle acute inflammation via hair folliclesin the dermal tissues, carbuncle located abscess in dermis and softtissues of neck, cellulitis diffuse inflammation of soft tissuesresulting from spreading effects of substanceslike hyaluronidase released by some bacteria, bacterial infections of the blood. 22. Outcomes of acuteinflammatory process: resolution complete return to normaltissue, occurs when tissue changes areslight and the cellular changes arereversible, healing by scarring (organization) takesplace when tissue destruction isextensive so that there is no tissueregeneration, progression to suppuration, progression to chronic inflammation. 23. Thank you!